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1

Performance prediction and control for wastewater treatment plants using artificial neural network modeling of mechanical and biological treatment

Alnajjar Hussein Y.H., Üçüncü Osman

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 2

16--29

EN

Biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants appears to be one of the most crucial factors in water quality management and planning. Though, measuring this important factor is challenging, and obtaining reliable results requires signifi cant eff ort. However, the use of artifi cial neural network (ANN) modeling can help to more reliably and cost-effectively monitor the pollutant characteristics of wastewater treatment plants and regulate the processing of these pollutants. To create an artifi cial neural network model, a study of the Samsun Eastern Advanced Biological WWTP was carried out. It provides a laboratory simulation and prediction option for flexible treatment process simulations. The models were created to forecast influent features that would affect effluent quality metrics. For ANN models, the correlation coefficients R-TRAINING and R-ALL are more than 0.8080. The MSE, RMSE, and MAPE were less than 0.8704. The model’s results showed compliance with the permitted wastewater quality standards set forth in the Turkish water pollution control law for the environment where the treated wastewater is discharged. This is a useful tool for plant management to enhance the quality of the treatment while enhancing the facility’s dependability and efficiency.

2

Use of the macromodel DNS/SWAT to calculate the natural background of TN and TP in surface waters for the RAC parameter

Wilk Paweł, Orlińska-Woźniak Paulina

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2019

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Vol. 12, no. 1

171--179

EN

Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) get into surface waters from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources have been relatively well recognised but the natural emmission of nutrients into the rivers, in the case of many catchments, remains a mystery. The paper describes the possibility of using a tool, the Macromodel DNS/SWAT (Discharge Nutrient Sea/Soil and Water Assessment Tool), to estimate the concentration and load of natural background (Natural Pollutant Concentration - NPC and Natural Pollution Load - NPL) for TN and TP and thus to specify the previously developed method of river absorption capacity - RAC. A variant scenario was developed allowing for a “virtual” change in the use of the area of an analysed catchment. This allowed the simulation of the amount of TN and TP in the waters of the main river, the Warta, in a situation where there was no anthropogenic phenomenon in the area. NPC and NPL results were obtained for six calculation profiles located on the central Warta main stream. On this basis, the total absorbency of the Total River Absorption Capacity - RACT River was calculated. The obtained results indicate an increasing pollution of the analyzed river on subsequent Surface Water Bodies (SWB). The values of RAC and RACt parameters for both TN and TP were reduced between the opening and closing profiles of the analyzed catchment by 2651 t/y (TN) and 86 t/y (TP), respectively.

3

Mathematical description of a river absorption capacity on the example of the middle Warta catchment

Wilk P., Orlińska-Woźniak P., Gębala J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 4

99--116

EN

The paper presents a mathematical description of a module to determine the river absorption capacity (RAC), which is an extension of the Macromodel DNS/SWAT developed in IMGW-PIB. The balance equations of pollution loads are presented, as well as the mathematical description of the retention of pollutants, taking into account concentrations and loads of pollutants in selected river profiles. The developed mathematical module mRAC was tested in the Warta catchment between river calculation profiles Nowa Wieś Podgórna and Oborniki for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP).

4

Ocena stanu troficznego wód zbiorników zaporowych Jeziorsko i Sulejowskiego

Droździk A.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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T. 19, nr 1

127--140

PL

Proces eutrofizacji zbiorników zaporowych jest bardzo istotnym problemem środowiskowym i ze względu na ich ważne funkcje gospodarcze musi być stale monitorowany. Trudności prognozowania stanu trofii wód oraz ograniczona możliwość sterowania procesem powodują potrzebę systematycznej kontroli przebiegu eutrofizacji w celu wczesnego reagowania. Wiarygodnej oceny dostarczają wskaźniki wieloparametrowe, odznaczające się wieloaspektowym podejściem do problemu. W badaniach przedstawionych w artykule do oceny stanu trofii wód zbiorników Jeziorsko i Sulejowskiego zastosowano integralny wskaźnik troficzności (ang. Index of Trophic State - ITS), który odzwierciedla bilans procesów produkcji i rozkładu substancji organicznej produkowanej przez glony oraz bazuje na wartościach pH i nasycenia wody tlenem, a więc standardowych pomiarach monitoringowych. Pozwala on dzięki temu w szybki i tani sposób ocenić stan trofii. W celu weryfikacji wyników uzyskanych z zastosowaniem integralnego wskaźnika troficzności (ITS) przeprowadzono również ocenę według wartości granicznych koncentracji fosforu całkowitego i chlorofilu „a” ustalonych przez Vollenweidera i OECD. Ocena stanu troficznego wód obu zbiorników dokonana na podstawie różnych metod charakteryzuje się bardzo zbliżonymi wynikami, co potwierdziło zasadność zastosowania wskaźnika ITS do oceny stanu troficznego wód.

