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Starorzecza doliny rzeki Pilicy

Góralczyk Aleksandra, Kołudzki Zbigniew, Wężyk Marcin, Kaźmierczak Marcin, Góralczyk Aleksander

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 10

16--19

PL

Artykuł przedstawia znaczenie i charakter starorzeczy Pilicy, dobrze zachowanych elementów systemu doliny rzecznej, który powstał głównie w późnym vistulianie i holocenie, tworząc różnorodne siedliska dla flory i fauny. Procesy fluwialne, zmiany w przepływie rzeki, erozja, osadzanie osadów rzecznych i działania ludzkie wpłynęły na ich kształt i charakter. Dotychczasowe badania naukowe nie są obszerne i skupiają się na ekosystemach starorzeczy, analizując biologiczną różnorodność, skład osadów i zmiany środowiskowe zachodzące w dolinie. Dane zgromadzone w ramach projektu LIFE Pilica pozwolą lepiej rozumieć procesy ekologiczne w tych obszarach oraz ustalić działania ochronne i renaturyzacyjne, mające na celu zachowanie i przywrócenie tych cennych ekosystemów.

XX

The article discusses the significance and nature of the Pilica oxbow lakes, which are well-preserved parts of the river valley system that were formed mostly during the late Vistulian and Holocene epochs, offering a variety of habitats for flora and wildlife. Fluvial processes, variations in river flow, erosion, sediment deposition, and human activities have all altered the structure and character of river and floodplain. To present, scientific research has been limited to oxbow lake habitats, analysing biological diversity, sediment composition, and environmental changes occurring in the valley. The data gathered as part of the LIFE Pilica project will help us to better understand biological processes in these locations and develop protection and restoration measures directed at protecting and restoring these rich ecosystems.

2

Calculation of Bed Load Discharge for Coarse Sand

Myrzakhmetov Akhan, Duskayev Kassym, Tursunova Aisulu, Dostayeva Aigerim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

13--17

EN

At present, during the period of intensive climatic changes, it is important to thoroughly take into account the hydrological regimes of water bodies. Оnе of the major conditions of ensuring hydrological safety of territories is а reliable forecast of stream-channel deformations and channel-related processes in the case of water bodies and their separate sections. This paper reviews different methods of calculating bed load discharge. Thus, a new technique оf calculation оf bed load discharge was developed with consideration of the probabilistic estimate оf the beginning оf bed load motion. The method shows satisfactory results compared to previous techniques in use.

3

Erosion and accumulation phases during the last glacial-interglacial cycle : a case study of the terrace system of the Odra and Osobłoga rivers (southern Poland)

Wójcicki Krzysztof Jan, Pawelec Halina, Malik Ireneusz, Woskowicz-Ślęzak Beata, Moska Piotr

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

104--119

EN

In the Odra and Osobłoga River valleys in the vicinity of the town of Krapkowice, a system of morphological levels is present which is exceptionally extensive compared to other such systems in southern Poland. The extent, origins and chronology of these levels have been the subject of many controversies. In the light of current research, the terraces, which are situated on average 14.5-13, 12-10, 8-6, 6-4 and 3-1 metres above the river level, were formed in the post-Wartanian interval. The main factor driving their development was erosion, which compensated for the effects of large-scale aggradation that had occurred during the anaglacial phase of the Odranian Glaciation (MIS 8) dated to 261 ±15 ka. The impact of climatic conditions on the trends towards fluvial erosion or accumulation was only of secondary importance. According to OSL dating, successive phases of vertical stabilisation of the valley floor occurred ~118.8 ±8.3, 87.7 ±5.7 and 42.0 ±2.0 ka. In the meantime, erosion intensified, which resulted in the formation of lower terrace levels. During the climatic minimum of the Upper Plenivistulian (21.5 ±1.5 ka), under conditions of the delivery of sheet-wash-generated sediment, the aggradation of distal reaches of the Odra River valley was locally marked. During the Late Vistulian and Holocene, erosive tendencies continued, which were reflected by the fact that the surfaces of subsequent inset alluvial fills were situated ever lower. In the light of dating results, it can be concluded that during the colder periods correlated with the Rederstall Stadial (MIS 5b) and with the Hasselo Stadial (MIS 3), a braided river was present in the river valleys examined, which was most probably accompanied by permafrost. During the Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e), during the Late Vistulian Interstadials and in the Holocene, it was a meandering river.

