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Identification and Characterization of Potential Feedstock for Biogas Production in South Africa

Sawyerr Nathaniel, Trois Cristina, Workneh Tilahun

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2019

Vol. 20, nr 6

103--116

Biogas is produced during anaerobic digestion (AD) of biodegradable organic materials and is considered a promising renewable energy resource. Feedstocks are essential to ensure the successful anaerobic digestion in biogas digesters. Therefore, the search of appropriate substrates has come into focus. In this study, we examined the potential substrates that could be used as feedstock for the successful operation of an anaerobic digester. The approach used in this study was to identify the potential feedstocks that can be converted into value-added products. The identification of the feedstocks was done based on classification and evaluation of the theoretical biogas and methane production during the digestion process. The results show that all the considered substrates exhibited the biogas theoretical yield, with cattle manure producing the highest yield (0.999 m3/kg VS), whereas the lowest biogas yield (0.949 m3/kg VS) was obtained from cassava peels. It was concluded that the use of cassava co-digested with fruit and vegetable waste as an alternative feedstock offers a greater potential in terms of biogas production and could thus be implemented in the biogas projects running with cow dungs inside South Africa, especially in rural communities.

Żywotność i zdrowotność ziarna roślin zbożowych traktowanych wywarami roślinnymi

Sas-Piotrowska B., Piotrowski W.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2011

Tom 13

571-595

Celem badań było określenie przydatności wywarów sporządzonych z różnych części morfologicznych 40 gatunków roślin zielarskich użytych do zaprawiania ziarniaków kilku gatunków zbóż. W doświadczeniu oceniano aktywność działania ekstraktów wodnych na żywotność i zdrowotność ziarna 4 gatunków roślin zbożowych. Badany materiał stanowiły: Nie dezynfekowane ziarniaki Triticum aestivum L. odmiany 'Almary', Triticosecale Wittm. odmiany 'Marko', Secale cereale L. - odmiany 'Dańkowskie Złote', Avena sativa L. - oplewionej odmiany 'Bajka', Hordeum vulgare L. - jęczmienia browarnego odmiany 'Rudzik' i siewnego odmiany 'Stratus'. Ekstrakty wodne (wywary) przygotowane z różnych części morfologicznych 40 gatunków roślin, a mianowicie: 1. Acorus calamus L. - kłącza; 2. Aesculus hippocastanum L. - kora; 3. Aesculus hippocastanum L. - kwiaty; 4. Allium sativum L. - cebule; 5. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. - korzenie; 6. Arctium lappa L. - korzenie; 7. Artemisia absinthium L. - ziele; 8. Artemisia vulgaris L. - ziele; 9. Betula verrucosa Ehrh. - liście; 10. Calendula officinalis L. - kwiaty; 11. Camellia sinensis Kuntze - liście; 12. Carum carvi L. - owoce; 13. Coriandrum sativum L. - owoce; 14. Crataegus oxyacantha L. - kwiaty; 15. Equisetum arvense L. - ziele; 16. Frangula alnus Mill. - kora; 17. Hyssopus officinalis L. - ziele; 18. Inula helenium L. - korzenie; 19. Juglans regia L. - liście; 20. Juniperus communis L. - owoce; 21. Lavandula vera L. - kwiaty; 22. Levisticum officinale Koch. - korzenie; 23. Linum usitatissimum L. - nasiona; 24. Marrubium vulgare L. - ziele; 25. Matricaria chamomilla L. - koszyczki; 26. Melissa officinalis L. - liście; 27. Mentha piperita L. - liście; 28. Origanum majorana L. - ziele; 29. Pinus sylvestris L. - młode pędy; 30. Quercus robur L. - kora; 31. Ribes nigrum L. - liście; 32. Rosa canina L. - owoce; 33. Salix alba i S. purpurea L. - kora; 34. Sambucus nigra L. - kwiaty; 35. Saponaria officinalis L. - korzenie; 36. Satureja hortensis L. - ziele; 37. Taraxacum officinale Web. - korzenie; 38. Urtica dioica L. - liście; 39. Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. - kwiaty; 40. Zea mays L. - znamiona. Przyjętą numerację przyjęto także w tabelach i na wykresach.