EN

The natural eutrophication process can be accelerated as the result of anthropogenic activity. The intensification of eutrophication process leads to destroying of the balance between synthesis and destruction of organic compounds that in turn results in the disturbance of ecological equilibrium of whole aquatic ecosystem. Taking into account the high dynamics of eutrophication process and its negative consequence, the continuous monitoring of water trophic state is necessary for early detecting the changes and taking appropriate action. The aim of the paper was the assessment of water trophic state of two dam reservoirs: Jeziorsko and Sulejowski on the base of long-term monitoring within analyzed period 2010-2014. The localization of the reservoirs is borderland between the Małopolska Upland and Środkowopolska Lowland, administrative localization is Łódź Province and they are managed by Regional Water Management Authority in Poznań and by Regional Water Management Authority in Warszawa. The monitoring of Jeziorsko Reservoir was carried out in one measurement-control point above the dam. The monitoring of Sulejowski Reservoir was carried out in three measurement-control points: near to the Pilica river inflow, in the middle of reservoir and above the dam. The database includes monitoring measurements realized in 2011 and 2014 on Jeziorsko Reservoir and in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 on Sulejowski Reservoir. The values of reservoirs’ water quality parameters were obtained from Province Environmental Protection Inspectorate in Łódź, which realizes the surface water monitoring including artificial lakes, as a part of the State Environment Monitoring Program. The assessment of water trophic state was carried out using the Index of Trophic State (ITS) which is based on the existing of linear relationship between pH and oxygen content in water, the parameters indirectly expressing the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water. Eutrophication is a consequence of the disturbance of the balance between synthesis and destruction of organic compounds produced by water vegetation, which leads to the changes in content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water. The results of water trophic state assessment obtained on the base of ITS index indicated the eutrophic and mesoeutrophic level in both reservoirs. The results obtained with the help of ITS were verified by the results obtained on the base of total phosphorus and chlorophyll “a” threshold values determined by Vollenweider and OECD. The assessment of water trophic state on the base of multiparametric Index of Trophic State (ITS) was confirmed by assessment based on threshold values of single parameters. This proves that ITS index is useful and justified. High trophic state of both reservoirs within whole research period showed that this trend is enduring for multi-year period.

5

General characteristics of the quantity and quality of sewage sludge from selected wastewater treatment plants in the Świętokrzyskie Province

Gawdzik J., Długosz J., Urbaniak M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 2

107--117

EN

Five wastewater treatment plants from the Świętokrzyskie Province have been briefly described, and a general analysis of the composition and quantity of sewage sludge from the data objects has been conducted. The paper also presents various ways of management of sewage sludge. The authors analyzed sediments from the wastewater treatment plant for PE in the range of 15 000–99 999 located in Ostrowiec, Opatów, Starachowice, Skarżysko-Kamienna, and in Sandomierz. The sludge was characterized in terms of its quantity and quality, the content of heavy metals, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and organic solids.

