Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Dlaczego badamy rzeki?

Wieczorek Kinga

Eliksir

|

2023

|

nr 12

50--53

2

A method of using wastewater run-off from fish farms having no multi-use hydrosystem with water cleaning technologies

Tokmajyan Hovhannes V., Margaryan Albert Ya., Mikayelyan Aram R., Mkrtchyan Samvel H.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

|

2022

|

Vol. 11

155--161

EN

For industrial water use planning, water usage and drainage per unit product standards must be established. This would allow for the conservation of fresh water resources without limiting irrigation in the face of the world’s ever-increasing drinking water deficit. Because fish farms use a lot of water, businesses that raise fish in artificial ponds usually dig deep wells to get to the valuable subsurface water they need. Because they lack a reusable water system equipped with treatment technologies, they typically discharge water into the environment after a single use, resulting in marshes, soil salinization, or transportation with surface water flow to the brackish water ecosystem. In recent years, the use of groundwater for fishing has spread in Armenia’s Ararat plain, one of the country’s most important agricultural regions. The Ararat plain has a water shortage for irrigation, which is mostly addressed by increasing water intake volumes from Lake Sean, a critical source of drinking water. In the absence of a multi-use hydrosystem with cleaning technologies, a method of utilizing fish farm wastewater for irrigation purposes is proposed as a water-saving and environmental-protection approach.

3

Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) in natural water environments

Heimowska A., Morawska M., Bocho-Janiszewska A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2017

|

Vol. 19, nr 1

120--126

EN

The environmental degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)[PCL] in natural fresh water (pond) and in The Baltic Sea is presented in this paper. The characteristic parameters of both environments were measured during experiment and their influence on the biodegradation of the samples was discussed. The loss of weight and changes of surface morphology of polymer samples were tested during the period of incubation. The poly(ε-caprolactone) was more biodegradable in natural sea water than in pond. PCL samples were completely assimilated over the period of six weeks incubation in The Baltic Sea water, but after forty two weeks incubation in natural fresh water the polymer weight loss was about 39%. The results have confirmed that the investigated polymers are susceptible to an enzymatic attack of microorganisms, but their activity depends on environments.

4

Technology for development of methane-hydrate deposits jointly with receiving fresh water

Denysov Y., Klymenko V., Martynenko V., Rybicki Cz.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

|

2017

|

Vol. 34, no. 2

531--542

EN

The technology of development of bottom gas-hydrate deposits, which allows to receive fresh water simultaneously with methane, is presented. Principal schemes are presented and methods of operation of dualpurpose plants implementing this technology and described on the basis of the methods of gas production from methane hydrates that are most prepared for practical implementation: 1) injection of warm water into the well; 2) depressive effect on the deposit; 3) replacement of methane in hydrates with carbon dioxide injected into the reservoir. The magnitude of the decrease in temperature with the depression effect on the deposit is determined. It is shown that, the amount of fresh water obtained in dual-purpose plants operating with the replacement of methane in hydrates with carbon dioxide is proportional to the coefficient of the recycling rate of CO2. For the considered schemes of dual-purpose plants, processes of decomposition of methane hydrates in the gas-hydrate formation are analyzed, an exergic efficiency estimation is performed. Such installations. The economic efficiency of a single-purpose and dual-purpose gas-producing units operating according to an approved method of depression is considered. It is shown that the most effective are dual-purpose facilities operating using the method of methane replacement in hydrates with carbon dioxide, and the coefficients of economic efficiency of dual-purpose installations are at least 1.2 times higher than similar coefficients of single-purpose gas production facilities.

