Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Rescue and Firefighting Operations During Incidents Involving Alternatively Powered Vehicles. Gas Propulsion

Kielin Jan, Zboina Jacek, Bugaj Grzegorz, Zalech Jacek, Bąk Damian

Safety & Fire Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 61, iss. 1

6--31

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the most important information and conclusions about gas-powered motor vehicles and the associated risks during fires and local emergencies. An additional area of consideration for the article’s authors is the challenges that emergency services may encounter during rescue and firefighting operations involving such vehicles. Introduction: Technological advances in propulsion systems used in vehicles and machinery pose a variety of challenges for fire protection. It results in the evolution of known threats and the emergence of new ones. Among other things, these developments have a significant impact on the technologies of rescue operations during fires and traffic accidents involving vehicles with different propulsion systems (increasingly using gaseous fuels). Equally important is ensuring fire safety when operating such vehicles. Methodology: On the basis of a review and analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as available research results, conclusions have been formulated regarding the fire safety of gas-powered vehicles. Aspects relevant to conducting rescue and firefighting operations involving such vehicles were taken into account. Conclusions: Necessary measures to improve fire protection, including the conduct of effective rescue and firefighting operations during incidents involving alternatively powered vehicles include: 1. Keeping as accurate a record as possible of fires and local emergencies involving the vehicles in question. 2. Urgently developed and updated educational materials that allow training, both for the rescuers and commanders of KSRG units, in blended learning mode, and systematically conducted such training. An example of this is the educational platform prepared by CNBOP-PIB in 2009 for OSP rescuers (rescue operations) and rural residents (handling emergency situations). The platform is still in place today, and although it needs updating, it has been used successfully for many years for training and professional development of a wide range of the rescuers. 3. A rescue database of vehicles involved in incidents urgently prepared and made available to the rescuers of firefighting units that are part of the KSRG. Such a base should be established immediately or be available on terms convenient to the rescue units (such as CRS or ERG).

PL

Cel: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych informacji i wniosków dotyczących pojazdów mechanicznych z napędami gazowymi oraz związanego z nimi ryzyka podczas pożarów i miejscowych zagrożeń. Dodatkowym obszarem rozważań autorów artykułu są wyzwania, na jakie mogą napotkać służby ratownicze podczas działań ratowniczo-gaśniczych z udziałem takich pojazdów. Wprowadzenie: Postęp technologiczny w zakresie napędów stosowanych w pojazdach i maszynach stawia przed ochroną przeciwpożarową różnorodne wyzwania. Skutkuje ewolucją znanych zagrożeń i powstawaniem nowych. Rozwój ten ma między innymi istotny wpływ na technologie działań ratowniczych podczas pożarów i wypadków komunikacyjnych, w których uczestniczą pojazdy o różnych napędach (coraz częściej na paliwa gazowe). Równie ważną kwestią jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa pożarowego podczas eksploatacji takich pojazdów. Metodologia: Na podstawie przeglądu i analizy literatury przedmiotu, a także dostępnych wyników badań sformułowano wnioski w zakresie bezpieczeństwa pożarowego pojazdów o napędach gazowych. Uwzględniono przy tym aspekty istotne z punktu widzenia prowadzenia działań ratowniczo-gaśniczych z udziałem takich pojazdów. Wnioski: Do niezbędnych działań na rzecz doskonalenia ochrony przeciwpożarowej, w tym prowadzenia skutecznych działań ratowniczo-gaśniczych podczas zdarzeń z udziałem pojazdów z napędem alternatywnym należy: 1. Prowadzenie możliwie dokładnej ewidencji pożarów i miejscowych zagrożeń, w których uczestniczą omawiane pojazdy. 2. Pilne opracowanie i aktualizowanie materiałów edukacyjnych pozwalających na prowadzenie szkoleń, zarówno dla ratowników, jak i dowódców jednostek KSRG, w trybie blended learning oraz systematyczne prowadzenie takich szkoleń. Przykładem może tu być przygotowana przez CNBOP-PIB w 2009 roku platforma edukacyjna dla ratowników OSP (działania ratownicze) oraz mieszkańców terenów wiejskich (postępowanie w sytuacjach kryzysowych). Platforma ta funkcjonuje do dziś i choć wymaga aktualizacji, przez wiele lat była z powodzeniem wykorzystywana do szkolenia i doskonalenia zawodowego szerokiej grupy ratowników. 3. Niezwłoczne przygotowanie i udostępnienie ratownikom jednostek straży pożarnych wchodzących w skład KSRG bazy danych ratowniczych dotyczących pojazdów biorących udział w zdarzeniach. Baza taka powinna jak najszybciej powstać lub być dostępna na warunkach dogodnych dla jednostek ratowniczych (jak CRS czy ERG).