4

Zarys przyrodniczych i antropogenicznych uwarunkowań rozwoju systemów dolinnych i korytowych w Polsce

Andrzejewski Leon, Krzemień Kazimierz, Zwoliński Zbigniew

Landform Analysis

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2018

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Vol. 37

17--51

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę przeglądu stanu aktualnej wiedzy i dyskusji dotyczącej ewolucji i typologii systemów dolinnych i korytowych na obszarze Polski. Współczesne krajobrazy systemów dolinnych oraz systemy korytowe odzwierciedlają nakładanie się wielorakich czynników zarówno naturalnych jak i antropogenicznych. Wśród nich decydujące znaczenie mają zmiany klimatyczne oraz regionalne uwarunkowania morfotektoniczne i morfogenetyczne. W ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat krajobrazy te uległy dużym przeobrażeniom m.in. na skutek zmian klimatu i w konsekwencji zmieniających się uwarunkowań hydrologicznych, użytkowania ziemi, jak również na skutek narastającej ingerencji człowieka w systemy korytowe i dolinne. W efekcie podejmowanie są próby klasyfikacji zróżnicowanych typów i podtypów ewolucyjnych dolin rzecznych oraz odmiennych typów współczesnych układów koryt rzecznych i teras zalewowych, które odzwierciedlają złożone i często nakładające się uwarunkowania przyrodnicze i antropogeniczne.

EN

The paper is an attempt to review the state of current knowledge and discussion on the evolution and typology of valley and river channel systems in Poland. Contemporary landscapes of valley systems and river channel systems reflect the overlap of multiple natural and anthropogenic factors. Among them, climate changes and regional morphotectonic and morphogenetic determinants are of crucial importance. Over the last decades, these landscapes have undergone substantial transformations, among others as a result of climate change and as a consequence of changing hydrological conditions, land use, as well as a result of increasing human interference in river channel and valley systems. It thus follows from the circumstances that attempts are made to classify different evolutionary types and subtypes of river valleys and different types of contemporary river channel patterns and floodplains that reflect complex and often overlapping natural and anthropogenic conditions.

5

Morphological features of river channels and floodplains in the Far East of Russia under various natural conditions

Chernov A. V.

Geography and Tourism

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2018

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Vol. 6, No. 1

55--59

EN

Geographical analysis of river channel processes in rivers located along the meridional transect, running from the Arctic Ocean coast to Tibet and the East China Sea, confirmed that fluvial processes dominate in the formation of morphology and dynamics of river channels and floodplains in all natural zones and under different conditions of channel deformation development. However, even a small disturbance in “climate” conditions by other exogenous geomorphological processes changes the morphology and dynamics of channels and floodplains as well as the dynamics of fluvial processes. The effect of zonal factors depends on the size of a given river and is more pronounced in medium and small rivers than the large ones. Furthermore, the effect of zonal factors on the processes of river channels and floodplains depends on specific environmental conditions of the climate zones: the more extreme the manifestation of certain climatic phenomena, the more pronounced they are in the morphology and dynamics of river channels and floodplains.

6

Czynniki warunkujące żeglugę na Wiśle

Szatten D., Habel M., Babiński Z.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2017

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Nr 11

352--354

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano drogę wodną Wisły od Przemszy (km 0+000) do ujścia rzeki do Zatoki Gdańskiej, pod kątem rozporządzenia klasyfikacyjnego, odnosząc się do czynników przyrodniczych i poza przyrodniczych warunkujących cechy koryta rzecznego.

EN

The article describes the Vistula waterway from Przemsza (km 0+000) to the river outlet into the Gdańsk Bay, in the light of the classifying regulation, with regard to the natural and extra-natural factors conditioning the riverbed characteristics.

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Hydroclimatic development and anthropogenic impact on sediment loads in the Selenga catchment

Chalov Sergey R.

