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Differentiating age and sex in vertebral body CT scans – Texture analysis versus deep learning approach

Nurzynska Karolina, Piórkowski Adam, Strzelecki Michał, Kociołek Marcin, Banyś Robert Paweł, Obuchowicz Rafał

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 44, no. 1

20--30

EN

The automated analysis of computed tomography (CT) scans of vertebrae, for the purpose of determining an individual’s age and sex constitutes a vital area of research. Accurate assessment of bone age in children facilitates the monitoring of their growth and development. Moreover, the determination of both age and sex has significant relevance in various legal contexts involving human remains. We have built a dataset comprising CT scans of vertebral bodies from 166 patients of diverse genders, acquired during routine cardiac examinations. These images were rescaled to 8-bit data, and textural features were computed using the qMaZda software. The results were analysed employing conventional machine learning techniques and deep convolutional networks. The regression model, developed for the automatic estimation of bone age, accurately determined patients’ ages, with a mean absolute error of 3.14 years and R2 = 0.79. In the context of classifying patient gender through textural analysis supported by machine learning, we achieved an accuracy of 69 %. However, the application of deep convolutional networks for this task yielded a slightly lower accuracy of 59 %.

2

Forensic multidimesnional reconstruction as based on post-mortem image examination and spherical photography

Wielki R.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 1

146--154

EN

The aim of the paper is to present the methods of creating multi-dimensional reconstructions used in modern forensic medicine and state-of-the-art autopsy technique. Making use of the computer tomography technology and sophisticated software by the forensic pathologists allows a new standard of quality to be introduced into the forensic medical examination and hitherto unprecedented effects to be obtained. These developments significantly enhance the information available to the expert, particularly in case where an incident involved the use of firearms, the presence of foreign object in the body of the deceased, or advanced decay of the corps. Furthermore, the paper touches upon a subject of attempting a spatial photographic reconstruction of the scene of incident using the techniques applied in spherical photography and commercial-off-the-shelf compute software. Irrespectively of the advancements in the forensic techniques, it is worth taking a look at the proposed changes of the forensic paradigm relative to data analysis. The novel methods expand the scope of the detection process which, in turn, can contribute to increase of crime fighting efficiency.

3

Investigation of opacity development in the human eye for estimation of the postmortem interval

Cantürk İ., Çelik S., Feyzi Şahin M., Yağmur F., Kara S., Karabiber F.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 37, no. 3

559--565

EN

Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) has attracted the attention of many researchers. It is generally accepted as a challenging task in forensic medicine. Due to its difficulty, researchers have tried to estimate the PMI using different physical and chemical techniques. Since the PMI estimation accuracies of previous studies are not at the desired level, new methods should be developed to more accurately estimate the PMI. The development of opacity in the eye in the PMI might be an important breakthrough in this field. After death, corneal hydration occurs due to degenerated endothelial cells. The degenerated endothelial barrier of the cornea cannot prevent the flow of aqueous humor to the cornea, which results in opacity. The amount of aqueous humor in the cornea determines the level of opacity. Since the flow of aqueous humor to the cornea will continue for a while, opacity is expected to increase with the PMI. In this study, images of human eyes were investigated using computer-based image analysis. The corneal and non-corneal opacities of the recorded eye images increase during the experiment. The experimental results prove that there is a correlation between the elapsed time after death and the development of opacity in the corneal and non-corneal regions in human cases. Exponential curve fitting is employed to observe the decay of the opacity over time. A repeated ANOVA test is also used to show that the opacity development is statistically significant.

4

Czas zgonu w kontekście nauk penalnych

Prabucki R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ruchu Studenckiego

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2016

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Nr 1

27--42

PL

Celem pracy jest przybliżenie prawnikom trudu prac, jakie musi wykonać medyk sądowy szacujący czas zgonu. Ma to pomóc w minimalizacji niezrozumienia owej czynności w relacjach przedstawicieli tych dwóch grup zawodowych w procesie karnym. Opis czynności, jakie kolejno następują podczas próby ustalenia interwału pośmiertnego, ma pomóc w zrozumieniu poziomu komplikacji w stosunku do istniejących regulacji prawnych i możliwości technicznych. Innym aspektem jest podkreślenie powagi owych czynności i ich doniosłości w kontekście prawa karnego. W pracy podjęto też próbę zestawienia różnych najważniejszych metod szacowania czasu zgonu - ma to pomóc w ocenie możliwości technicznych, których nieznajomość często może prowadzić do oporu organów procesowych w stosowaniu, co bardziej skomplikowanych, acz skutecznych rozwiązań.