2

Perspektywy zastosowania technologii wodorowych w lotnictwie komunikacyjnym

Nowicki Jacek

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

|

2023

|

R. 78, nr 1

9--13

PL

Zastosowanie technologii wodorowych stanowi najskuteczniejszą drogę dla dekarbonizacji transportu dalekiego zasięgu – w tym lotnictwa komunikacyjnego. Dwa wiodące rozwiązania techniczne wprowadzające wodór do napędów cywilnych samolotów komunikacyjnych to ogniwa paliwowe z silnikami elektrycznymi dla napędu śmigłowego oraz silniki turbośmigłowe lub turbowentylatorowe na paliwo wodorowe. Kilkanaście firm i ośrodków badawczych na całym świecie prowadzi prace służące wprowadzeniu do eksploatacji samolotów komunikacyjnych napędzanych wodorem już do 2035 r.

EN

The use of hydrogen technologies is the most effective way to decarbonise long-haul transport - including commercial aviation. Two leading technical solutions introducing hydrogen into the propulsion systems of civil airliners are the use of fuel cells generating electricity to power electric motors for propeller propulsion, as well as turboprop and turbojet/turbofan engines using hydrogen fuel. More than a dozen companies and research centers around the world are carrying out works aimed at introducing hydrogen-powered communication aircraft into operation by 2035.

3

Energy efficiency in rail vehicles: analysis of contemporary technologies in reducing energy consumption

Skobiej Kinga

Pojazdy Szynowe

|

2023

|

Nr 3-4

64--70

EN

The article focuses on the problem of energy intensity in rail vehicles and analyzes current technologies aimed at reducing it. The author discusses innovations and strategies aimed at increasing energy efficiency in rail transportation. He also outlines the challenges of reducing energy consumption in this sector and future development prospects. The main focus of the article is on the problem of energy demand in rail vehicles, with a special emphasis on railroads. The author analyzes the current challenges of high energy consumption in rail transportation and presents various technologies that have been introduced to minimize this consumption. The article includes descriptions of technological innovations such as advanced energy management systems, efficient braking systems that recover energy, and the use of low aerodynamic drag materials. The author also discusses strategies to improve the energy efficiency of rail vehicles, including both existing ones and those planned for market introduction. One of the key points of the article is also a presentation of the challenges of reducing energy consumption in the rail sector. These include the need to adapt existing infrastructure, the financial aspects of introducing new technologies, and acceptance by consumers and operators, among others.

4

Review of hydrogen-based propulsion systems in the maritime sector

Kołodziejski Marcin

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2023

|

Vol. 44, no 4

335--380

EN

The maritime industry is undergoing a technology transition that aims to increase the use of low-emission fuels. There is a significant trend visible of new ships being ordered with alternative fuel propulsion. In the future shipping’s fuel market will be more diverse and it will rely on multiple energy sources. One of the very promising ways to meet the International Maritime Organisation’s decarbonization requirements is to operate ships with sustainable hydrogen propulsion. One of the possible options to limit greenhouse gases emissions is the production of low-carbon ‘green’ hydrogen by water electrolysis using low-carbon electricity. This hydrogen can then be used directly in fuel cells to produce electricity or in the internal combustion engines, without having a carbon impact and pollutant emissions. Hydrogen can also be converted into its derivatives. This paper presents a review of recent studies of ships’ hydrogen propulsion systems, different aspects of production, transportation, storage, and using liquid/gaseous H2 and its derivatives as a fuel in the shipping industry. H2 propulsion in maritime transport is still in the experimental phase. In most cases, these experiments serve as a kind of platform for evaluating the applicability of different technological solutions. This article presents existing ships’ hydrogen and its derivates propulsion systems, projects, and existing conceptual studies.

