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1

Classification of Financial Risks in Polish Modern Forestry

Michalski Krzysztof, Wieruszewski Marek, Starosta-Grala Monika, Adamowicz Krzysztof

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2023

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Vol. 66, nr 212

Art. no. 177426

EN

Modern forest management requires a well-founded knowledge and understanding of all the risks involved in forest management. It requires a wealth of information not only on natural hazards, but also related to the financial aspect of running a business. The most important activity in the risk management phase is to identify all the known risk areas, and on this basis, to determine the appropriate classification of risks accompanying the activities of the entity in question, taking into account the various categories of risk division. In forest management, the global risk of activities should be considered in terms of two main risks: operational risk (including natural and anthropogenic factors), and financial risk, which, in simple terms, is the consequence of decisions and economic processes in an entity's area of activity. Considering the impact of the production factors that affect the results of the activities carried out, it should be emphasized that forest management has a specific distribution of standard production factors. The forest stand plays the role of both a production resource and an object of production, and in the final analysis, represents a production effect. Any consideration of financial risk management in forest management should be carried out based on long-term analytical data series. Another factor for forests under state management is the various functions that forest management performs. Taking into account the ownership criterion cited earlier, it needs to be emphasized that the weighting of individual financial risks may vary depending on the ownership structure of forests in a given country and taking into account the ownership share of forests in the timber sales market. In conclusion, it was pointed out that, unlike other industries, financial risk management in forest holdings can be disrupted by the function of forests, as well as the strong influence in the long term of natural phenomena that have a significant impact on determining the types and ordering the degree of significance of individual risks in the process of identifying them.

2

Rola certyfikacji FSC® w dbaniu o lasy i budowaniu zrównoważonego łańcucha dostaw

Tymorek Karolina

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2022

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R. 78, nr 7

376--379

PL

Ponad 25 lat temu, w odpowiedzi na brak porozumienia w sprawie powstrzymania wylesiania na Szczycie Ziemi w Rio de Janeiro, zaangażowana grupa firm, ekologów i liderów społeczności lokalnych połączyła siły, aby stworzyć rewolucyjną koncepcję: dobrowolne, rynkowe podejście, które poprawiłoby praktyki leśne na całym świecie. Oznaczało to narodziny Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Ćwierć wieku temu FSC było pionierem certyfikacji w zakresie zrównoważonego leśnictwa i do dziś pozostaje najbardziej zaufanym systemem certyfikacji gospodarki leśnej.

3

Analysis of the selected factors influencing the management of forest residues in Poland

Roman Kamil, Borek Kinga, Mazur Kamila

Polish Technical Review

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2021

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No. 1

15--20

EN

Modern energy management uses solid biomass in combustion processes with a great success. The amount of biomass increases along with properly conducted forest management, the development of agricultural production and the growing scale of post-production waste. Statistical analyses, determining the dependence of the factors on the tested parameter and also, supporting the priority of activities, may facilitate the development of certain pro-ecological activities in a given region. The article estimates the economic use of forest residues as a source of renewable energy fuel in the context of the market situation. The performed statistical analysis of multivariate ANOVA method and the AHP method as well, determined the possibilities to manage the forest residues for energetic purposes. In one case, the critical significance level determining the assignment of the analyzed factor to a particular homogeneous group was below 0.05. This means that there is a relationship between the number of public roads and the number of enterprises. Therefore, due to the number of roads, the greatest prospects for the development of a company in the wood industry are found in the Małopolskie, Mazowieckie, Śląskie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships.

PL

Współczesna gospodarka energetyczna z powodzeniem wykorzystuje biomasę stałą w procesach spalania. Ilość biomasy wzrasta, wraz z właściwie prowadzoną gospodarką leśną, rozwojem produkcji rolnej i rosnącą skalą odpadów poprodukcyjnych. Analizy statystycznych określające zależność czynników na badany parametr a także wspomagające priorytet działania mogą wspomóc rozwój pewnych działa proekologicznych na danym terenie. W ramach artykułu oszacowano ekonomiczne wykorzystanie pozostałości zrębowych jako źródła paliwa odnawialnego w kontekście sytuacji rynkowej. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna określiła możliwości zagospodarowania biomasy leśnej przeznaczonej na cele energetyczne, wykorzystując wieloczynnikową analizę wariancji ANOVA i metodę AHP. W jednym przypadku krytyczny poziom istotności decydujący o przypisaniu analizowanego czynnika do określonej grupy jednorodnej wynosił poniżej 0,05. Oznacza to, że istnieje zależność pomiędzy ilością dróg publicznych a liczbę przedsiębiorstw. W związku z powyższym, z uwagi na ilość dróg największa perspektywa rozwoju przedsiębiorstwa działającego w branży drzewnej istnieje w województwie małopolskim, mazowieckim, śląskim i wielkopolskim.