5

Numeryczny model przepływu wód podziemnych na potrzeby oceny zasobów dyspozycyjnych wód leczniczych i zwykłych na przykładzie zlewni potoków Milika i Andrzejówki

Buszta K., Szklarczyk T.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 10/1

628--634

EN

Model investigations were performed to determine the groundwater circulation system in the catchment area Andrzejówka and Milik streams. The results of these studies allowed to assess the renewability of groundwater resources. Documentation of disposable resources was prepared in the separate units water balance area for fresh and therapeutic water. These measures allowed to define the conditions of groundwater use in the analyzed area. This object was achieved through the development of a multi-layer mathematical model using the software package “Visual MODFLOW”, v. 4.3. According to the authors, the main advantage of the model is its ability to provide a coherent concept for the conditions of circulation and exchange of water with using most of the available direct and indirect data. The model in this present form is suitable for regional assessment of water circulation conditions including more than ever precise definition of renewable and disposable resources and water management balance, both fresh and therapeutic water.

6

CropSyst model for wheat irrigation water management with fresh and poor quality water

Ouda S. A., Noreldin T., Mounzer O. H., Abdelhamid M. T.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2015

|

no. 27

41--50

EN

CropSyst model can be used as irrigation water management tool to increase wheat productivity with poor quality water. The objective of this study was to calibrate CropSyst model for wheat irrigated with fresh and agricultural drainage water. To do so, three field experiments were conducted during three successive seasons in Nubaria Agricultural Research Station, Egypt representing the newly reclaimed calcareous soils. In the first season the treatments were 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of fresh water (FW) and 100% ETc of agricultural drainage water (DW), while in the second and the third seasons, the treatments were 100% ETc of FW, 100% ETc of DW, 120% ETc of DW and 130% ETc of DW. From these results one can concluded that deducting 5% of the applied water to all treatments reduced yield by 3, 5 and 7% in the first, second and third growing season, respectively as a result of heat stress existed in the 2nd and 3rd seasons during reproductive phase. Furthermore, deducting 5% of the applied water from all treatments in the vegetative phase only resulted in lower yield losses. Thus, using CropSyst model could guide us to when we could reduce the applied irrigation water to wheat to avoid high yield losses.

PL

Model CropSyst może znaleźć zastosowanie jako narzędzie w zarządzaniu systemem nawodnień wodą niskiej jakości w celu zwiększenia produkcji pszenicy. Przedmiotem przedstawionych badań było skalibrowanie modelu CropSyst do nawodnień pszenicy wodą naturalną i wodą z rolniczych systemów drenarskich. W tym celu przeprowadzono trzy eksperymenty polowe w trzech kolejnych sezonach realizowane w Nubaria Agricultural Research Station w Egipcie na ostatnio zmeliorowanych glebach wapiennych. W pierwszym sezonie warianty eksperymentalne obejmowały: 100% ewapotranspiracji (ETc) wody naturalnej (FW) i 100% ETc wody z systemów drenarskich (DW); w drugim i trzecim sezonie wariantami eksperymentalnymi były: 100% ETc z użyciem FW, 100% ETc z użyciem DW oraz 120% i 130% ETc z zastosowaniem DW. Uzyskane wyniki dają podstawy do wnioskowania, że zmniejszenie ilości wody zastosowanej do nawodnień o 5% we wszystkich wariantach zmniejszyło plony o 3, 5 i 7% odpowiednio w pierwszym, drugim i trzecim sezonie wskutek stresu termicznego, jaki wystąpił w drugim i trzecim sezonie w fazie reprodukcji. Ponadto, zmniejszenie ilości stosowanej wody o 5% jedynie w trakcie fazy wegetatywnej skutkowało mniejszymi stratami plonu. Podsumowując, zastosowanie modelu CropSyst umożliwia nam stwierdzenie, kiedy można ograniczyć ilość wody do nawodnień i uniknąć znaczących strat w plonie pszenicy.

