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Reloading Modulus Estimation Based on Static and Dynamic Plate Load Tests Carried out on Unpaved Forest Roads

Pawłowski Michał, Grajewski Sylwester M., Węgliński Szymon

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 4

250–264

EN

This paper presents the results of comparative studies of strain modulus from static (PLT) and dynamic (LWD) plate testing. The tests were conducted on 9 sections of forest roads with different surfaces made of unbound aggregates. They produced 140-element sets of results, including values of reloading modulus (E2) and dynamic modulus of deformation determined using 10 and 15 kg drop weights (Evd10 and Evd15). An attempt was made to determine the relationship between the values of the moduli from tests with LWD loads (10 or 15 kg) and PLT, which would allow to determine the values of reloading modulus based on the dynamic modulus values. The analysis of the test results revealed that the values of the dynamic moduli are characterized by lower variability than those obtained from static testing and that from the engineering point of view there is no significant relationship between the sets of results of the subgrade deformability tests made with dynamic and static plates. The analysis of the results confirmed a simple relationship that allows for a qualitative assessment of subgrade deformability defined by the values of reloading modulus PLT tests based on the results of LWD tests with a 10 kg drop weight. The assessment error did not exceed 7% in this case. An analogous relationship was revealed for the results of LWD tests with a 15 kg drop weight. In this case, the assessment error did not exceed 6%. The results of the LWD tests can be used to provide a qualitative assessment of the deformability of subgrade, but the PLT tests are required for its quantitative assessment.

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Effects of Forest Roads on Large Mammal Behaviour

Turk Yilmaz, Cometen Selcuk, Keten Akif

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 4

334--341

EN

Forest roads are the most important infrastructural facilities to exploit forests that are renewable natural resources. They are of great importance for all kinds of scientific and technical interventions to be made to the forest. Despite the benefits of forest roads, they have great potential to cause degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of forest road technical features and intensity of use (traffic volume) on movements of mammals. From August 2017 to September 2017, a total of six forest roads and their surroundings were observed from fixed plots with wildlife camera traps. The study identified a total of twelve species of mammals. All together 589 individuals were counted from 461 wild animal images. Golden jackal, wild boar, and red fox are dominant species in the study area. The species composition of wild mammals was not strongly related to road characteristics. Drivers and wild animals use the same area but differ in time of use. It was also determined that wild animals adopted the road as a part of natural surroundings.

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Lasy potrzebują dobrych dróg

Czerniak A.

Surowce i Maszyny Budowlane

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2018

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nr 4

42--45

PL

Lasy Państwowe mają bardzo duże zapotrzebowanie na kruszywo. W ostatnich latach mocno zintensyfikowały działania związane ze współtworzeniem lokalnej infrastruktury komunikacyjnej. Dróg leśnych dobrych jakościowo, zbudowanych z użyciem odpowiednich technologii i specjalistycznych maszyn będzie przybywać, bowiem do racjonalnego prowadzenia wielofunkcyjnej gospodarki leśnej potrzeba ich w sumie 106 tys. km.

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Horizontal curve radii versus turning abilities of vehicle combinations for timber transport

Czerniak A., Trzciński G.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr II/1

263--275

EN

State Forests make various road investments in cooperation with local self-governments. Jointly modernized roads facilitate local transport for both parties. The prerequisite is proper selection of technologies and project parameters for the modernized roads. The paper aimed to analyze the minimum horizontal curve radii for various elements of roads (on exits, road junctions and vehicle maneuvering areas) depending on the vehicle combinations for timber transport. The scope of works comprised: - analysis of technical conditions for public roads; - analysis of kinematic relationships for vehicle combinations for timber transport; - determining the types of vehicle combinations for timber transport; - empirical determination of the turning abilities of timber haulage vehicle combinations and fire engines. Potential vehicle combinations used for timber transport were determined on the basis of data collected from the customers. Tests of turning abilities of vehicle combinations used for long and short timber transport and for forest fire fighting used by the State Fire Service units were conducted on a maneuvering area, at the curves with radius R = 11.0 m; 13 and 15 m and steering angle α = 90º. A combination of a truck with a trailer or steered cart revealed the best turning parameters. It was demonstrated that the rounding radius R = 11.0 m without widening of a 3.5 m wide road may be used only when entering very wide public roads with a not so heavy traffic. A circular curve rounding a with a minimum radius R = 13.0 and in specific cases with R = 15.0 m.

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The technical aspects of using timber in the construction of forest roads

Trzciński G., Kozakiewicz P., Selwakowski R.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 34

241--247

EN

This study is on the ecological aspects and interest of the State Forest National Forests Holding (SF) units in reinforcing the ground subgrade by using timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses in forest road construction. The aim of the study was to analyse the technical parameters of forest roads made on a ground subgrade reinforced with timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses. As part of the research, the scope of SF units’ application of technological solutions and the parameters of existing forest district roads made on a timber substructure were determined. A road with reference sections using different variants of subgrade reinforced with timbers logs (oak, pine) and brushwood mattresses were studied. The technical parameters of features ensuring usability, such as, among others, the bearing capacity of the pavement, were selected for the analysis. The ability of the tested pavements to support vehicle axle loads was determined based on the deflection of the surface as well as the primary (MEI) and secondary (MEII) deformation modulus with a calculated deformation indicator (I0). The deformation modulus ME of the pavement and road subgrade were determined using a VSS plate with a diameter of 300 mm. It indicated a large range of results of secondary deformation of surfaces using timber raft construction (107–204 MN∙m–2) and brushwood mattresses (26–58 MN∙m–2), which are dependent mainly on the diameter of the logs used, their arrangement and the road fill used.