4

Low-Intensity Cutting Leads to Similar Forest Structure and Tree Diversity as in Protected Stands

Dobrowolska Dorota, Orman Olga, Tiwari Ravi M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 2

145--158

EN

Forest structure in Europe has been shaped by forest management which may vary from intensive clearcuttings to single-tree selection cuttings. Most investigations on silver fir forests have been carried out in the mountains. Forests in lowlands have been less studied, although many of them are of natural origin. We investigated and assessed potential stand structural differences between managed and partially protected mixed silver fir stands. We also assessed the impact of silvicultural activities that led to the development of current stand structures of mixed Abies alba stands. The study was conducted in Janów Forests in south-eastern Poland. We randomly established 40 circular nested plots in three managed and three partially protected stands. Although both managed and partially protected stands differed in the intensity of management and the type of selection cuttings, we found little difference in the composition and stand structure. Regardless of management intensity all stands were characterized by diversified natural regeneration, where the main tree species, especially in the phase of seedlings, was silver fir. The basal area of standing dead trees was higher for the protected than managed stands, but the differences were not significant, whereas the mean volume of dead standing trees was significantly higher in the reserve. Both in managed and protected stands, silver fir benefited from the management measures mimicking natural processes. Our results suggest that low intensity forest management for silver fir dominated forests will be crucial for conserving these forests and their unique structure in the region.

5

Importance of Old Forest Stands for Diversity of Birds in Managed Pine Forests : A Case Study from Augustów Forest (NE Poland)

Zawadzka D., Drozdowski S., Zawadzki G., Zawadzki J., Mikitiuk A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 2

162--181

EN

We assessed the assemblages of birds inhabiting pine-dominated managed forest, aged between 1-5 years and above 140 years. Birds were counted on study plots representing eight different phases to the forest's development, with nesting, foraging and migratory guild categories recognised. Numbers of bird species and population densities, both increased markedly with stand age (respectively r = 0.988 and r = 0.936, P < 0.001). While numbers of ground-nesting bird species failed to correlate with stand age, successively older stands did support ever-greater proportions of species in the assemblage that nested in tree crowns (r = 0.976, P < 0.005) or tree holes (r = 0.833, P < 0.005). Raptors were most abundant in forest at the oldest stages of growth, and there was an age-gradient-related increase in the shares of both plant-eating species (r = 0.952, P < 0.005) and raptors (r = 0.764, P < 0.005). Resident birds were most numerous in the oldest forest. PCA for ten selected variables (relating to guild type) showed that the two principal components explained almost 98% of the variation among groups of bird guilds in relation to forest age. On the basis of their suitability for birds it was possible to distinguish three categories of stand by age group, of which the first encompasses the initial stage, the second a broad interval involving middle-aged stands of between 16 and 140 years, and the third forest more than 140 years old. The presence of the oldest stands of all can thus be seen to play a very important role in maintaining high-diversity populations of birds in managed forest.

6

Dead Wood Complexity Shapes the Pattern of the Occurrence of Threatened Saproxylic Beetle Cucujus cinnaberinus

Goczał J., Rossa R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 1

158--165

EN

Saproxylic beetles are essential for the proper functioning of forest ecosystems. However, intensive forest management has led to the disappearance of suitable microhabitats of many species associated with dead wood. Cucujus cinnaberinus is an endangered saproxylic beetle which develops under the bark of dead wood. The species usually occurs in protected areas, however, some populations inhabit long-term managed forests in Central Europe. In this study, we analyzed the effect of nine silviculture-related and decay-related factors on the C. cinnaberinus microhabitat selection in managed forests. We found that potential sun exposure, bark thickness, dead wood moisture and the hardness of dead wood have a significant effect on the C. cinnaberinus microhabitat selection. The species prefers sun-exposed dead wood with thicker bark at an intermediate stage of decay with undecomposed xylem, but avoids completely dry pieces. Furthermore, we found no confirmation of a direct connection between dead wood diameter and the occurrence of C. cinnaberinus. We stressed that logging residues or stumps are mostly unsuitable for C. cinnaberinus development.