7

Freshwater green algal biofouling of boats in the Kabul River, Pakistan

Khuram I., Ahmad N., Jan S., Barinova S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2014

|

Vol. 43, No. 4

329--336

EN

Freshwater green algal biofouling of boats refers to the accrual of freshwater green algae on boats immersed in water. The current research focused on the morphological characteristics of the isolates, species ecology, and the physicochemical properties of the water at the sampling sites. Two localities, Haji Zai and Sardaryab, were sampled at the Kabul River in the district of Charsadda, Pakistan. Freshwater green algae causing biofouling were isolated from the boats. A total of three genera: Cladophora, Rhizoclonium, and Spirogyra with fifteen species belonging to the families Cladophoraceae and Zygnemataceae were observed. Statistical analysis reveals significant stimulation of green algal species in the boats’ fouled communities by increases in water temperature, conductivity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The algal growth at the Haji Zai site is suppressed by TDS in autumn (Pearson −0.56) and is stimulated by water temperature in spring (Pearson 0.44). At the Sardaryab site, algae were stimulated in spring by pH of water (Pearson 0.61), and suppressed by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in autumn (Pearson −0.43). Statistical analysis indicates that pH, conductivity, and temperature are the main factors determining the algal biofouling in the Kabul River.

8

Five species of aquatic oligochaetes new to Iran with an updated checklist

Jabłońska A., Pešić V.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2014

|

Vol. 43, No. 1

100--105

EN

Only 14 species of aquatic oligochaetes occurring in inland waters of Iran have been recorded until now. Our investigations based on samples collected in 2003 and 2005 revealed the presence of six species, including five new to the fauna of Iran: Haplotaxis gordioides, Dero dorsalis, Pristina breviseta, Embolocephalus velutinus and Psammoryctides albicola. The provided checklist of Iranian aquatic oligochaetes is still very short (19 species). It is mostly represented by common, cosmopolitan species. However, taking into account the large area of the country, its mountainous terrain and peculiar hydrological network, more species may be discovered in the future.

9

Possibilities of reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes in the Northern Jordan Valley

Myszograj S., Qteishat O., Sadecka Z., Jędrczak A., Suchowska-Kisielewicz M.

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 40, nr 2

17--31

EN

The possibilities of treated wastewater (TWW) reuse for irrigation purposes in the Northern Jordan Valley have been described. As shown by the analysis of the data, the results indicate a wide non-compliance with the Jordanian Standard 983/2006. Most problematic parameters are BOD, COD, nitrogen content, TSS. TWW will be blended with fresh water prior to use in agriculture. The blended water quality was reviewed after mixing of fresh water with the existing TWW without plant improvements. In general if there are no WWTP upgrades, the blended water quality satisfies the requirements of the Jordanian Water Quality Guidelines.

10

Comparative oxygen and carbon isotopic records of Miocene and recent lacustrine unionid bivalves from Poland

Błażejowski B., Racki G., Gieszcz P., Małkowski K., Kin A., Krzywiecka K.

Geological Quarterly

|

2013

|

Vol. 57, No. 1

113–-122

EN

The δ13C and δ18O isotope data from both fossil (Miocene) and modern freshwater bivalve shells of family Unionidae from Poland (species Margaritifera flabellatiformis and Unio tumidus, respectively) show a similar, truncated sinusoidal pattern.. The isotopic profiles of the whole shell are visibly marked by three growth stages, linked with a progressive loss of environmental record because of declining intra-annual biocarbonate accretion rate. The juvenile and gerontic phases exhibit generally more positive and stable (plateau) isotopic pattern than the mid-age stage. An increasing δ13C trend is typical for the final life stage, likely influenced by nutrient overloading, reversing the tendency towards δ13C depletion throughout the individual’s life induced by metabolic processes. Due to the progressive loss of environmental signals through ontogeny, these initial and final isotopic profile segments probably correspond to, respectively, an instant signature of the first season growth, and a multiyear value set of summer maxima during geriatric stage. Vague seasonal cyclic record is the striking feature of the mid-age δ18O and δ13C profile slices. In case of low-amplitude δ18O curve, this is probably promoted by a sensitivity of the lake ecosystem to many dynamic intra-annual factors affecting water budget balance. This consistent signature mode seems to be typical for lake-dwelling unionid shells at least since Miocene from different climatic zones, as confirmed by coeval lacustrine low-latitude mussels from Amazonia. Thus, this isotope record is relevant to obtain information on the habitat and life cycle of the fossil freshwater bivalves, as well as could help understand modern environmental change.