Geography and Tourism

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2017

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Vol. 5, No. 2

27--39

EN

The present study focuses on the relationships between fluvial processes, climate and land-use changes in the Selenga River catchment. The results indicate that high sediment loads were reported both for altered and natural rivers. The reported multidecadal declines in sediment loads in the downstream part of the Selenga River can be attributed to the abandonment of cultivated lands and changing hydroclimatic factors, in particular a climate-driven decrease in water flows and intensified water use for irrigation purposes. Empirical sediment rating curves show that a series of peak flow events during spring and summer contributes to the main part (up to 98%) of the annual sediment and pollution loads. The highest contribution of flood sediment loads was determined for specific wet years and the lowest – for dry years, which generally reflects the increase in water runoff during high floods in the annual flow. While sediment flows are connected with hydroclimatic conditions in the catchment, the elemental composition of mass flows is mostly related to soil/petrologic conditions. With the exception of small impacted rivers where water quality effects associated with mining were observed, the formation of elemental composition and sediment-associated chemical constituents generally reflects catchment characteristics.

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Depositional conditions on an alluvial fan at the turn of the Weichselian to the Holocene – a case study in the Żmigród Basin, southwest Poland

Zieliński P., Sokołowski R. J., Fedorowicz S., Woronko B., Hołub B., Jankowski M., Kuc M., Tracz M.

Geologos

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 2

105--120

EN

Presented are the results of research into the fluvio-aeolian sedimentary succession at the site of Postolin in the Żmigród Basin, southwest Poland. Based on lithofacies analysis, textural analysis, Thermoluminescence and Infrared-Optical Stimulated Luminescence dating and GIS analysis, three lithofacies units were recognised and their stratigraphic succession identified: 1) the lower unit was deposited during the Pleni-Weichselian within a sand-bed braided river functioning under permafrost conditions within the central part of the alluvial fan; 2) the middle unit is the result of aeolian deposition and fluvial redeposition on the surface of the fan during long-term permafrost and progressive decrease of humidity of the climate at the turn of the Pleni to the Late Weichselian; 3) the upper unit accumulated following the development of longitudinal dunes at the turn of the Late Weichselian to the Holocene; the development of dunes was interrupted twice by the form being stabilised by vegetation and soil development.

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Floodplain morphodynamics and distribution of trace elements in overbank deposits, Vistula River Valley Gorge near Solec nad Wisłą, Poland

Falkowska E., Falkowski T., Tatur A., Kałmykow-Piwińska A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

541--559

EN

Geological and geochemical investigations were carried out in the floodplain of the Vistula River Valley gorge near Solec nad Wisłą (Małopolska Gorge of the Vistula River). Geological mapping was supported by DEM and remote sensing analysis. Sediment samples were taken from depths of 0.5 m and 1.5 m from all geomorphological features identified. The geochemical analysis included determination of Cr, V, Sr, Ba, Ni, Cu, Co, As, Pb and Zn concentrations. Results indicate that the main factors affecting the pattern of features in the floodplain of this area are (1) the highly dynamic flood flow in the narrow section of the gorge and (2) the relief of the top surface of the sub-alluvial basement. The variable concentrations of trace elements are closely related to the floodplain features. Their concentrations can be considered as valuable geochemical proxies that enable a more thorough reconstruction of the sedimentary evolution of the Vistula River Valley and other similar river valleys, especially in gorge sections.

10

An experimental approach to verifying prognoses of floods using an unmanned aerial vehicle

Witek M., Jeziorska J., Niedzielski T.