7

Forest Economy Versus Sustainable Development

Falencka-Jabłońska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 6

30--35

EN

2017 marks the 30 years since the The World Commission on Environment and Development has published the Brundtland report “Our common future”. The documents of III Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe and the notations of 1.2 resolution adopted in Lisbon have obliged Poland to run forest management according to the rules of lasting and sustainable development. The forest economy was based on a multi-use forest model with special attention devoted to its environment-creating and social role. The actions which confirmed the introduction of rules of sustainable development into forest practice included: creating 19 Promotional Forest Complexes, systematic increase of afforestation and number of reserves. Designation of Natura 2000 areas in Poland within European Network of Protected Sites was also a very important element. Amongst those areas, as much as 39% are forest ecosystems.

8

Rola lasów i leśnictwa w pochłanianiu gazów cieplarnianych

Jabłoński K., Stempski W.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2017

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z. 64, nr 4/I

161--168

PL

Wśród działań zmierzających do złagodzenia zmian klimatycznych ważną rolę odgrywają lasy oraz aktywnie prowadzona gospodarka leśna. Lasy pełnią rolę nie tylko pochłaniacza dwutlenku węgla, ale stanowią ważne źródło surowca drzewnego i biomasy leśnej, dostarczając substytutów materiałów niedrzewnych oraz paliw kopalnych. Obecnie, informacje o działaniach w zakresie zalesień, wylesień oraz gospodarki leśnej stanowią część corocznych raportów, przygotowywanych na mocy ramowej konwencji klimatycznej oraz protokołu z Kioto. Wśród sektorów objętych sprawozdawczością tylko kategoria „Użytkowanie gruntów, zmiany użytkowania gruntów i leśnictwo” (LULUCF) stanowi pochłaniacz emisji gazów cieplarnianych netto. W Polsce w sektorze LULUCF lasy cechują się największym pochłanianiem dwutlenku węgla w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni, osiągając wartość 4,42 t CO2 na ha. Gospodarka leśna przyczynia się do pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla znacznie bardziej niż zalesianie netto. Średnio, w ostatnich latach wielkość pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla z tytułu prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej w Polsce wynosiła blisko 38 mln ton rocznie, zaś zalesiania netto rocznie pochłaniały średnio nieco ponad 2 mln ton dwutlenku węgla. Obliczenia wskazują, że wprowadzenie jednostek pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla z tytułu prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej i zalesień do handlu emisjami, przy obecnych cenach dwutlenku węgla, mogłoby być źródłem przychodu na poziomie ok. 70 mln Euro rocznie. Nie tylko sam fakt istnienia lasów jako ekosystemu, ale aktywne prowadzenie gospodarki leśnej przyczynia się do sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla, co stawia leśnictwo w roli ważnego czynnika przeciwdziałającego zmianom klimatycznym i wzywa do rychłego włączenia sektora LULUCF do celu redukcyjnego emisji.

EN

Among activities leading to climate change mitigation forests and active forest management play an important role. Forests are not only a carbon dioxide sink, but they are also a vital source of wood products and forest biomass, providing substitutes for non-wood materials and fossil fuels. Today, information about afforestation, deforestation and forest management is a part of yearly reports, submitted, according to the requirements of the climate convention and Kioto Pro170 K. Jabłoński, W. Stempski tocol. Among the sectors covered by the reporting, only the category Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) is a net GHG sink. In Poland in the LULUCF sector, forests are the largest carbon dioxide sink per area unit, reaching a value of 4,42 t CO2/ha. Forest management contributes to the sequestration of carbon dioxide in a much larger degree than net afforestation. The average CO2 sequestration due to forest management in Poland in recent years amounted to nearly 38 mill. tons per year, while the net sequestration resulting from afforestation/deforestation activities reached over 2 mill. tons CO2. As calculations show, bringing CO2 sequestration units due to forest management into the emissions trading system could provide an income of about 70 mill. Euros per year. The existence of forests as ecosystems contributes to the sequestration of carbon dioxide, but active forest management plays an even more important role in carbon sequestration, which puts forestry into a position of a vital factor mitigating climate change and calls for a rapid inclusion of the LULUCF sector in the emissions reduction goals.