11

Bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium hydrochemical indicators for the assessment of human impact on the groundwater chemistry – a case study from the Holy Cross Mts. region (Poland)

Prażak J. P.

Geological Quarterly

|

2013

|

Vol. 57, No. 1

135–-140

EN

Hydrochemical indicators are widely used for assessment of groundwater chemistry. They were established mainly for mineral water in order to understand their origin and chemical classification. In the case of fresh water, they are used occasionally because quality classifications are based on concentrations of individual components and physical properties in relation to the permissible standards established for water intended for human consumption. Natural in Polish climate, bicarbonate-calcium and bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium waters are commonly used for drinking. In many places, ions emitted from pollution outbreaks have already caused chemical changes of water and it is often the first symptom of their contamination. The author has evaluated the scope and trends of these changes in the groundwater of the Holy Cross region in Poland using the bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium indicators.

12

Drinking water production using of geothermal water energy

Pawlikowski M.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

|

2010

|

R. 49, nr 1-2

87-90

EN

Modern technology of fresh water production using sea water and geothermal energy is presented. Two methods are described: 1) technology with the use of geothermal springs (naturaI) or hot water obtained from borcholes as heating medium for distillation of sea water (present sometime after exploration of oil). 2) technology allows the production of drinking water from sea water by means of the energy obtained from water heated by hot ground. Both technologies are cheap, ecological and possible for use at desert areas where are good thermal conditions located near of sea shore.

PL

Zaprezentowano dwie oryginalne metody wytwarzania wody zdatnej do picia poprzez destylację wody morskiej z wykorzystaniem energii geotermalnej. Omówiono dwie technologie. Pierwsza z nich wykorzystuje wody termalne pochodzące z naturalnych źródeł lub z otworów wiertniczych (niekiedy woda termalna występuje w otworach po zakończeniu eksploatacji ropy naftowej - rys. 1). Druga metoda wykorzystuje wodę nagrzewaną przez gorący grunt, skały lub (i) przez Słońce - rys. 2. W przypadku niedoboru energii wykorzystywane wody termalne mogą być dogrzewane np. bateriami słonecznymi lub innymi źródłami energii. Proponowane technologie są tanie, ekologiczne i przy ustawieniu odpowiednich parametrów systemu - wydajne. Nadają się do wykorzystania w obszarach pustynnych zlokalizowanych nad morzem, w których występują odpowiednie warunki geotermalne.

13

Pozyskiwanie wody z gipsu w warunkach pustynnych

Pawlikowski M.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

|

2009

|

T. 35, z. 2/1

223-226

EN

New technology of fresh water production at desert conditions where are present gypsum rocks was elaborated. The aim of the project is construction of cooling system of vapors obtained during the production of technological gypsum. Mentioned situation is present at West Sinai about 30 km to the South form Suez City. Proposed technology may help obtain thousand cubic meters of pure drinking water per year at desert conditions.