In experiment, the activity of decoctions on the vitality and healthiness of five cereal species: Triticum aestivum L., Triticosecale Wittm., Secale cereale L., Avena sativa L. and two forms of Hordeum vulgare L.: brewing barley and common barley, was examined. The materials under investigation were: water extracts (decoction) made from different morphological parts of 40 plant species: 1. Acorus calamus L. - rhizomes; 2. Aesculus hippocastanum L. - bark; 3. Aesculus hippocastanum L. - flowers; 4. Allium sativum L. - bulbs; 5. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. - roots; 6. Arctium lappa L. - roots; 7. Artemisia absinthium L. - herb; 8. Artemisia vulgaris L. - herb; 9. Betula verrucosa Ehrh. - leaves; 10. Calendula officinalis L. - flowers; 11. Camellia sinensis Kuntze - leaves; 12. Carum carvi L. - fruits; 13. Coriandrum sativum L. - fruits; 14. Crataegus oxyacantha L. - flowers; 15. Equisetum arvense L. - herb; 16. Frangula alnus Mill. - bark; 17. Hyssopus officinalis L. - herb; 18. Inula helenium L. - roots; 19. Juglans regia L. - leaves; 20. Juniperus communis L. - fruit; 21. Lavandula vera L. - flowers; 22. Levisticum officinale Koch. - roots; 23. Linum usitatissimum L. - seeds; 24. Marrubium vulgare L. - herb; 25. Matricaria chamomilla L. - inflorescence; 26. Melissa officinalis L. - leaves; 27. Mentha piperita L. - leaves; 28. Origanum majorana L. - herb; 29. Pinus sylvestris L. - young sprouts; 30. Quercus robur L. - bark; 31. Ribes nigrum L. - leaves; 32. Rosa canina L. - fruit; 33. Salix alba and S. purpurea L. - bark; 34. Sambucus nigra L. - flowers; 35. Saponaria officinalis L. - roots; 36. Satureja hortensis L. - herb; 37. Taraxacum officinale Web. - roots; 38. Urtica dioica L. - leaves; 39. Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. - flowers; 40. Zea mays L. - stigmas. The decoctions were prepared as follows (Tyszyńska-Kownacka, Starek 1989): 8.75 g of dried material was inundated in 1000 ml of distilled water, remained under covering for 24 hours and boiled for 15 min. After filtration, the extracts were used for dressing of non-desinfected seeds. The grains were dressed by wetting and shaking for 10 min. in a dressing device. They remained for 20 hours in the ambient temperature. The grains treated with sterile and distilled water constituted the control object. The experiment was performed as a filter paper test (ISTA 2007) with the purpose of the estimation of the following parameters: the germination viability (date I) and the germination capacity (date II). In the above mentioned periods, the evaluation criteria were the number of normally germinated grains; not normally germinated; not germinated and grains contaminated by bacteria and fungi. The paper covers only the data concerning the impact of substances contained in plant extracts on the number of normally germinated and emerged grains and their healthiness (contamination by microflora). The results obtained were subjected to a statistical analysis with the method of an analysis of the variance with a single classification (P=95%), separately for each cultivar, the research date and the evaluation criterion. For the comparison of the results obtained for the evaluated cultivars, the date and criteria of the evaluation, correlation (r) and variability (V%) coefficients were used. The results presented in the figures were calculated in percents in relation to the control object. Carried out experiments have shown that the vitality and healthiness of examined cereal grains treated with the plant decoctions differed significantly in both stages of examination. Regardless of a cereal species, stimulating action on grain germination in the examination date I of bioactive substances from decoctions of a herb of S. hortensis, of seeds of L. usitatissimum and of leaves of J. regia was revealed. In date II there were the decoctions from flowers of S. nigra, from bulbs of A. sativum, from leaves of B. verrucosa, from bark of A. hippocastanum, from herb of A. absinthium. Fungal and bacterial contamination of cereal grains was reduced in stage I by decoctions from leaves of R. nigrum, from flowers of V. thapsiforme, from herb of O. majorana, from bark of S. alba and S. purpurea and in stage II by decoctions from herb of O. majorana from herb of A. absinthum, from fruits of C. carvi and from herb of H. officinalis. Regardless of the derivation of the decoction used for grain dressing in examination date I, the vitality of Avena sativa and Triticosecale grains was strongly stimulated, and in date II there were the grains of Hordeum vulgare - brewing b. and Hordeum vulgare - common b. In date I the decoctions most effectively reduced the contamination of the grains of Hordeum vulgare (brewing b.) and Hordeum vulgare (common b.), and in date II - grains of Hordeum vulgare (brewing b.) and of Avena sativa. The response of the examined cereal grains to the decoctions used was in general different. The decoctions most strongly stimulating a cereal grains germination in the second date were as follows: Triticum aestivum - A. absinthium, A. hippocastanum, S. alba and S. purpurea; Triticosecale - S. alba and S. purpurea, J. regia, C. officinalis; Secale cereal - A. absinthium, O. majorana, A. hippocastanum Hordeum vulgare (common b.) - S. nigra, B. verrucosa, A. sativum; Hordeum vulgare (brewing b.) - O. majorana, M. vulgare, C.officinalis, A. hippocastanum; and respectively the grains contamination was strongly reduced as follows: Triticum aestivum - A. sativum, S. nigra, A. hippocastanum; Triticosecale - S. nigra, J. regia, O. majorana; Secale cereal - T. officinale, A. absinthium, O. majorana; Avena sativa - C. carvi, A. hippocastanum, V. thapsiforme; Hordeum vulgare (common b.) - H. officinalis, O. majorana, A. lappa; Hordeum vulgare (breving b.) - T. officinale, I. helenium, O. majorana, H. officinalis. It was observed as well, that the more the examined decoctions reduced a cereal seed contamination, the highest vitality occurred. The correlation coefficients were as follows: Triticum aestivum: r = -0.967**; Triticosecale: r = -0.746**; Secale ce-reale: r = -0.892**; Hordeum vulgare (common b.): r = -0.324*; Hordeum vul-gare (brewing b.): r = -0.169.