9

Forest management as an element of environment development

Jaszczak R., Gołojuch P., Wajchman-Świtalska S., Miotke M.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2017

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No. 27(4)

17--27

EN

The implementation of goals of modern forestry requires a simultaneous consideration of sustainable development of forests, protection, needs of the environment development, as well as maintaining a balance between functions of forests. In the current multifunctional forest model, rational forest management assumes all of its tasks as equally important. Moreover, its effects are important factors in the nature and environment protection. The paper presents legal conditions related to the definitions of forest management concepts and sustainable forest management. Authors present a historical outline of human’s impact on the forest and its consequences for the environment. The selected aspects of forest management (eg. forest utilization, afforestation, tourism and recreation) and their role in the forest environment have been discussed.

PL

Realizacja celów postawionych współczesnemu leśnictwu wymaga jednoczesnego uwzględniania trwałego i zrównoważonego rozwoju lasów, potrzeb ochrony i kształtowania środowiska oraz zachowaniu równowagi w zakresie pełnionych przez lasy funkcji. W obowiązującym modelu lasu wielofunkcyjnego racjonalna gospodarka leśna uwzględniać ma wszystkie postawione jej zadania jako równorzędnie ważne, a jej efekty są ważnym czynnikiem ochrony przyrody i środowiska. W pracy przedstawiono związane z tym uwarunkowania prawne. Przypomniany został rys historyczny wpływu człowieka na las i jego konsekwencje dla środowiska. Przybliżono problem istnienia lasu jako składnika infrastruktury przestrzennej. Omówiono wybrane aspekty gospodarki leśnej i ich znaczenie dla środowiska leśnego.

10

Verification of the principles of accounting for the size of the allowable fellings in forest management planning

Borecki T., Stępień E., Wójcik R., Orzechowski M.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2016

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vol. 59, nr 197

61--75

EN

The timber market in Poland is dominated by raw materials from the State Forests that conduct planned and sustainable forest management based on forest management plans. Previous rules regulating the planning of final felling are mainly based on the maturity of stands expressed in dominant tree species age and on categories of protection. Attention is paid to the shortage of raw timber material compared to demand and the processing capacity of the industry. There is a danger that unevenness in timber supplies could occur because of the age structure of the forests in the coming decades. Due to the unfavourable age structure of forests in Poland, a not fully satisfactory condition of the resources as well as the high demand for timber in Poland, there is a need for increased usage and regeneration the forests. The amount of harvested timber should be a compromise of silvicultural, protective and productive purposes with the local role of forestry as a stimulator of economic development. Implementation of forest management should take into account the continuity and the relative uniformity of timber supplies in the long term (e.g. fifty years), and a quantitative and qualitative improvement in resources. This requires effective forecasting of forestry resources. The paper presents a methodology for classification of forest stands for felling and the concept of a reassessment of existing accounting rules for the size of the fellings used in the practice of forest management and any related necessary amendments to legal provisions.

11

Erosion processes initialized by use of heavy equipment in mountain forests of the Wilczy Potok catchment, Silesian Beskids

Łukasik W., Kubiesa P., Staszewski T.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

80--86

EN

Forest stand decomposition of the Silesian Beskids which is followed by the tree cutting has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century. Changes in forest management due to the introduction of heavy machines for forest work mainly for skidding have been observed in the Silesian Beskids for the last decade. The paper presents results of a three-year investigation of erosion gullies forming in mountain forest after the skidding performed with use of heavy equipment. In the Wilczy Potok catchment comprising an area of above 100 ha 40 gullies were identified. The measurement of the length and depth of gullies showed that the total volume of soil and rock material removed from the catchment area due to erosion accelerated by skidding exceeded 9 000 m3. The year erosion rate for deep gullies was found to be 10%. The presented results show that necessary protective actions and preventive measures should be taken to mitigate the soil degradation processes.