14

Studium hydrogeologii zachodniej części Karpat polskich

Chowaniec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

2009

|

nr 434, Hydrogeologia z. 8

1-98

PL

Hydrogeologia zachodniej części polskich Karpat jest skomplikowana wskutek zróżnicowanych warunków morfologicznych, klimatycznych i geologicznych. Morfologia i warunki klimatyczne związane są z wysokościami, od ok. 300 m n.p.m. w północnej części obszaru badań do ok. 2500 m n.p.m. na południu. Wody zwykłe występują w skałach krystaliniku, mezozoiku i eocenu węglanowego Tatr, we fliszu Karpat wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych, a także w czwartorzędowych sedymentach odłożonych wzdłuż koryt rzecznych oraz w Kotlinie Orawsko-Nowotarskiej. Dodatkowe urozmaicenie morfologiczne i geologiczne wprowadza pieniński pas skałkowy. Wykazano, że na całym obszarze wody zwykłe, mimo braku naturalnej ochrony przed zanieczyszczeniami, zachowują dobrą jakość chemiczną, charakteryzując się jednak zbyt niskimi stężeniami fluorków i często zbyt wysokimi zawartościami żelaza i manganu. Osady czwartorzędu stanowią najlepsze zasobowo zbiorniki, ale flisz z rozproszonymi ujęciami ma największy udział w zasobach całego obszaru. Wody skał eocenu węglanowego na obszarze Tatr mają małe znaczenie w ogólnym bilansie zasobów wód zwykłych, ale znajdują się w części obszaru zasilania dla najważniejszego w Polsce systemu wód termalnych niecki podhalańskiej. Wody mineralne występują na całym obszarze badań z wyjątkiem Tatr, będąc zróżnicowane chemicznie i genetycznie. W najstarszych skałach podłoża fliszu są one podobne chemicznie i identyczne genetycznie z najgłębszymi solankami Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. Na nieznacznej części zachodniej i północnej obszaru badań występują przykryte fliszem utwory badenu zawierające syngenetyczne wody morskie. Wykazano, że w głębokich partiach fliszu występują solanki pochodzące z dehydratacji minerałów ilastych, zachodzącej przy diagenezie kompakcyjnej, przy czym ich składniki chemiczne są głównie reliktem morskiej wody sedymentacyjnej. Większość solanek znanych z danych archiwalnych z głębokich wierceń reprezentuje ten typ wody. W niektórych rejonach zasolone wody diagenetyczne wędrują strefami uskokowymi do powierzchni, mieszając się z lokalnymi wodami zwykłymi. W przypadkach obecności dwutlenku węgla pochodzenia wgłębnego tworzą one szczawy chlorkowe. W rejonach głębokiej penetracji współczesnych wód meteorycznych i obfitego występowania dwutlenku węgla , bez udziału wód ascenzyjnych, powstają liczne szczawy zwykłe, liczące od kilkudziesięciu do ponad 10 tys. lat. Niecka podhalańska stanowi wyjątkowy rejon, gdzie pod utworami fliszu znajdują się skrasowiałe utwory węglanowe eocenu i triasu, stanowiące najważniejszy w Polsce zbiornik odnawialnych wód termalnych o mineralizacji dochodzącej do ok. 3 g/dm3.

EN

Hydrogeology of the western part of the Polish Carpathians is complicated due to large differences in morphology, climate and geology. Morphology and climate are related to altitudes from ca. 300 m a.s.l. at the northern boundary to ca. 2500 m a.s.l. at the south. Additional differentiation of morphology and geology results from the presence of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, which separates the Outer Carpathians from Inner Carpathians. Usable fresh waters occur mainly in Quaternary sediments along river valleys and in the Orawa Basin, in flysch formations of the Inner and Outer Carpathians, and in carbonate Mesozoic and Eocene formations of the Tatra Mts. (Inner Carpathians). There are no confining layers of low permeabiliry which would naturally protect fresh waters against anthropogenic pollution. In spite of that, fresh waters are generally of good chemical quality, though they have too low fluoride contents, and too high iron and manganese concentrations. The best water reservoirs are related to Quaternary sediments, but flysch formations supply more water due to much larger area occupied. Outcrops of water bearing formations in the Tatra Mts. represent recharge area for the thermal water of the Podhale Basin. Mineral waters are greatly differentiated chemically and genetically. In the oldest basement of the flysch overthrust they are similar to the deepest brines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (GZW), which are related to meteoric waters of a very hot climate in a distant past. Much younger connate marine brines occur in Badenian sediments covered by flysch in some areas. Brines and saline waters of diagenetic origin dominate in deep flysch layers. Their chemical components are the remnants of the ultrafiltrated marine water whereas the original water molecules were removed by molecules released from clay minerals during burial diagenesis. In some regions, these diagenetic saline waters ascend though fault zones to the surface and mix with local infiltration of meteoric origin. Chloride carbonated waters are formed when such process is accompanied by CO2 flux of metamorphic origin. Common carbonated waters are formed in the regions of a deep penetration of meteoric waters abundant presens of CO2, and the lack of diagenetic waters.

