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Ważne i użyteczne fakty dotyczące inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach w kontekście rozpoznawania systemów naftowych

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

184--187

EN

Samples of minerals, solid bitumen and rocks from different localities and different basins have been an object of mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical analyses. Their microfissures (microfractures) are often filled with fluids forming “fluid inclusions” (FI). Such inclusions are small portions of palaeofluids that existed in the basin during the mineral formation, which may be a significant record from the geological past. Analytical procedures comprised several stages: preparation of thin and thick sections, microscopic evaluation of the material (organic matter, minerals, inclusions), FI microthermometric determinations, geochemical analyses, and auxiliary studies. General microscopic observations were conducted using a polarization microscope, cold cathode, and the special heating-freezing stage. Fluid inclusions in minerals were studied aiming at the characterization of fluids that fill these micro-volumes in crystals. The undertaken analytical steps have led to determination of the fluids trapped in inclusions as brine and/or hydrocarbons (based on fluorescence abilities). Furthermore, they have resulted in the measurement of the homogenization temperatures of inclusions (values positive for, e.g., oil, negative for methane, pure or with admixtures), and determinations of the eutectic and ice-melting temperatures of the aqueous inclusions. Thermometric studies in the heating mode generally lead to determination of temperatures of mineral crystallization since it has been assumed that the homogenization temperature of the primary aqueous inclusions represents a minimum temperature of fluid trapping during mineral precipitation. Complementary analyses, as the Raman spectrum analysis and studies on the organic matter, lead to the interpretation of the results richer, clearer and meaningful for the hydrocarbon systems context, what has been proved on some examples.

2

Badania ramanowskie i mikrotermometria inkluzji a możliwości metodyczne i interpretacyjne

Toboła Tomasz, Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

235--244

EN

Based on the hitherto existing problems on understanding and interpretation of fluid inclusion microthermometric results and the relatively uncomplicated access to the Raman microspectrometry, both methods have been explained and applied to several samples from the Carpathians and to one sample from a borehole in central Poland (Katarzynin 2). The results of both types of analytical methods are different temperature values of Th – homogenization temperature, Te – eutectic temperature, Tm – ice melting temperature, and the coalification of organic matter (MO). They are interpreted together, which gives a wide range of discussion possibilities significant from the geological point of view.

3

Native silver in the eastern part of the Karkonosze granitoid pluton, Lower Silesia, Poland

Kozłowski Andrzej, Matyszczak Witold

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 2

223--245

EN

This article describes silver specimens of the size of tenths to a few millimetres, found in small pegmatites and quartz veinlets of the porphyritic granitoid area in 22 sites in the eastern part of the Variscan granitoid Karkonosze pluton, from 20 of which native silver occurrences were previously not known. The sites are scattered on the whole surface of the granitoid. The native silver occurred in wire, rod, platy, dendritic, anhedral granular and euhedral cubic and octahedral habits; in some specimens twins and fenster faces were also found. Associated with native silver small amounts of acanthite crystallized commonly, sometimes apparently formed by sulphur diffusion into silver. Inclusions of native gold, electrum, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite occurred in the native silver. The parent fluids of the specimens were epithermal, because the homogenization temperature (Th) of inclusions in quartz, calcite and cleavelandite that were the host minerals of the native silver was generally 91–165ºC and for individual samples the Th range was 4–11ºC. The total salinity of the fluid was 2.4–7.2 wt. % with Na and Ca (hydro)carbonates as the main dissolved components and admixtures of K, Mg, Fe, Al, S, Cl and F. The parent granitoid contains Ag in trace amounts (0.034–0.056 ppm) and was probably the source of this element for the crystals of native silver. Migration of Ag was made easier by the presence of fluoride ions in fluids.