5

Przegląd metod wytwarzania energii elektrycznej z wodoru i ocena potencjału ich zastosowania w krajowym systemie elektroenergetycznym

Łukasik Jakub, Jewartowski Marcin

Rynek Energii

|

2022

|

Nr 2

10--20

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu dostępnych metod wytwarzania energii elektrycznej z udziałem technologii wodorowych i podjęto próbę oceny potencjału ich zastosowania w polskim systemie elektroenergetycznym. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono ogniwom paliwowym, omawiając dostępne na rynku typy ogniw oraz ich podstawowe parametry techniczne. W zakresie technologii wodorowych, rozważono możliwość samodzielnej pracy ogniw paliwowych, turbin gazowych i silników tłokowych w strukturze rozproszonej, jak też zasadność współpracy wybranych układów w formie systemów hybrydowych. Przytoczono przy tym zalety i wady omawianych rozwiązań. Zwrócono uwagę na wysoki potencjał niektórych układów do pracy w poligeneracji. W oparciu o studia literaturowe, oszacowano jednostkowe koszty inwestycyjne i operacyjne omawianych technologii w perspektywie roku 2050. Mają one istotne znaczenie w aspekcie aktualnych proekologicznych strategii energetycznych, które są bodźcem do transformacji krajowego systemu elektroenergetycznego.

EN

The article reviews the available methods of generating electricity with the use of hydrogen technologies and attempts to assess the potential of their application in the Polish power system. Particular attention was paid to fuel cells, discussing the types of cells available on the market and their basic technical parameters. In the field of hydrogen technologies, there were considered the possibility of independent operation of fuel cells, gas turbines and piston engines in a dispersed structure, as well as the legitimacy of cooperation of selected systems in the form of hybrid configurations. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented solutions were discussed. The attention was paid to the high potential of some systems to work in polygeneration. Based on literature studies, the unit investment and operating costs of the technologies in question were estimated by 2050. They have significant importance in the aspect of current pro-ecological energy strategies that stimulate the transformation of the national power system.

6

Zagospodarowanie materiałów odpadowych z przemysłu spożywczego jako paliw do zasilania stałotlenkowych ogniw paliwowych

Adamczyk Bartosz, Dudek Magdalena, Raźniak Andrzej

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2022

|

T. 101, nr 12

1136--1142

PL

Przedstawiono wykorzystanie biowęgli otrzymanych z łupin kokosa, orzecha laskowego, zużytych ziaren kawy lub liści herbaty do zasilania stałotlenkowych ogniw paliwowych (SOFC). Na podstawie badań elektrochemicznych stwierdzono, że zastosowanie karbonizatów węglowych otrzymanych z łupin orzecha kokosowego lub orzecha laskowego jako paliw stałych dla SOFC pozwoliło na otrzymanie gęstości mocy P w zakresie 90-110 mW/cm³, w temp. 850°C. Dla wodorowo-tlenowego ogniwa SOFC, gęstość mocy P wynosiła ~210 mW/cm² w temp. 850°C.

EN

Four biochars obtained by pyrolysis of waste plant materials (coconut shell, hazelnut shell, and coffee or tea brewing residues) were used to power the solid oxide fuel cells. The crystal structure of the obtained biochar was examd. by means of XRD diffraction anal., Raman spectroscopy and SEM. The elemental compn. of biochar was also detd. On the basis of electrochem. tests, it was found that the use of chars obtained from coconut or hazelnut shells as solid fuels for solid oxide fuel cells, SOFC, allowed to obtain the power d. P in the range of 90-110 mW/cm² at 850°C. For a hydrogen-oxygen SOFC, the power d. P was ~210 mW/cm² at 850°C.

7

Types and applications of hydrogen fuel cells in transport

Gallas Dawid, Stobnicki Paweł, Bolzhelarskyi Yaroslav

Pojazdy Szynowe

|

2022

|

Nr 3-4

31--36

EN

The article summarizes the types of hydrogen sources and the possibilities of using hydrogen in fuel cell technologies. The types of hydrogen fuel cells and solutions used in hydrogen powered drives were discussed. The current economic and ecological aspects affecting the possibilities and profitability of using various types of hydrogen as an alternative fuel in various forms of transport were analyzed, and forecasts for the development of this form of propulsion and power supply in transport for the coming years were presented. It was concluded that only a simultaneous increase in hydrogen production, through an increase in demand or technological development, combined with a decrease in the cost of hydrogen cells down to a level of at least $40/kW, would enable the proliferation of hydrogen technologies in all modes of transport.

8

Pomiary jakości wodoru o klasie czystości dla ogniw paliwowych

Czakaj Agnieszka

Nowa Energia

|

2022

|

nr 3

42--44

PL

OMC Envag Sp. z o.o. od 30 lat dostarcza aparaturę analityczną najwyższej klasy dla przemysłu i monitoringu środowiska. Nowe technologie OZE, w tym wodorowe, wymagają kontroli jakości wodoru z limitami detekcji na poziomie ppb. Oferujemy analizatory zanieczyszczeń wodoru ProCeas® w technologii OFCEAS (ang. Optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy), wynalezionej w Grenoble w trakcie badań nad detekcją śladowych składników atmosfery. Pozwala ona badać jakość wodoru, zapewniając prawidłowe funkcjonowanie wrażliwych elementów ogniw paliwowych.