6

Instrumentalna metoda oznaczania całkowitej zawartości fosforu w popiele lotnym

Jarocka A., Ślęzak E.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2013

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R. 6, nr 15

7--17

PL

Nowelizacja normy PN-EN 450-1:2012 wprowadza liczne zmiany dotyczące częstotliwości oraz metod badań dla popiołów lotnych stosowanych do produkcji betonu. Zmiany te dotyczą m.in. oznaczenia całkowitej zawartości fosforu, który należy oznaczać według ISO 29581-2 – Cement-Test methods. Part 2: Chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence (metoda referencyjna). Dzięki temu, że norma PN-EN 450-1:2012 pozwala na zastosowanie metod własnych, postanowiono przygotować alternatywną metodę badawczą oznaczenia całkowitej zawartości fosforu w popiele lotnym. Opracowano metodę kolorymetryczną wykorzystującą powstawanie barwnego kompleksu fosforomolibdenianu antymonu, który w reakcji z kwasem askorbinowym (jako reduktorem) tworzy kompleks błękitu molibdenowego, a zawartość fosforu wyznacza się spektrofotometrycznie, na podstawie absorbancji kompleksu przy długości fali 880 nm, przeliczając zgodnie ze wzorem zawartym w opracowanej instrukcji jako procent masy P2O5. Przygotowana metoda została doświadczalnie potwierdzona i udokumentowana na podstawie obiektywnego dowodu, że zostały spełnione wszelkie aspekty gwarantujące poprawność wyniku.

EN

The amendment to the standard PN-EN 450-1:2012 introduces a number of changes in the frequency and test methods for fly ash used in concrete. These changes relate, among others to indication of the total phosphorus content, which should be measured according to ISO 29581-2 – Cement – Test methods. Part 2: Chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence (reference method). Thanks to the PN-EN 450-1:2012 allows the use of own methods, decided to prepare an alternative test method for determination of total phosphorus content in fly ash. The developed method is a colorimetric method utilizing the formation of a colored complex of antimony phosphomolybdate, which is in reaction with ascorbic acid (as a reductor) forms a complex of molybdenum blue, and the phosphorus content is determined by spectrophotometry by the absorbance of the complex at 880 nm, converting in the format set in the instructions as % by mass of P2O5. Prepared method was experimentally confirmed and documented on the basis of impartial evidence, that all aspects ensuring the correctness of the result were fulfilled.

7

Analysis of the spatial distribution of phosphorus fractions in the bottom sediments of the Solina-Myczkowce dam reservoir complex

Bartoszek L., Tomaszek J. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 37, nr 3

5-15

EN

The statistical analysis was performed to compare average contents of phosphorus fractions in the bottom sediments between the lacustrine zone and the riverine zone in the Solina Reservoir, between the main object and the retarding one as well as between all the research stations of the analysed reservoirs. It was found that the deposits from the stations localized in the lacustrine zones of both reservoirs did not differ significantly in regards to total phosphorus content, inorganic phosphorus, and non-apatite, inorganic phosphorus fractions, however, they were characterized by significantly different contents of organic phosphorus.

8

Changes of Phosphorus Compounds Concentrations in Waters of Lowland Catchments with Various Anthropopression Levels

Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 2

201-206

EN

Phosphorus compounds concentrations in surface and interstitial water as well as groundwater within river Krzemianka and river Jaroszowka catchments, that are characterized by various anthropopression levels, were analyzed in the study. These phosphorus compounds concentrations varied along with the increase of anthropopression within the catchment. In waters of river Jaroszowka catchment, only 15 % total phosphorus (TP) was made up by soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), which indicated the supply of organic contaminants to surface water and groundwater in urban areas. Organic phosphorus form prevailed in all types of waters in studied catchments, and its mean concentrations amounted to: 198 gP/dm3 in groundwaters, 208 gP/dm3 in interstitial waters, and 139 gP/dm3 in surface waters. Higher concentrations of studied phosphorus forms were recorded in interstitial waters, which in the case of intensive river drainage, may contribute to considerable eutrophication of flowing waters.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zmiany stężeń związków fosforu w rzekach pierwszego rzędu cechujących się różnym nasileniem antropopresji w zlewni (Krzemianka – zlewnia leoena, Jaroszówka – zlewnia w strefie podmiejskiej). Stężenia związków fosforu zmieniały się wzdłuż biegu rzek wraz ze wzrostem antropopresji w zlewni. W wodzie zlewni Jaroszówka zaledwie 15 % TP stanowił SRP, co wskazuje na dopływ zanieczyszczeń organicznych do wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych na terenie miejskim. We wszystkich typach wody w badanych zlewniach przeważał fosfor organiczny, a jego oerednie stężenia wynosiły: 198 gP/dm3 w wodach podziemnych, 208 gP/dm3 w interstycjalnych i 139 gP/dm3 w wodach powierzchniowych. W wodzie interstycjalnej stwierdzono większe stężenia badanych form fosforu, co w przypadku intensywnego drenażu rzecznego może przyczynić do znacznej eutrofizacji wód płynących.

9

Fractionation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from medicinal plant samples

Konieczyński P., Wesołowski M.