PL

W ciągu ostatniej dekady, w Beskidzie Śląskim, zaobserwowano zmiany w gospodarce leśnej spowodowane wprowadzeniem ciężkiego sprzętu do prac leśnych, głównie do zrywki drewna. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki trzech lat badań rynien erozyjnych powstających w lesie górskim po zrywce wykonanej przy stosowaniu ciężkiego sprzętu. W zlewni Wilczego Potoku, o powierzchni powyżej 100 ha zinwentaryzowano 40 rynien erozyjnych. Pomiar długości i głębokości wąwozy wykazały, że całkowita objętość gleby i materiału skalnego usuniętego ze zlewni w wyniku erozji – przyspieszonej przez prace zrywkowe – wynosi ponad 9 000 m3. Roczne tempo erozji rynien zrywkowych wynosi 10%. Przedstawione wyniki pokazują, że niezbędne jest podjęcie działań ochronnych i zastosowanie środków zapobiegawczych w celu ograniczenia procesów degradacji gleby.

12

Odzież ochronna przeznaczona do prac leśnych w świetle aktów prawnych obowiązujących przy pozyskaniu drewna

Grecka A., Mielcarek D., Drobina R.

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2015

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nr 5

28--34

EN

Woodcutter profession is often associated with timber harvesting in forest management. Due to the working conditions and the specific nature of the profession of this work is included in the group competition at increased risk of accidents and occupational diseases formation. Felling of timber in forest areas is associated with the pulling down and the choice assortment of different types of trees. The main duties of the employee in the course of the wood-gaining include: – maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment, – analysis of the breeding and conservation of the forest, – marking workspaces to be felled, – felling and felling of trees (Tomczak A., Jelonek T., Grzywiński W., 2012). The basic tool in the work with pruning (felling, thinning early, thinning late, green-wood), and in the work related to the processing of raw wood into useful assortments (limbing, bucking) is a petrol chain saw together with chainsaw wood. The article presents a description of protective clothing intended for employees of the Forest Service.

13

Certification system of product origin and forest management control

Stoma M., Dudziak A., Maj G.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

EN

The study presents FSC certification systems FSC and PEFC, as examples of proper management of logistics of raw material flow in wood production. It gives detailed description of the essence of certification and the scope of FSC certificates. It also presents the ways of product labelling depending on the type of timber raw material used for their production. Moreover, it points at the development of certification of forestry against the background of Poland and globally, highlighting increasing awareness of both consumers and producers in the area of sustainable management of forestry resources.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono systemy certyfikacji FSC oraz PEFC, jako przykład prawidłowego zarządzania logistyką przepływu surowca w produkcji drzewnej. Opisano w sposób szczegółowy istotę certyfikacji oraz zakres certyfikatów FSC. Przedstawiono ponadto sposoby etykietowania produktów w zależności od rodzaju użytego surowca drzewnego do ich wytworzenia. Dodatkowo wskazano rozwój systemów certyfikacji gospodarki leśnej i produktów z drewna na tle Polski i świata, wskazując na zwiększającą się świadomość zarówno konsumentów jak i producentów w zakresie zrównoważonego zarządzania zasobami gospodarki leśnej.

14

Evaluation of GPR surveys for assessment of trees condition in urbanized areas

Mazurek E., Łyskowski M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 3

291--296

EN

Modern measuring equipment is sometimes used for applications, for which it has not been originally designed. For example Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), designed for subsurface structures analysis, can be used for tree tomography. Radar utilizes the phenomenon of propagation of the electromagnetic waves in a physical medium. Measurements can be carried out in situ, in a non-invasive manner on a living tree. Collected data allow for the tree condition determination. It is possible to detect voids and internal structure. Geophysical investigations can provide an estimation of the risk of falling of the trees. These methods also allow determination of the production quality of the tree by detecting knots inside the structure. Available literature shows only limited examples of the usage of other geophysical surveys, such as the ultrasound and geoelectrical method. However, in many cases these measurements are performed on samples in the form of profiles cut from the felled trees. Presented study was conducted on a set of 8 ash trees growing in the Krakow city parks. The measurement was carried out with high frequency antenna – 1600 MHz. Due to the lack of available literature and limited experience of the authors, only trees with known condition were tested. Despite many attempts, the authors were not able to developed a reliable measurement methodology which would allow for unambiguous classification and interpretation of results. In most cases, the results of the study permitted determination of the trees condition. However, some echograms, of the surveyed trees with visible voids pointed to a different tree state and misclassification. Despite that, the research results seem to be promising and the authors believe in the usefulness of the further development of measurement method along with its extension to other trees species.