9

Analysis of polymer burnout during the start-up process of the MCFC stack

Murawka Filip, Szczęśniak Arkadiusz, Martsinchik Alexander

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2022

|

Vol. 102, nr 4

149--159

EN

The paper contains a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on the polymer burnout process in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC). Outline information discussing both MCFC fundamentals and the start-up process are given along with references to the literature. The main part of the article presents the result of an on-site experiment regarding polymer burnout performed on an MCFC stack. The outcomes are discussed and conclusions are clearly stated.

10

Ogniwa paliwowe - zalety i problemy eksploatacji

Sosnowski Jacek

Inżynieria Elektryczna

|

2022

|

nr 10

22--23

PL

Ogniwa paliwowe są coraz szerzej obecnie stosowane zarówno w życiu codziennym, jak i w gospodarce. Omówieniu korzyści ze stosowania tych nowych źródeł prądu elektrycznego i pojawiających się wówczas niebezpieczeństw poświęcony jest niniejszy artykuł.

11

Materiały ceramiczne stosowane w ogniwach paliwowych

Kogut Krzysztof

Inżynieria Elektryczna

|

2022

|

nr 10

24--26

12

Use of Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Rail Transport

Siwiec Jakub

Problemy Kolejnictwa

|

2021

|

Z. 190

125--131

EN

The article presents the most technologically advanced alternative propulsion of rail vehicles that, at the same time, has great development potential, i.e. hydrogen fuel cells. The current condition of the rolling stock and electrification of the traction network is described, and domestic and foreign plans for the deployment of fuel cells are presented and accompanied by legislative work aimed at the application of environmentally friendly solutions.

13

The use of fuel cell technology as electricity and heat generators in residential buildings

Włodarczyk Renata

Instal

|

2021

|

nr 6

22--28

EN

Guided by the assumptions resulting from the Polish Energy Policy until 2040 and the Act on electromobility, hydrogen may become an attractive form of long-term storage of electricity in the future. The article presents the possibilities of using fuel cell technology to generate heat and electricity. The principle of operation of a hydrogen cell was characterized. Existing solutions and trends in the development of this technology were presented. In addition, the financial and technological aspects of fuel cell technology were assessed. The use of fuel cells in a hybrid system is an effective way of storing electricity. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is a new trend resulting from the advantages of generators converting energy stored in hydrogen, i.e. in fuel cells. Combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells does not emit any toxic gases, the efficiency of this process reaches 85%, the cells have a modular structure, their operation is noiseless and vibration-free.

PL

Kierując się założeniami wynikającymi z Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2040 roku oraz Ustawą o elektromobilności, wodór może stać się w przyszłości atrakcyjną formą długotrwałego magazynowania energii elektrycznej. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania technologii ogniw paliwowych do generowania energii elektrycznej i ciepła. Scharakteryzowano zasadę działania ogniwa wodorowego. Przedstawiono istniejące rozwiązania oraz trendy rozwoju tej technologii. Ponadto dokonano oceny technologii ogniw paliwowych w aspekcie finansowym i technologicznym. Wykorzystanie ogniw paliwowych w układzie hybrydowym stanowi efektywny sposób magazynowania energii elektrycznej. Magazynowanie energii w postaci wodoru jest nowym trendem wynikającym z zalet, jakimi charakteryzują się generatory przetwarzające energię zmagazynowaną w wodorze to jest w ogniwach paliwowych. Spalanie wodoru w ogniwach paliwowych nie emituje żadnych toksycznych gazów, sprawność tego procesu dochodzi do 85%, ogniwa mają budowę modułową, ich praca jest bezgłośna oraz bezdrganiowa.