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2014

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

3--11

EN

The Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography of the University of Wrocław, Poland, is host in¬stitution of a project, financed by the National Science Centre in Poland, whose objective is to predict riverflow in real-time. If inundation is predicted, the problem of the verification of the overbank flow prognosis arises. This verification can be attained by utilizing an unmanned aerial vehicle that may be used for remote sensing applications. The unmanned aerial vehicle in question can take sequential photos with the unprecedented resolution of 3 cm/pix. Both the resolution and the opportunity for frequent flights – due to the low cost of the entire operation – allow us to compare prediction maps showing the forecasted overbank flow during an extreme hydrological event with the true observation obtained from the air. Although such verification is site- and event-specific, it can provide us with an objective technique for checking our system in a spatial domain. The main part of the system, known as HydroProg, produces multimodel ensemble hydrograph predictions and compares single-model prognoses; visualizations of them are then published in a web map service. The spatial predictions, along with the aerial orthophoto images, will also be presented online so that the user is able to observe the functioning of the system. Regular research flights have been carried out in Kłodzko County since 2012. The study areas correspond to sites where our Partner, the County Office in Kłodzko (SW Poland) – owner of the Local System for Flood Monitoring in Kłodzko County – has automatic gauges, and thus spatially reflect the hydrologic observation network. The aforementioned aerial module is experimental and will be incorporated into the entire system.

11

Hydromorphological conditions of the lower Vistula in the development of navigation and hydropower

Babiński Z., Habel M.

Acta Energetica

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2013

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nr 2

83--96

EN

The article presents general principles of development of the lower Vistula channel in the Holocene period, with a particular emphasis on the unintentional human interference in the fluvial processes associated with deforestation and cultivation of cereals and root crops. It also characterises the basic hydraulic engineering works in the form of construction of embankments, adjustment of the bed and construction of the Włocławek barrage as factors of deliberate human interference and their impact on channel changes. The article characterises morphological and morphodynamic conditions of the basic bed forms, i.e. sandy and gravel bars and pools determining the possibility of river transport, and its development in time and space (depth of navigable route). Perspectives of multi-directional hydraulic development are presented, including the main cascade developments of the lower Vistula. The article presents the opportunities for a comprehensive use of the waterway, which forms route E40 in the section of the lower Vistula, taking into account sustainable development and compensation in the form of restoration of the valley bottom.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ogólne prawidłowości rozwoju koryta dolnej Wisły w okresie holocenu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nieświadomej ingerencji człowieka w procesy korytowe, związane z wylesianiem i uprawą zbóż oraz roślin okopowych. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe prace hydrotechniczne w postaci budowy wałów przeciwpowodziowych, regulacji koryta i budowy stopnia wodnego we Włocławku jako czynników świadomej działalności człowieka i ich wpływ na zmiany koryta. Scharakteryzowano warunki morfologiczne i morfodynamiczne podstawowych form korytowych, tj. łach piaszczysto-żwirowych i plos, warunkujących możliwości istnienia transportu rzecznego, jego rozwoju w czasie i przestrzeni (głębokość szlaku żeglownego). Przedstawiono perspektywy wielokierunkowej zabudowy hydrotechnicznej, w tym głównie skaskadowania dolnej Wisły. Zaprezentowano możliwości kompleksowego wykorzystania drogi wodnej, jaką jest E40 w odcinku dolnej Wisły, z uwzględnieniem zrównoważonego rozwoju i rekompensaty w postaci rewitalizacji dna doliny.

12

Oddziaływanie obiektów hydrotechnicznych na morfologię koryt rzek ziemi kłodzkiej w świetle analizy GIS : zarys problemu i zamierzenia badawcze

Witek M., Białobrzeska M.