4

Silver compounds as minerals in the eastern Karkonosze granitoid pluton, Sudetes, Poland

Kozłowski Andrzej, Matyszczak Witold

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

443--468

EN

Twenty silver minerals of the sulphide, arsenide, selenide, telluride, sulphosalt and chloride groups were found in 13 locations in the Variscan Karkonosze granitoid pluton. Previously only one of these minerals was known from this area. The findings include species characterized in publications as rare or exceptionally rare, e.g., muthmannite and tsnigriite. They occur in pegmatites and quartz veins; their parageneses are described. The studies include determination of chemical compositions, formulae calculations and recording of XRD patterns. Inclusion studies in paragenetic quartz indicate that they crystallized from epithermal fluids with a common but low component of CO2. The results suggest that the minerals formed from trace elements (Ag included) in the Karkonosze granitoid due to very local degrees of recrystallization of the host granitoid.

5

Kozłowski Andrzej, Matyszczak Witold

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 1

9--31

EN

Fluorite mineralization was studied in the Variscan granitoid Karkonosze pluton in the northern part of the Bohemian massif (Lower Silesia, Poland). Fluid inclusions in fluorite and quartz were investigated by the following methods: heating and freezing on an immersion microscope stage, spectrophotometric and electron probe analysis, calcination and water leachate. The parent fluids of fluorite were of the Na-Ca-Cl type with a low CO₂ content. The fluoride ions had sources in the pluton and in its host rocks. Fluid inclusion observations provide evidence of various post-formation alteration. such as refilling, partition, cracking, migration, expulsion or vacuole modification from irregular to cubic habit. A final model of fluorite origin and parent fluid evolution is presented.

6

Badania mikrotermometryczne i ramanowskie inkluzji w minerałach w rejonie Rabego (Karpaty) : praktyka eksperymentalna

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna, Toboła Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 6

361--364

EN

Fluid and solid inclusions were analyzed in minerals of Carpathian rock samples from the Rabe vicinity by means of microthermometry and Raman spectrometry. Fluid inclusions are present in calcite and quartz that often co-occurwith organic matter in different spatial relationships. In case of the studied Ra 5 sample they fill a cavern in the mélange zone in the Carpathian flysch. The temperatures obtained from the combined research (FI 178.9186°C; Raman 178-205°C) give an insight into the geological history of that fragment of the Carpathians.

7

Hydrothermal ore mineralization from the Polish part of the Tatra Mts., Central Western Carpathians

Sitarz Magdalena, Gołębiowska Bożena, Nejbert Krzysztof, Dimitrova Dimitrina, Milovský Ratislav

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 3

159--179

EN

Several areas with hydrothermal ore mineralization are present in the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mts. Massive and disseminated sulfides, mainly minerals from the tetrahedrite group and chalcopyrite, fill quartz veins accompanied by siderite, dolomite and baryte – many of these were mined between the 16th and 18th century. This paper presents information on the mineralogy of the common sulfides and the preliminary studies of both the isotopic composition of sulfur in tetrahedrite as well as the origin of hydrothermal fluids. The most common primary sulfide minerals in the ores are tetrahedrite-(Zn) and tetrahedrite-(Fe) corresponding to Zn ranges from 1.83 to 5.87 wt.% (0.47–1.44 apfu), and Fe from 1.63 to 5.05 wt.% (0.48–1.52 apfu). The substitution of As for Sb shows maximum As content of 7.25 wt.% (1.588 apfu) which corresponds to the Sb/(Sb+As) = 0.60. Both varieties show substitutions of Bi and Hg, up 0.6 wt.% (0.049 apfu) and 0.96 wt.% (0.081 apfu), respectively, and content of trace elements: Co (max. 976 ppm), Cd (max. 735 ppm), In (max. 14 ppm). Chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena show compositions close to the ideal formula. Differences in the content of trace elements in the studied tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite were explained by element partitioning between these minerals. The distributions of In, Ga and Sn in the studied minerals indicate that the mineralization was formed at low temperature and pressure. The homogenization temperature of the primary inclusions in quartz in the range of 120–174°C indicate the origin of mineralization in low temperature stage from low salinity fluids (up to 17.92 wt.% NaCl eq.). Stable δ34S isotopes in minerals of the tetrahedrite group suggest that the igneous fluids might be one of the sources from which ores were crystallized.