14

Cooperation of a PEM fuel cell and a NiMH battery at various states of its charge in a FCHEV drive

Pielecha Ireneusz, Szwajca Filip

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2021

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

468--475

EN

The development of electromobility is focused on the design and implementation of increasingly more effective electric drives. In such a system, apart from energy recovery, it is not possible to recharge the batteries while driving. Electric vehicles equipped with fuel cells and a battery (FCHEV – fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle) in a parallel configuration boast increased energy transfer capabilities. The article presents an energy flow analysis in a parallel hybrid drive system with fuel cells and a battery. The research was carried out on a 30 W vehicle made in 1:10 scale with a NiMH battery and a fuel cell with a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Increasing driving dynamics causes a 29% increase in energy consumption, 43.6% reduction of energy transfer from a fuel cell and a 23% increase of in the energy share intended for battery charging. Continuous operation of the system in full power mode ensures a much greater efficiency of energy transmission to the drive train (95%) compared to the system operating in dynamic driving conditions – 64–75%.

15

Concepts of energy use of municipal solid waste

Primus Arkadiusz, Chmielniak Tadeusz, Rosik-Dulewska Czesława

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2021

|

Vol. 47, no. 2

70--80

EN

The introduction highlights the technologies of converting the chemical energy of biomass and municipal waste into various forms of final energy (electricity, heat, cooling, new fuels) as important in the pursuit of a low -carbon economy, especially for energy and transport sector. The work continues to focus mainly on gasification as a process of energy valorization of the initial form of biomass or waste, which does not imply that other methods of biomass energy use are not considered or used. Furthermore, the article presents a general technological flowchart of gasification with a gas purification process developed by Investeko S.A. in the framework of Lifecogeneration.pl. In addition, selected properties of the municipal waste residual fraction are described, which are of key importance when selecting the technology for its energy recovery. Significant quality parameters were identified, which have a significant impact on the production and quality of syngas, hydrogen production and electricity generation capacity in SOFC cells. On the basis of the research on the waste stream, a preliminary qualitative assessment was made in the context of the possibility of using the waste gasification technology, syngas production with a significant share of hydrogen and in combination with the technology of energy production in oxide-ceramic SOFC cells. The article presents configurations of energy systems with a fuel cell, with particular emphasis on oxide fuel cells and their integration with waste gasification process. An important part of the content of the article is also the environmental protection requirements for the proposed solution.

16

Drive unit characteristics of a completely electrical passenger aircraft

Fąfara Jean-Marc

Power Electronics and Drives

|

2020

|

Vol. 5 (40)

59--71

EN

Aviation has, over the years, become an inseparable element of human life. Airplanes are very commonly used for various tasks, such as transport of passengers and goods, military attack and defence, rescue, recreation and so on. In spite of the many advantages of aviation, one cannot ignore its disadvantages. The most important disadvantages of aviation are the emissions that cause atmospheric pollution and noise. Additionally, one should remember about the decreasing stocks of non-renewable fuels. These drawbacks affect human health and the natural environment. Therefore, a good alternative to conventional drive units in aircraft may turn out to be electric drive units in the near future. The aim of this article is to check the extent to which today’s knowledge and technology allow the use of electric drive units instead of conventional aircraft drive units. This article presents the concept of electric aircraft, from the electric drive unit to its power supply system. The feasibility of designing an electric jet drive unit for a passenger aircraft was analysed based on the performances of PZL 104 Wilga 35 and Boeing B787 Dreamliner.

17

Design analysis of hybrid gas turbine‒fuel cell power plant in stationary and marine applications

Kwaśniewski Tomasz, Piwowarski Marian

Polish Maritime Research

|

2020

|

nr 2

107--119

EN

The paper concerns the design analysis of a hybrid gas turbine power plant with a fuel cell (stack). The aim of this work was to find the most favourable variant of the medium capacity (approximately 10 MW) hybrid system. In the article, computational analysis of two variants of such a system was carried out. The analysis made it possible to calculate the capacity, efficiency of both variants and other parameters like the flue gas temperature. The paper shows that such hybrid cycles can theoretically achieve extremely high efficiency over 60%. The most favourable one was selected for further detailed thermodynamic and flow calculations. As part of this calculation, a multi-stage axial compressor, axial turbine, fuel cell (stack) and regenerative heat exchanger were designed. Then an analysis of the profitability of the installation was carried out, which showed that the current state of development of this technology and its cost make the project unprofitable. For several years, however, tendencies of decreasing prices of fuel cells have been observed, which allows the conclusion that hybrid systems will start to be created. This may apply to both stationary and marine applications. Hybrid solutions related to electrical power transmission, including fuel cells, are real and very promising for smaller car ferries and shorter ferry routes.