15

Surface and near-bottom water saturation with CaCO3 in the Pomeranian Bay in the vicinity of the Świna Channel mouth

Poleszczuk G.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2008

|

Vol. 37, No.4

93-99

EN

Langmuir and Langelier calcite saturation indexes were calculated for water in the vicinity of the Świna Channel in the Pomeranian Bay. Measurements carried out in April-October of 1994 and 2004 indicated that CaCO3 concentrations nearly reached the saturation level, though in spring and fall the water showed slight calcite unsaturation while in summer it was oversaturated with calcite. The observed saturation levels were related with the shifts in the equilibrium between assimilation and dissimilation processes in the Pomeranian Bay ecosystem.

16

Quantity and availability of freshwater resources: the world - Europe - Poland

Hotloś H.

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2008

|

Vol. 34, nr 2

67-77

EN

Renewable water resources account for a mere fraction (0.1 to 0.15%) of world's total freshwater resources. The average long-term annual renewable water resources per capita are presently assessed at approximately 6,500 m3 globally, at 4,500 m3 in Europe, at 4,000 m3 in the European Union, and at 1,600 m3 in Poland. Despite the comparatively high values of the average available water resources (the indispensable minimum being estimated at 1,000 m3 per person yearly), many countries and regions all over the world are affected by considerable water shortage. The causes and effects of the uneven distribution, availability and consumption of freshwater resources in the world, in Europe, and Poland are made subject to detailed analysis.

PL

Odnawialne zasoby wody stanowią tylko niewielki ułamek (0,1-0,15%) ogólnych zasobów wody słodkiej na świecie. W przeliczeniu na jednego mieszkańca średnie roczne z wielolecia odnawialne zasoby wody są obecnie szacowane na około 6 500 m3 na świecie, 4500 m3 w Europie, 4000 m3 w Unii Europejskiej i 1600 m3 w Polsce. Pomimo stosunkowo dużych wartości średnich jednostkowych zasobów wody (niezbędne minimum szacuje się na 1000 m3 na mieszkańca w roku), w wielu krajach i rejonach świata występują znaczne niedobory wody. Omówiono przyczyny oraz skutki nierównomierności czasowej i terytorialnej występowania zasobów wody słodkiej, a także ich dostępność i stopień wykorzystania na świecie, w Europie i Polsce.

17

Biodiversity of freshwater microorganisms - achievements, problems, and perspectives

Weisse Thomas

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2006

|

Vol. 54, nr 4

633-652

EN

The extent and significance of the diversity of freshwater microbes is at present controversially debated. Until 1980 it was assumed that there are no freshwater-specific bacteria and that the total number of bacterial species is low. The advent of molecular tools over the last ten years revealed that there is a bacterial freshwater assemblage which is phylogenetically different from soil and marine bacteria; secondly, it became obvious that the total number of cultured bacterial species ([similar to] 5900) underestimates bacterial diversity by several orders of magnitude. The current debate centres on 1) how to define a bacterial species and 2) if there is a microbial biogeography. The latter relates to the issue of ubiquity and cosmopolitanism, which is controversially discussed primarily in relation to eukaryotic microorganisms, namely ciliates. Although solid evidence is scarce, many microbial ecologists assume, in accordance with Baas Becking's famous 70-year old dictum - "everything is everywhere, the environment selects" - that freshwater microorganisms are easily dispersed and, therefore, potentially cosmopolitan. This review focuses on the often neglected second part of Baas Becking's metaphor. Evidence is accumulating rapidly that the environment does not simply act as a filter sensu Gleason's individualistic concept for widely dispersed microbes. Rather, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms have adapted to their specific habitat and perform better in this environment than newly invading congeners. There is an enormous ecophysiological diversity among closely related freshwater microbes which is neither obvious at the morphospecies level nor at the level of evolutionarily conserved genes, such as the small ribosomal RNA gene. Although this large diversity has been demonstrated for various groups of bacteria and protists, there is currently no measure available to compare microbial biodiversity across prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains. The current challenge is to link genetic divergence to ecophysiological diversity in the major taxa.