15

Problems of forest management in municipal forests of the city of Poznań

Jaszczak R., Wajchman S.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2014

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No. 12

45--54

EN

The article presents some selected management problems in municipal forests occurring as a result of the increasing pressure on recreation and urbanization. The object of investigation was municipal forests of the city of Poznań. A thesis was formed that the consequences of the recreational pressure can be reduced through reasonable equipment of forest areas in appropriate recreational infrastructure. The second thesis put forward an assumption that an uncontrolled urban pressure posed a threat to the stability of ecosystems of municipal forests.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane problemy gospodarki w lasach miejskich na przykładzie obszarów leśnych miasta Poznania. Postawiono tezę, że skutki presji rekreacyjnej mogą być ograniczane poprzez racjonalne wyposażanie terenów leśnych w infrastrukturę rekreacyjną. Drugą tezą było stwierdzenie, iż niekontrolowana presja urbanizacyjna stanowi zagrożenie dla stabilności lasów miejskich. Przedstawiono wybrane zapisy „Wytycznych dotyczących gospodarowania lasami komunalnymi miasta Poznania”. Dokument traktuje o gospodarce leśnej miasta Poznania i zawiera teoretyczne wytyczne do jej prowadzenia. Artykuł nawiązuje do rekreacyjnego zagospodarowania lasów Poznania i przedstawia kształtowanie w tym zakresie infrastruktury w oparciu o zmieniające się preferencje sposobu spędzania czasu na miejskich terenach leśnych.

16

Drogi leśne : informacje ogólne, klasyfikacja

Frasik A., Kosek M., Sokoła M.

Drogi : budownictwo infrastrukturalne

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2013

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Nr 4 (16)

42-47

PL

Sieć dróg leśnych stanowi podstawowy element umożliwiający prawidłowe funkcjonowanie i rozwój gospodarki leśnej oraz ochronę przeciwpożarową drzewostanów. Obecne potrzeby udostępniania drzewostanów poprzez rozwój i utrzymanie sieci drogowej w Lasach Państwowych są bardzo duże. Zmieniające się ** sposoby pozyskania drewna, zwiększające się gabaryty pojazdów do jego transportu oraz bezpieczeństwo przeciwpożarowe nasuwają konieczność dostosowania parametrów dróg leśnych do zaistniałych warunków.

EN

The paper concerns on the problems connected with designing forest roads. The authors present the classification of such roads and general information about their designing.

17

Ocena zagospodarowania leśnego zrekultywowanych terenów po otworowej eksploatacji siarki

Pietrzykowski M., Krzaklewski W., Woś B., Pietrzak W.

Przegląd Górniczy

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2012

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T. 68, nr 7

98--103

PL

Większość terenów pogórniczych w Polsce rekultywowana jest w kierunku leśnym (około 60 % powierzchni). Po przeprowadzonej rekultywacji znaczna część tych obszarów przekazywana jest pod administrację Lasów Państwowych i obejmowana planami urządzania lasu. Celem pracy była analiza powierzchniowa rekultywacji leśnej, wieku i składu gatunkowego drzewostanów oraz prognozowanych siedliskowych typów lasu na zrekultywowanym i zalesionym obszarze po otworowej kopalni siarki „Jeziórko”. Zrekultywowany teren przekazany został pod administrację Nadleśnictwa Nowa Dęba (do 2007 roku Buda Stalowska). Aktualnie grunty zrekultywowane przejęte przez Nadleśnictwo stanowią 1,3 % jego powierzchni, z czego 210 ha stanowią grunty leśne wcześniej wyłączone na potrzeby kopalni, natomiast 122 ha stanowią grunty, które nie znajdowały się pod administracją Lasów Państwowych. Siedliska na zrekultywowanych terenach sklasyfikowano w Planach Urządzania Gospodarstwa Leśnego w większości jako bory mieszane świeże (BMśw). Gatunkami aktualnie dominującymi we wprowadzonych zalesieniach są sosna zwyczajna i brzoza brodawkowata. Pomimo przeprowadzonej rekultywacji znaczną powierzchnię zajmują halizny (21 ha) oraz liczne podtopienia będące efektem nieuregulowanych do końca stosunków wodnych. Tak powstałe biocenozy wodne i fragmenty ze skąpym występowaniem roślinności są elementem urozmaicającym krajobraz. Jednak w celu ich harmonijnego włączenia w powstające ekosystemy potrzebny jest ciągły monitoring zrekultywowanego obszaru między innymi pod kątem kondycji drzewostanów.