Chemia Analityczna

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2007

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Vol. 52, No. 2

243-252

EN

Total concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as of their chemical forms - nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus has been determined in aqueous and acidic (2%, v/v acetic acid solution) extracts from leaves, roots, and rhizomes of medicinal plants, using spectrophotometric method. Concentration ranges of total nitrogen and phosphorus determined in the studied plant material (in dry mass; d.m.) were 2.80-15.30 mg gsup>-1and 0.51-3.08 mg g-1, respectively. Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus in aqueous and acetic acid extracts of leaves, roots, and rhizomes were in the ranges: 0.4-35.1 % of the total nitrogen, and 17.8-99. f % of the total phosphorus. Statistical analysis has shown that there is no significant correlation between the total contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves, roots, and rhizomes. However, statistically significant correlation exists between the total phosphorus content and the content of phosphorus soluble in water and acetic acid extracts of leaves, as well as between nitrate nitrogen contents in aqueous and acetic acid extracts from roots and rhizomes. The results have proven that aqueous extracts of leaves, roots, and rhizomes contain significant fractions of nitrogen and phosphorus potentially bioavailable for these humans, who often take natural drugs.

PL

W pracy oznaczono spektrofotometrycznie całko witą za wartość azotu i fosforu, jak również ich chemiczne formy - azot azotanowy(V) i fosfor fosforanowy, w ekstraktach wodnych i kwaśnych (2% (v/v) roztwór kwasu octowego) z liści, korzeni i kłączy roślin leczniczych. Oznaczona, całkowita zawartość azotu mieści się w zakresie od 2,80 do 15,30 mg gsup>-1 suchej masy surowca (s.m.), a w przypadku całkowitego fosforu: od 0,51 do 3,08 mg gsup>-1 s.m. Zawartość azotu azotanowego(V) i fosforu fosforanowego w ekstraktach wodnych i octowych otrzymanych z liści, korzeni i kłączy wynosiła odpowiednio: od 0,4 do 35.1% azotu całkowitego, oraz od 17,8 do 99,1% fosforu całkowitego. Analiza korelacji wykazała brak istotnej statystycznie zależności między całkowitą zawartością azotu i fosforu w liściach, korzeniach i kłączach. Natomiast istotną korelację stwierdzono pomiędzy całkowitą zawartością fosforu i zawartościąjego formy rozpuszczalnej w wodzie i roztworze kwasu octowego w liściach, jak również między zawartością azotu azotanowego(V) w wodzie i roztworze kwasu octowego w korzeniach i kłączach. Wyniki badań wskazują ponadto na fakt, iż wodne ekstrakty otrzymane z liści, korzeni oraz kłączy zawierają znaczne ilości azotu i fosforu potencjalnie przyswajalnego przez ludzi często stosujących galenowe formy leku roślinnego.

10

Determination of total phosphorus in water samples by flow-injection analysis

Zhang J. F., Wang X. R., Shen H., Wu J. C., Xue Y. Q.

Chemia Analityczna

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2004

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Vol. 49, No. 4

527-533

EN

A new colorimetric-FIA method for the determination of total phosphorus in water samples has been described. For the purpose of the above analysis the newly invented constant micro-flux mixing pumps, as well as the PLC (industrial programmable controller) manipulator and IOP (intelligent operation panel) were used to simplify the procedure. The proposed method allowed one to determine total phosphorus in the concentration range: 0.02-0.50 mg L-1, with a detection limit of 0.005 mg L-1. The analysis required only 4 min to be completed. The proposed method is suitable for the automated and continuous analysis, and was successively applied to the determination of total phosphorus in wastewater samples.

PL

Opisano nową, jednościeżkową metodę kolorymetryczno-przepływową do oznaczania całkowitego fosforu w próbkach wody. Do tego celu skonstruowano pompy mieszające o stałym mikrostrumieniu oraz przemysłowy, programowany kontroler i inteligentny panel operacyjny do manipulacji i przeliczeń. Całkowity fosfor można oznaczać w zakresie 0,02-0,5 mg L(-1), granica wykrywalności wynosi 0,005 mg L(-1). Całkowity czas oznaczania wynosi 4 min. Proponowana metoda nadaje się do analizy automatycznej i ciągłej. Została zastosowana do oznaczania całkowitego fosforu w ściekach.