Landform Analysis

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2012

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Vol. 20

103-116

PL

Jednym z elementów środowiska przyrodniczego, poddanego niezwykle silnej ingerencji człowieka, są wody powierzchniowe, a w szczególności rzeki. Koryta rzek ziemi kłodzkiej zostały antropogenicznie przekształcone i w różnym stopniu uregulowane, wzniesiono w nich budowle hydrotechniczne różnego typu oraz przeznaczenia. Rzeki te w okresie wiosennych roztopów i letnich ulewnych opadów często są źródłem powodzi lub lokalnych podtopień. Istotne jest zatem określenie wpływu obecności obiektów hydrotechnicznych i systemów regulacji w korytach rzek tego regionu. Autorki opracowania postanowiły przyjrzeć się temu zagadnieniu, wykorzystując narzędzia dostępne w oprogramowaniu GIS. Artykuł jest wynikiem wstępnego etapu badań nad zagadnieniem wpływu obiektów hydrotechnicznych na funkcjonowanie koryt. Głównym celem opracowania, a także dalszych prac, jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obecność konkretnych konstrukcji hydrotechnicznych w znaczącym stopniu wpływa na sposób funkcjonowania koryta oraz czy zastosowanie nowoczesnych metod analizy danych przestrzennych pozwoli na dokładniejsze określenie tego wpływu. Na podstawie kartowania terenowego dokonano typologii koryt w oparciu o analizę ich cech w profilu podłużnym z wykorzystaniem metody analizy odcinków, a następnie zobrazowano otrzymane wyniki przy użyciu narzędzi oprogramowania GIS. Przeprowadzono szczegółowe obserwacje w sąsiedztwie budowli piętrzących, które ujawniły wpływ tych obiektów na zmianę typów lub podtypów koryta, a co za tym idzie na zmianę dominujących procesów korytowych. Przekształcenia procesów korytowych są odmienne w poszczególnych przypadkach i uwarunkowane wieloma czynnikami, których rozpoznanie będzie celem dalszych prac.

EN

Among the elements of natural environment which have suffered from a very strong human interference are surface waters, particularly rivers. The Kłodzko County rivers' channels have been anthropogenically transformed and regulated in various levels; hydraulic stuctures of various types and purpose have been built there. These rivers often inundate their valleys or cause local flooding during spring thaw and summer downpours. It is important to determine the effect of the presence of hydrotechnical facilities and channelization schemes in the river channels of the region. The authors decided to develop a look at this issue using the tools available in GIS software. The article is the result of initial stage of research. The main objective of the paper, and the future work, is an attempt to answer the question, whether the presence of hydraulic structures significantly affects the processes in the river channels and whether the use of modern methods of spatial data analysis will allow more accurate determination of the impact. Based on field mapping, river typology has been done. An analysis of river characteristics was performed in the longitudinal profile using the method of river section analysis, and then the results were illustrated using the GIS software tools. Detailed research has been conducted in the vicinity of dam structures, what revealed the influence of these objects on changes of types and subtypes of the channel and furthermore on change of dominating channel processes. Evolution of nature of these processes varies in particular cases and depends on many factors, which recognition of is the goal of upcoming research.

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Wykorzystanie metali ciężkich w określaniu wieku osadów

Ciszewski D.

Landform Analysis

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2010

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Vol. 12

31-34

PL

Od początku lat 80. XX w. zróżnicowanie koncentracji metali ciężkich zaczęto wykorzystywać do oceny wieku głównie osadów fluwialnych. Charakterystyczne piki, spadki lub wzrosty tych koncentracji na wykresach porównuje się z archiwalnymi danymi o charakterystycznych zmianach produkcji lub emisji metali na obszarze zlewni. Metoda daje najdokładniejsze wyniki przy istnieniu 1-2 dużych źródeł ścieków na obszarze zlewni i wyraźnych zmianach wielkości ich zrzutów. Zazwyczaj wykonuje się kilka profili w osadach pozakorytowych, analizując zawartość metali we frakcji drobnoziarnistej. Ograniczenia w jej stosowaniu wynikają z dokładności istniejących zapisów historii gospodarczej zlewni oraz postdepozycyjnej migracji metali istotnej szczególnie w poziomach położonych poniżej zwierciadła wody.

EN

The changes in heavy metal concentrations are used for estimation of the age of fluvial sediments since the recent decades of 20th century. Characteristic peaks, sudden drops or increases of metal concentrations in vertical profiles of overbank sediments are usually compared with archival data of metal production or emission in the drainage basin. Method gives the best results with 1-2 large pollution sources in a drainage basin with marked changes in quality and quantity of discharged effluents. Usually several or more profiles are performed and metal content is analyzed in fine sediment fraction. The method is usually limited by accuracy and availability of archival data from industrial history of a drainage basin and by postdepositional mobilization of heavy metals which could be significant below average groundwater level.