EN

The majority of post-mining areas in Poland (about 60 %) is reclaimed in the forest direction. After the realized reclamation a considerable part of these areas has been transferred to the administration of the State Forests and covered by forest arrangement plans. The aim of this study was to analyze the area of forest reclamation, age and species composition of forest stands and predicted sites of forest types in the reclaimed and afforested area after the “Jeziórko” borehole sulphur mine. The reclaimed area has been transferred to the administration of the Nowa Dęba Forest Inspectorate (till 2007 Buda Stalowska). Currently the reclaimed grounds taken over through the Forest Inspectorate constitute 1.3 % of its area, of which 210 ha constitute forest grounds previously separated for the needs of the mine, whereas 122 ha constitute grounds, which were not under the administration of the State Forests. The majority of these areas has been defined as mixed coniferous forests. Currently the dominant species in the stands are the common pipe and the European white birch. Despite the realized reclamation, a substantial area occupy waste land (21 ha) and numerous flooded grounds, which result from unregulated water relations. The originated water biocenoses and fragments with barely sufficient vegetation are an element that diversifies the landscape, However, in order to include them harmoniously into the coming into existence ecosystems, it is necessary to monitor the reclaimed areas, among others from the viewpoint of the forest stand condition.

18

Stan zagospodarowania leśnego zrekultywowanych zwałowisk odpadów górnictwa węgla kamiennego przekazanych pod administrację Nadleśnictwa Brynek (RDLP w Katowicach)

Pietrzykowski M., Kaczmarczyk A., Woś B., Stoces A.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2012

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nr 7

34-37

PL

Powierzchnia gruntów wymagających rekultywacji przekracza w Polsce wciąż 60 tys. ha, w tym należących do przemysłu wydobywczego około 44 tys. ha. Około 60 procent gruntów po przeprowadzonej rekultywacji przekazuje się na zagospodarowanie w kierunku leśnym. Zwałowiska górnictwa węgla kamiennego w rejonie Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego (GOP) należą do obiektów uciążliwych dla środowiska i często są lokalizowane na terenach wyłączanych z produkcji leśnej. Znaczna część rekultywowanych zwałowisk przekazywana jest pod administrację PGL Lasy Państwowe. Tereny te obejmowane są Planami Urządzania Gospodarstw Leśnych, w których zawarte są dane o siedliskach i drzewostanach. Celem pracy była analiza powierzchniowa rekultywacji leśnej, wieku i składu gatunkowego drzewostanów oraz prognozowanych siedliskowych typów lasu na rekultywowanych zwałowiskach przekazanych pod administrację Nadleśnictwa Brynek (RDLP w Katowicach). Stwierdzono, że na analizowanym obszarze powierzchnia wyłączona z produkcji leśnej dla tworzenia zwałowisk wynosiła 87,07 ha, zaś powierzchnia zrekultywowana i przekazana do ponownego zagospodarowania 34,41 ha. Siedliskowe typy lasu przypisane zostały jedynie dla powierzchni 10,46 ha, a wśród nich dominującym jest las mieszany świeży (LMśw) (89,7procent). Aktualnie największy udział w zalesieniach mają: modrzew europejski (17procent), brzoza (1procent), dąb (15procent) i sosna zwyczajna (11procent). Drzewostany znajdują się obecnie w I i II klasie wieku, co wiąże się z planowaniem w najbliższym okresie zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych w ramach czyszczeń późnych, a następnie trzebieży wczesnych. Wprowadzone zalesienia będą jednak pełnić przede wszystkim funkcje ochronne, krajobrazowe i sanitarne, a nie produkcyjne. Koszty prowadzenia gospodarki na tych powierzchniach obciążać będą PGL LP.