PL

Podstawą do podjęcia tematu badań były aspekty ekologiczne oraz zainteresowanie jednostek Państwowego Gospodarstwa Leśnego “Lasy Państwowe” (PGL LP) wzmacnianiem podłoża gruntowego materiałem z drewna (wałki, maty). Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie analizy parametrów technicznych dróg leśnych wykonanych na podłożu wzmocnionym wałkami drewnianymi (żerdziami) lub matami wierzbowymi. W ramach prac badawczych określono zakres stosowania w jednostkach PGL LP rozwiązań omawianej technologii oraz parametrów dróg leśnych istniejących w nadleśnictwach wykonanych na podbudowie z drewna (wałków i mat). W ramach badań zaprojektowano i wykonano drogę z wzorcowymi odcinkami w różnych wariantach podłoża wzmocnionego wałkami (dębowymi, sosnowymi) i matami wierzbowymi. Do analiz wybrano parametry techniczne zapewniające cechy użytkowe między innymi nośność nawierzchni. Zdolność badanych nawierzchni do przyjmowania obciążeń od kół pojazdów została określona na podstawie ugięcia nawierzchni oraz pierwotnego (MEI) i wtórnego (MEII) modułu odkształcenia z obliczonym wskaźnikiem odkształcenia (I0). Oznaczenie modułu odkształceń ME nawierzchni i podłoża drogowego wykonano z zastosowaniem płyty VSS o średnicy 300 mm. Otrzymano dużą rozpiętość wyników wtórnego modułu odkształcenia nawierzchni na wałkach drewnianych (107–204 MN∙m–2) i na matach wierzbowych (26–58 MN∙m–2), co było uzależnione głównie od średnicy zastosowanych wałków i sposobu ich ułożenia oraz użytego kruszywa.

6

The vascular plants in the “Puszcza Notecka” forest roadside

Mizera P., Grajewski S. M., Kasztelan A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/1

1143--1156

EN

This paper presents the edge effect of a very low-volume road on the belt of roadside vegetation in the “Puszcza Notecka”, Poland - one of the largest compact forest complexes in Europe. The observations were carried out in the vicinity of pine stands in the fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest sites. Twelve rectangular experimental sites 30 and 50 meters wide at a distance of 0 to 10 meters from the edge surfaces were established. 75 species characteristic for the 13 phytosociological classes and 20 species associated devoided of the diagnostic value were recognized in the roadside area. Native species dominated, where the most numerous species belonged to meadow communities (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) and ruderal (Artemisietea vulgaris). Despite the significant participation of synanthropic plants, there was no invasion of alien species.

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Drogi leśne : informacje ogólne, klasyfikacja

Frasik A., Kosek M., Sokoła M.

Drogi : budownictwo infrastrukturalne

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2013

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Nr 4 (16)

42-47

PL

Sieć dróg leśnych stanowi podstawowy element umożliwiający prawidłowe funkcjonowanie i rozwój gospodarki leśnej oraz ochronę przeciwpożarową drzewostanów. Obecne potrzeby udostępniania drzewostanów poprzez rozwój i utrzymanie sieci drogowej w Lasach Państwowych są bardzo duże. Zmieniające się ** sposoby pozyskania drewna, zwiększające się gabaryty pojazdów do jego transportu oraz bezpieczeństwo przeciwpożarowe nasuwają konieczność dostosowania parametrów dróg leśnych do zaistniałych warunków.

EN

The paper concerns on the problems connected with designing forest roads. The authors present the classification of such roads and general information about their designing.

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Właściwości trakcyjne opon na drogach leśnych

Białczyk W., Cudzik A., Czarnecki J., Pieczarka K.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2005

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R. 9, nr 3

55--62

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości trakcyjnych opon 4.00-10 i 5.00-10 oraz ich wersji zbliźniakowanych na wybranych glebach leśnych w obrębie drzewostanów sosnowych 28 i 72 letnich oraz drzewostanu liściastego. Analizie poddano maksymalne siły trakcyjne, sprawności trakcyjne oraz współczynniki przyczepności wyznaczone dla badanych opon i dróg przy różnym pionowym obciążeniu opon.

EN

This paper presents the results of a study on traction forces, efficiency and other parameters in various soil conditions. The field experiments were carried out in forests. The relationships between the types of tyre (two types), values of vertical load (four levels of loading), traction forces and the level of traction efficiency were analysed. Single and double tyres were used in the experiments. The results show that a double tyre can improve the traction parameters, and that each optimal vertical loading for each tyre can be determined for optimal traction parameters.