14

Uwarunkowania geomorfologiczne migracji metali ciężkich w osadach fluwialnych : dolina Małej Panwi

Ciszewski D., Malik I., Wardas M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

163--174

EN

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in the overbank and channel sediments of the Mała Panew River in southern Poland. Overbank sediment samples were taken in ten vertical profiles up to 2.2 m long within paleochannel infills in four selected XX century floodplains and in 66 profiles,60 cm-long, situated at different height above the water table. Channel sediments were sampled 12 times at the same 10 channel locations within the period of two years. In samples collected, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were determined and for selected samples sequential extraction was carried out.Within incised and laterally stable river sections polluted, 20th century sediments occur only in a narrow terrace steps up to 2 m high. Also, in the regulated river section, polluted sediments occur only in several cm thick layers on the 1.8–2.2 m high flood plain. On the contrary, in natural forested valley sections, in which river channel migrates laterally 0.5 m/year on average, the thick polluted sediments occur along the channel at depth up to 2.5 m in a zone about 50 m wide. Differences of heavy metal concentrations between sediment layers of similar age, high proportion of Cd and Zn in the mobile exchangeable fraction and poor buffer capacity of sandy sediments suggest rather high migration rate of Cd and Zn and much lower of Ba, Pb and Cu. Also very high Cd and Zn concentrations in sandy channel sediments could be related to transport of these elements in solution and precipitation. The migration of metals depends most of all on frequency of groundwater level fluctuations. The intensive river bank erosion and clear evidences of metal migration in natural river reaches suggest rapid transfer of these elements between the channel and river banks. Along river reaches with the stable river channel, the floodplain represents a long-term sink for heavy metals and their transfer back to the channel is much slower. The incised river reaches, in which the smallest amount of the heavy metal polluted sediments accumulates are transitional zones for heavy metal load.

15

Procesy fluwialne w zlewni o wysokim stopniu urbanizacji na przykładzie Kielc

Ciupa T.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2003

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Vol. 12, No. 1

24--34

EN

The aim of the study is evaluation the behavior of river as a fluvial system, in conditions of man- mad stress, particularly in the urbanized landscape. Two neighboring catchments were selected for the study; Silnica and Sufraganiec. The former is influenced by urban facilities, the latter one consists largely of open agricultural spaces and woodland. The research concerning hydrologic and fluvial processes has confirmed the hypothesis, that the environmental impact and land use patterns are essential factors influencing the fluvial system behavior. They showed to be different in both; the dynamics of runoff and efficiency of fluvial processes. Intensity of human induced changes in river beds and fluvial processes shows to be proportional to the level of modification in the urbanized landscape. Silnica catchment has been modified mainly due to the growth of paved surfaces and the drainage network development. As a consequence, the surface runoff has been accelerated and the energy of fluvial processes enlarged. The water circulation, transport and sedimentation conditions as well as sources of the waste material delivery have their reflection in fluvial transport processes. As the Sufraganiec catchment remains under agroforested use, the intensity and efficiency of the fluvial processes are here incomparably weaker.

16

The Czarny Dunajec River, Poland, as an example of human-induced development tendencies in a mountain river channel

Krzemień K.

Landform Analysis

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2003

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Vol. 4

57--64

EN

The Czarny Dunajec is a typical river originating in high mountains (the Western Tatras). Over the entire Quaternary era the river laboured carrying material away from the Tatras and depositing it in the form of a typical braided channel at their foot. At the end of the 19'h century, river management projects and quarrying operations located directly in the very channel set off a rejuvenation process that was further accelerated at the end of 1960s. The activities resulted in the damaged several sections in their natural form and considerably deepened the channel. Measures taken to restrict the amount of material entering the Czorsztyn Dam have largely failed. From the geomorphologic and environmental points of view a continued transformation of the Czarny Dunajec river channel should be regarded as highly adverse.