18

Sulphate reduction - methane oxidation: a potential role of this process in the origin of C isotope environmental record in freshwater carbonates

Jędrysek M. O.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

|

2005

|

Vol. 16

18--34

EN

It is demonstrated that microbial oxidation of organic compounds (including methane), in freshwater sediments, may result in precipitation of carbonates, which may become an important geochemical archive of palaeoenvironmental variations. Most probably low 13C value in calcite in eutrophic systems results from an advanced oxidation of organic compounds in turbulent or/and sulphate-rich conditions. Likewise, high 13C value in calcite from organic-rich sediments may evidence low red-ox potential of the freshwater system. More advanced studies might help to calibrate a new tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Oxidation of methane and organic matter results in significant isotope effects in sulphates dissolved in water. Therefore, to better understand the origin of carbon isotope signal in carbonates, concentration and stable isotope measurements in dissolved sulphate (water column), bubble methane and calcite (freshwater sediments) have been carried out in 24 lakes, 2 ponds and 4 rivers in Poland. Dissolved sulphate is a major compound of freshwater systems and sulphur, being an important bioelement, controls many processes in lakes therefore quality of water (e.g. microbial sequestration of organic compounds, inhibitor of methane ebullitive flux). The highest concentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO42-mg/l) and an artificial lake (70.3 SO42 -mg/l) located in the extremely -polluted region called the "Black Triangle". The lowest concentration of sulphate are found in dystrophic and mountain lakes (from 0.5 to about 3 SO42- mg/l ). The lowest δ34S(SO42-) and δ18O(SO42-) values occur in unpolluted lakes in Eastern Poland (-0.94 and 1.38‰, respectively). The highest δ34S(SO42-) and δ18O(SO42-) values are found in polluted lakes in western Poland and dystrophic lakes (12.95 and 16.15‰, respectively). It is proposed that δ34S(SO42-) and δ18O(SO42-13C(CH4) water column, in a strongly contaminated lake, is observed. This is probably due to a loss of biological buffering potential of the lake accompanied by an active oxidation of methane precursors.