EN

The aim of the article is to raise awareness of lawyers about a big amount of work and effort which has to be performed by a forensic physician to estimate the time of death. It is to help to minimize misunderstanding of these activities and tasks in relationships of the representatives of these two professional groups in a criminal process. Depicting the procedures, which follow in sequence while trying to determine the post mortem interval, is supposed to help to understand the level of complexity in relation to the existing law regulations and technical capabilities. Another aspect is to emphasize the seriousness of these activities and their significance in the context of criminal law. In this work an attempt has also been made to summarize the various most important methods for estimating the time of death - it is to help in the evaluation of technical capabilities whose ignorance can often bring the counteraction of the process authorities in regard to applying some of the more complicated but effective solutions.

5

Involvement of medical experts in legal proceedings: an e-learning approach

Dygut J., Płonka S., Roterman-Konieczna I.

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2014

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Vol. 10, no. 3

159--165

EN

E-learning programs based on the “Virtual Patient” paradigm familiarize students with the process of combining information derived from different branches of medical science. In addition, medical practice often requires paralegal knowledge – for example, when determining the degree of disability or taking part in medical malpractice proceedings. This paper serves as an introduction to inclusion of modern IT tools in teaching curricula. Such tools are available to almost every student of medical sciences and frequently employ the “Virtual Patient” concept mentioned above. For the purposes of our study, we have prepared a selection of training materials using the CASUS software. The specific features of our study include involvement in legal proceedings based on a retrospective approach, i.e., reconstruction of past events.

6

Warunki organizacyjne toksykologii w Polsce w latach 1944-1978 Cz. I. Zakłady medycyny sądowej, farmakologii i toksykologii

Zamiara K.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2011

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R. 56, nr 2

175-214

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Skanowanie 3D jako metoda obrazowania złożonych i rozległych relacji przestrzennych dla potrzeb medycyny sądowej i kryminalistyki - ocena przydatności

Maksymowicz K., Kobielarz M., Jurek T.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2009

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Nr 26

689-695

PL

Oparta na skanerze laserowym 3D metoda dokumentacji otworzyła nowe horyzonty dla medycyny sądowej i kryminalistyki, głównie ze względu na jej zdolność faktycznie 'zamrożenia' jakiegokolwiek miejsca przestępstwa. Niektóre cechy, takie jak wysoka rozdzielczość zapisywania danych tworzących obraz, zachowując badany przedmiot w stanie nietkniętym, szybkość gromadzenia danych, możliwość bieżącego zapisu danych w postaci pliku i przesyłania ich na dowolną odległość, niski koszt pojedynczych oględzin, prostota konserwacji skanera, jego mobilność, niezależność od zewnętrznych źródeł energii, możliwości kooperacji z każdym rodzajem narzędzia badawczego operującego w technice cyfrowej, stawiają skaner 3D w roli przydatnego i wszechstronnego narzędzia w codziennej praktyce medycyny sądowej i kryminalistyki.

EN

Based on 3D laser scanner method of documentation has opened new prospects for forensic medicine and crime detection, mainly in respect to its ability to virtually efreezei any crime scene. Some features like high resolution of the imaging data recording, preserving the examined object in intact state, speed of data collection, possibility of instant data filing and transmission at any distance, low cost of singular examination, simplicity of scanner maintenance, its mobility, independence from an external source of energy, possibility of cooperation with every kind of research tool working in digital technique, put the 3D scanner as a useful and versatile tool in everyday forensic medicine and crime detection practice.

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Analiza możliwości zastosowania metod sztucznej inteligencji w medycynie sądowej

Filipowicz E., Kwiecień J., Kłys M., Filipowicz B.

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2005

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Vol. 1, no. 1/2

3--8

PL

Artykuł opisuje zastosowanie nowych systemów bioinformatycznych w medycynie sądowej. Systemy biometryczne już znalazły zastosowanie między innymi w geometrycznej identyfikacji twarzy. Są one niezbędne w identyfikacji osobowej oraz w poszukiwaniu osób zaginionych. W ostatnich latach nastąpił bardzo szybki rozwój badań nad chromosomem Y, co pozwoliło na postęp w medycynie sądowej. Metody sztucznej inteligencji mogąbyć pomocne w badaniach spornego ojcostwa i ewolucji człowieka. Bioinformatyka oraz metody biologii molekularnej, metody multiplex PCR będą pełnić bardzo ważną funkcję w analizie sądowej DNA oraz w historycznych i genealogicznych badaniach.

EN

This article reviews new bioinformatic systems in forensic medicine. Biometric systems are already used in forensic medicine for face geometry identification. They are necessary in personal identification and missing persons investigations. The field of Y-chromosome analysis and its application to forensic science has undergone rapid improvement in recent years. Artificial Intelligence is usefull in paternity testing and in human evolutionary study. Bioinformatic systems and multiplex PCR assay w ill play an important role in the future of forensic DNA typing and historical and genealogical research.