17

Reakcja koryta rzeki górskiej na strukturę podłoża na przykładzie Wisłoki i Jasiołki (Beskid Niski)

Guzik G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 7

609-614

PL

Analizie poddano dwie rzeki górskie na terenie Beskidu Niskiego - Jasiołkę oraz Wisłokę. Skupiono uwagę na skutkach depozycji i erozji korytowej. Dokonano klasyfikacji dużych form akumulacyjnych w żwirodennym korycie. Wyróżniono pięć typów tych form na podstawie pozycji w korycie i kształtu odsypów oraz wielkości ziarna budujących je osadów. Ponadto stwierdzono trzy typy odcinków koryta rzeki górskiej: z dominującą erozją, z dominującą akumulacją oraz z zachodzącą erozją i akumulacją. Odcinki te różnią się między sobą krętością i spadkami koryta, jak również rodzajem występujących tam typów odsypów. Występują one po sobie w określonym następstwie, tworząc powtarzalne sukcesje wzdłuż biegu rzek. Położenie tych sukcesji uzależnione jest od rozkładu przełomów oraz kotlinowatych obniżeń. Wykazano, że styl sedymentacji fluwialnej zmienia się cyklicznie z biegiem rzeki i pozostaje w bezpośredniej zależności od budowy geologicznej i rzeźby podłoża. Taka regularna zmienność cech morfologii fluwialnej (spadku i krętości koryta) oraz procesów dynamicznych (erozji i depozycji) nie była dotychczas stwierdzona w żadnej dolinie górskiej.

EN

Depositional and erosional effects of two mountain rivers -the Wisłoka and the Jasiolka (the Polish Carpathians) - have been studied. A classification of large depositional forms of gravel-bed river is presented: five bar types were distinguished on the basis of their position within the channel, their planform and grain size of deposits. Furthermore, three types of mountain river reaches were recognized: predominated by erosion, predominated by accumulation, and with equally balanced erosion and accumulation. These reaches are dissimilar in sinuosity and slope of channel, as well as in quantity and type of bars recognised herein. The reaches occur one after another in specified sequence along the valleys. Their location is dependent on the pattern of gorges and dales. It was proved that the fluvial sedimentation style changes in cyclic manner along the valleys and is strictly related to structure and relief of substratum. This regular variation of fluvial morphology (slope and sinuosity of alluvial channel) and dynamic processes (erosion and deposition) have been not reported in literature till now.

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Dynamika transportu fluwialnego w górnym biegu Czarnej Hańczy na tle geomorfologii tej doliny

Oświecimska-Piasko Z.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2001

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T. 1, z. spec. (3)

101--118

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dynamiki transportu fluwialnego prowadzonych na odcinku Czarnej Hańczy między jeziorami Hańcza i Wigry. Odcinek ten charakteryzuje się dużym zróżnicowaniem cech morfo- i hydrometrycznych ze względu na różną genezę poszczególnych fragmentów doliny. Dynamikę transportu fluwialnego określono na podstawie wyników pomiaru transportu materiału rozpuszczonego, unoszonego i wleczonego oraz zmian morfologicznych koryta w dziewięciu przekrojach poprzecznych reprezentatywnych dla poszczególnych odcinków doliny i koryta Czarnej Hańczy. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano zależności między warunkami transportu a rzeczywistym transportem fluwialnym na podstawie rozpoznanych w tych przekrojach cech hydrometrycznych i hydraulicznych koryta.

EN

The article presents the results of a study on fluvial transport carried out in the Upper Czarna Hańcza catchment along the river course between Hańcza and Wigry lake in the years 1996–1998. This channel system is typical for a young glacial area and is characterized by a large variety of morpho- and hydrometric parameters because of the different origin of particular valley sections. Dynamics of the fluvial transport was analyzed in 9 cross-sections representative for each part of the valley. Parameters characterising the hydrological regime of the river and changes in morphology of the channel were measured and analyzed in both spatial and temporal relations. Based on the hydrometric and hydraulic characteristics of the channel (water flow, concentration and load of dissolved and suspended matter, the bed load, the Total transport load and Freud number, Reynolds number, dynamic velocity etc.) the dependence between transport conditions and the real fluvial transport was analyzed with reference to each channel type. The hydraulic characteristics showed that the transport capacity of the river seems to be much larger than that measured in the field study. In the channel there is a lack of material which could be transported (the bed and bank of the channel are well protected from erosion, the amount of the fine-grained fraction in the channel deposits, the fluvial system is not supplied with material from its catchment area). The channel system of the upper Czarna Hańcza river is not adapted to the hydrological regime especially on the reaches with higher slopes, and was formed during much larger water flows.