PL

W pracy wykazano, że węglany jeziorne powstałe w wyniku mikrobiologicznego utleniania związków organicznych (w tym metanu), przy redukcji jonów siarczanowych, mogą stanowić ważny geochemiczny zapis zmian środowiskowych. Najprawdopodobniej niskie wartości 13C w kalcycie, w rzekach i jeziorach eutroficznych wynikają z silnego utleniania związków organicznych w warunkach turbulencji i/lub podwyższonych stężeń siarczanu. Podobnie, wysokie wartości 13C w kalcycie, zawartym w osadach słodkowodnych bogatych w materię organiczną, mogą wskazywać na niski potencjał redox. Na podstawie tego typu badania wydaje się możliwe wykalibrowanie nowego narzędzia do rekonstrukcji palaeośrodowiskowych. Z drugiej strony, utlenianie metanu (związków organicznych) może powodować wzbogacenie rezydualnego jonu siarczanowego w ciężkie izotopy tlenu i siarki. Dlatego, aby lepiej zrozumieć sygnał izotopowy w węglanach jeziornych, wykonano badania stężenia i badania izotopowe siarczanu kolumny wodnej oraz badania metanu i kalcytu w osadach 24 jezior, 2 stawów i 4 rzek w Polsce. Rozpuszczony jon siarczanowy jest jednym z głównych składników rozpuszczonych w wodach jeziornych, a siarka, jako istotny biopierwiastek, wpływa na procesy zachodzące w jeziorach, w tym na jakość wód (mikrobiologiczny rozkład związków organicznych, inhibitor metanogenezy). Najwyższe stężenie jonu siarczanowego stwierdzono w rzekach (85,47 ncentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO42- mg/l) i sztucznym jeziorze (70,3 SO42 -42- mg/l) w regionie silnego zanieczyszczenia (tzw. "Czarny Trójkąt") w Polsce południowo-zachodniej. Najniższe stężenie siarczanu stwierdzono w jeziorach dystroficznych i oligotroficznych - górskich (od 0,5 do 3 mg/l SOSO42 -). Najniższe wartości δ34S(SO42-) i δ18O(SO42-) występują w niezanieczyszczonych jeziorach wschodniej Polski (-0,94 i 1,38‰). Najwyższe wartości δ34S(SO42-) i δ18O(SO42-) stwierdzono w Polsce zachodniej i jeziorach dystroficznych (12,95 i 16,15‰). Wykazano, że. δ34S(SO42- i δ18O(SO42-) jezior mogą być dobrym narzędziem do ilościowej charakterystyki antropopresji (kwaśne opady) oraz do monitorowania zmian trofii i procesów redoks związanych z biodegradacją związków organicznych w osadach i kolumnie wodnej. W przeciwieństwie do czystych jezior, jeziora silnie zanieczyszczone jonem siarczanowym wykazują wzrost wartościδ13C(CH4) wraz ze wzrostem głębokości kolumny wodnej. Może to być wskaźnikiem utraty przez jezioro mikrobiologicznej zdolności buforującej.

19

Water of springs in Trzciągowska Valley (buffer protection zone**** and areas of Wolin National Park) - results of chemical investigations

Poleszczuk O., Bucior A., Grzegorczyk K., Suzin B.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2005

|

Vol. 12, nr 11

1267-1279

EN

Between August of 2003 and February 2004, 22 chemical parameters of water quality from 4 sources springing in Trzciągowska Valley were studied where 2 of them were not investigated ret. The evaluation of waters was based upon official criteria for evaluation of surface inland freshwater and underground water qualities. Carried researches proved that waters from studied sources were of poor quality and also were chemically differentiated what points out the municipal sewage pollution in zone of spring alimentatian from water-bearing layers.

PL

W okresie od sierpnia 2003 do lutego 2004 r. badano 22 fizykalne i chemiczne wskaźniki jakości wód 4 źródeł wybijających w Dolinie Trzciągowskiej, z których 2 dotychczas nie badano. Ocenę jakości tych wód przeprowadzono zgodnie z urzędowymi kryteriami służącymi do oceny jakości śródlądowych wód powierzchniowych i zwykłych wód podziemnych. Prowadzone badania udowodniły, że wody badanych źródeł były bardzo złej jakości, a także znacznie różniły się składem chemicznym, co przemawia za tym, że chemizm badanych wód był najprawdopodobniej ostatecznie ukształtowany przez lokalne źródła zanieczyszczeń o charakterze punktowych źródeł antropogennych, zasilających wody podziemne wzdłuż drogi ich przesączania się przez strefę wodonośną.

20

Woda słodka jako odnawialny surowiec naturalny

Szargut J.

Gospodarka Paliwami i Energią

|

2003

|

nr 12

2-2

PL

Oszacowano intensywność odnawiania zasobów słodkiej wody dzięki działaniu promieniowania słonecznego. Obliczono minimalne zapotrzebowanie egzergii do wytwarzania wody słodkiej z wody morskiej oraz sprawność egzergetyczną typowych procesów odsalania wody morskiej.

EN

The intensity of the renovation of the natural resources of fresh water caused by the solar radiation has been evaluated. A minimal demand for exergy necessary to produce the fresh water from seawater and the exergy efficiency of the typical desalination processes has been calculated.