18

Microstructure influence on transport properties of BCZY/LNZ composites for single-layer fuel cell

Miruszewski Tadeusz, Mielewczyk-Gryń Aleksandra, Jones Stefania, Winiarz Piotr, Dzierzgowski Kacper, Szpunar Iga, Zagórski Krzysztof, Wachowski Sebastian, Gazda Maria

Materiały Ceramiczne

|

2019

|

T. 71, nr 3

238--247

EN

In this paper, the influence of structural and microstructural properties on the properties of electric transport is presented. Composite samples of BaCe0.7Zr0.2Y0.1O3–δ (BCZY) and Li2O:NiO:ZnO (LNZ) with various amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been prepared by solid-state reaction route. The porosity caused by the addition of PVA changed the level of total conductivity from 5.8∙10-2 S•cm-1 to 9.5∙10-4 S•cm-1 at 800 °C in dry air. In the humidified atmosphere, the overall conductivities of selected composites were different than measured in dry air what may be related to the surface effects in proton conducting BaZrO3. The influence of porosity on the electrical properties of composites has been analyzed and discussed showing its detrimental nature.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ właściwości strukturalnych i mikrostrukturalnych na właściwości transportu elektrycznego. Próbki kompozytowe BaCe0,7Zr0,2Y0,1O3-δ (BCZY) i Li2O:NiO:ZnO (LNZ) z różną ilością polialkoholu winylowego (PVA) przygotowano drogą reakcji w fazie stałej. Porowatość spowodowana dodaniem PVA zmieniła poziom całkowitej przewodności z 5,8∙10-2 S∙cm-1 na 9,5∙10-4 S∙cm-1 w temperaturze 800 °C w suchym powietrzu. W wilgotnej atmosferze całkowita przewodność elektryczna wybranych kompozytów była inna niż zmierzona w suchym powietrzu, co może być związane z efektami powierzchniowymi w protonowo przewodzącym BaZrO3. Analizowano wpływ porowatości na właściwości elektryczne kompozytów i dyskutowano o jej szkodliwym charakterze.

19

The development of the world fleet of electric vehicles in years 2010–2017 with emphasis on fuel-cell vehicles

Gis Wojciech, Menes Maciej

Journal of KONES

|

2019

|

Vol. 26, No. 4

63--68

EN

The article discusses the development of the world EV fleet in years 2010-2017. Estimates of fleet of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and BEV in the world are presented. The total number of PHEVs registered in the world in 2016 was roughly 800 thousand (650 thousand in EU). Despite the fact that the sale of electric vehicles has increased considerably in recent years, in particular over 1.1 million in 2017, and also hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) to approx. 760 thousand in 2017. The article also discusses the development of the electric vehicles market and annual new registrations of vehicles in a breakdown into respective countries. China is the definite leader in this area. In 2017 there were almost twice more BEVs registered in China than in the US and EU together. While the increase in the sale of BEVs in years 2016-2017 in the EU and the US accounted for approx. 50%, it came to over 90% in China. Among eight top worldwide BEV producers, there are four Chinese manufacturers. In the analysed 2017, there were slightly more than 7 thousand of hydrogen-fuelled passenger cars (FCEV) in use, with over 3,500 in the US, 2,300 in Japan and approx. 1,200 in Europe, and several hundred hydrogen-fuelled buses and several dozen hydrogen-fuelled trucks. The article also addresses the development of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) in recent years in different countries in the world, bearing in mind that the quantitative development of the hydrogen-fuelled car fleet is strongly associated with the number of hydrogen refuelling stations.

20

Comparative preliminary unit costs analysis of the operation of passenger cars with combustion engines and fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen

Gis Wojciech, Waśkiewicz Jerzy, Menes Maciej, Gis Maciej

Journal of KONES

|

2019

|

Vol. 26, No. 4

69--74

EN

The article presents political and legal aspects regarding the recommendation for the development of hydrogen technology in the economy and in transport. The development of electric cars with hydrogen-powered fuel cells, which took place in recent years in the world, has been outlined. The principles of calculation of average vehicle operating costs applicable in the transport economics are discussed. The estimated average unit operating costs of a statistical passenger car using conventional energy carriers, estimated in the studies of the Motor Transport Institute are quoted. The assumptions and results of the estimation of the average cost per 1 vehicle-kilometre of the electric passenger car’s mileage (BEV) have been presented, as well as the assumptions and results of the estimation of the average unit operating costs of a hydrogen powered passenger car (FCEV). The average unit costs of the mileage of these vehicles have been compared. The predictions regarding the future changes in the average prices of FCEV vehicles have been cited and the average unit costs of operating electric cars with fuel cells by the 2050 have been estimated. The project of administrative support for the development of low-emission transport in Poland was indicated.