EN

The surface areas requiring reclamation in Poland exceeds 60 000 ha, of which, 44 000 ha are occupied by mining. The predominant reclaimed postmining use isforestery (60 per cent). Spoil heapof coal mining in the area of Upper Silesian Industrial Region (GOP) are the objects harmful to the environment and often are located in areas excluded from forest production. The majority of the reclaimed areas is passed under the administration of LP. These areas are included into the Forest Management Plan which contain characteristics of forest Sites and tree Stands. The aim of this study was to analyze the area of forest reclamation, tree stand age, species composition and forest site Classification on the reclaimed spoil heap passed under the administration of Forest Inspectorate Brynek (RDLP Katowice). Findings show that in the analyzed area, surfaces excluded from forest production amounted 87.07 ha, and the surface of reclaimed area amounted 34.41 ha. The diagnosis of forest habitat was made only on 10.46 hectares, and the dominant forest habitat is Fresh mixed decideous forest (LMśw) (89.7per cent). The dominant trees species are European larch (17per cent of the Stands), birch (16per cent), oak (15per cent) and Scots pine (11per cent). Stands are in I (first) and II (second) class of age.

19

Regeneration of Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. forest after coppicing : modelling of changes in species diversity and composition

Catorci A., Vitanzi A., Tardella F., Hrsak V.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

483-494

EN

In temperate forest ecosystems, management is one of the most relevant factors that can drive the temporal pattern of species. As species in an ecosystem show susceptibility to stress and disturbance, it is useful to take into account the plant community .compositional dimension., which derives from species behaviour and ecological attributes and provides information on the mechanisms underlying species assemblages. Taking into account the influence of environmental factors on species diversity and composition, in order to determine the most suitable ecological behaviour type of each species, the research aim was to generate a model for Ostrya carpinifolia coppiced woods (central Italy) that describes forest ecosystem regeneration after coppicing by the assessment of change in the composition of ecological behaviour types. Vascular species cover percentage, field data, soil data, light intensity at the undergrowth, dominant tree layer cover and time since last logging were recorded for 63 plots covering 400 m2 each (20 x 20 m), randomly selected within a set of homogeneous macro-environmental conditions. Low species richness is related to stressing factors (acid soil, high soil skeleton percentage), while high species richness is linked to high light intensity at the undergrowth level due to scarce canopy cover soon after coppicing. The driving forces affecting floristic composition, highlighted through multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) were light intensity at the undergrowth, regenerative phase, dominant tree layer cover, acidity, presence/absence of outcropping rock or rock fragments and total nitrogen content. Six species groups, each one characterized by homogeneous ecological behaviour, were defined by indicator species analysis (ISA) and tested using bioindication values analysis. Floristic successional change, related to time since last coppicing, turned out to follow an ecological cycling process characterized by cyclical occurrence/disappearance of species belonging to the six groups.

20

Leaf damage of the Black Cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh., by the leaf beetle, Gonioctena quinquepunctata Fabr. : an accidental foraging on a neophytic host, or an established trophic link?

Halarewicz A., Jackowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

589-597

EN

The Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), a North American forest tree, had been extensively planted for timber production in order to improve soil quality in pine plantations in European forests during the first half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, it failed to meet the foresters. expectations. It has instead spread rapidly in silvicultures becoming a notorious weed species, difficult to control. Although it still has alien plant status, it seems that 150 years of its presence on the European continent might suffice for this neophyte to become adopted as a host plant by the native fauna of insect herbivores. The observations of Prunus serotina were conducted in 2009-2010 in the Rudno Forest District, Lower Silesia, Poland, on Prunus serotina plants growing as a thick understorey shrub layer in fresh mixed deciduous forest. The analyses, performed in 7-10 day intervals from April until the end of July each year, aimed at monitoring the population dynamics of Gonioctena quinquepunctata on P. serotina plants, and the dynamics of leaf perforation caused by this herbivore, in order to determine the relation between these two species. The insects were observed on 100 shoots on 10 plants on each observation date, and were recorded in situ. Based on the estimates of the leaf damage, the mean perforation index (P[I]) (%) was calculated on each date for each plant shoot, expressed as the mean percentage of the perforated leaf blade area. P[I] (%) was subsequently correlated with the beetle and larvae density on the plants. It has been demonstrated that the feeding of G. quinquepunctata on Black Cherry plants is more closely associated with the presence of its larvae, than with that of the beetles. Although the mean PI value on each observation date was never higher than 12%, the maximum perforation of individual leaf blades occasionally exceeded 50%, whereas the maximum mean P[I] calculated for individual shoots on each observation date reached as much as 47%. The authors suggest that feeding of G. quinquepunctata on P. serotina may represent an example of a well established trophic link between a native herbivore and a plant species still considered a neophyte.