8

Hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions in minerals : a review of analyses and interpretations for Paleozoic rocks in Poland

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 4

art. no. 56

EN

Two decades of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions within cements of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Poland are reviewed. The inclusions contain palaeofluids of variable composition: aqueous, brine, and hydrocarbon. They may be primary and/or secondary in origin and have one, two or more phases. They display visual fluorescence in blue, sometimes yellow to red (oil) or dull blue (one phase, methane) colours, or do not fluoresce at all. Based on the fluorescence characteristics in ultraviolet light, the inclusions' hydrocarbons infill character may be estimated. The homogenization temperatures, which correspond to the minimum estimate of the trapping temperatures in the minerals, show variability in respect to the geological history of the area studied. They point to different geological stages in relation to the basin's burial evolution. Microthermometric analyses enable wider interpretation due to the combination of studies of both hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions. The presence of oil and/or gas in inclusions is proof of the occurrence and/or migration of oil and gas in the rocks of a region.

9

Studium petrologiczno-mineralogiczno-geochemiczne skał w profilu dolomitu głównego w otworze Mo-1

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna, Kozłowska Aleksandra, Kuberska Marta, Matyasik Irena

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 10

780--792

EN

Rocks from the Mo-1 well from the Barnówko-Mostno-Buszewo (BMB) oil and gas field have been studied aiming at constructive results for application in exploration for oil and gas. The study focuses on carbonate deposits from the Main Dolomite horizon, commonly diagenetically altered, where the pore space has been filled by dolomite and anhydrite. Standard petrological analysis was conducted, wide fluid inclusion analyses performed and geochemical character of bitumen determined. Based on microscopic fluorescence studies, three types of fluid inclusions have been distinguished in the vertical column of the well: one-phase non-fluorescent (methane), two-phase non-fluorescent (brine), and two-phase fluorescent inclusions (oil). These three types, further studied microthermometrically, display characteristics of fluid fillings present in the basin and closed as the inclusions in minerals.

10

Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the Cenozoic volcanic-hosted Kushk-e-Bahram Manto-type Cu deposit of central Iran

Jebeli Marjan, Afzal Peyman, Pourkermani Mohsen, Jafarirad Alireza

Geologos

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2020

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Vol. 26, No. 2

127--137

EN

The Kushk-e-Bahram Manto-type Cu deposit is located in central Iran, within Eocene to Oligo–Miocene volcanic strata which occur in the central part of the Uremia-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA). Propylitization, silicification, argillization and carbonatization are the main types of alteration to have affected the pyroclastic and volcanic rocks. There are high amounts of oxide minerals, including malachite, azurite, hematite, magnetite and goethite. Three types of primary FIs have been determined in the Kushk-e-Bahram deposit, namely; I: two-phase liquid-rich FIs (L+V), II: mono-phase liquid FIs, III: two-phase vapour-rich FIs which have been identified based on petrographical studies. Based on FI studies of co-existing quartz and calcite, homogenization temperatures (Th) must have been between 67 and 228°C, with an average of 158°C. Moreover, salinity is between 14.0–30.3 wt% NaCl, equivalent to a 19.6% average. Fluid density values vary from 0.8 to 1.1 gr/cm3. Based on FI data and related diagrams, the depth of their trapping was estimated to be <200 m and ore formation occurred at pressures of <50 bars. Consequently, mineralogy, host rock and FIs characteristics in the Kushk-e-Bahram deposit are similar to the Manto-type Cu deposits in Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic belts of Iran and South America.

11

Geochemistry of skarn and porphyry deposits in relation to epithermal mineralization in the Arasbaran metallogenic zone, NE Tabriz, Iran

Alavi Ghafour, Radmard Kaikhosrov, Zamanian Hassan, Hosseinzadeh Mohammad Reza, Khalaji Ahmad Ahmadi

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

141--164

EN

The Arasbaran metallogenic zone in northern Iran is part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic zone, which developed along the southern margin of Eurasia during the Early Mesozoic-Late Cenozoic. This region hosts precious and base metal mineralization, including porphyry, skarn, and epithermal copper, molybdenum, and gold deposits. Rare earth element variations across all the deposits are similar, indicating a similar source for these elements. The north-west trending belt comprising the Nabijan to the Sonajil deposits consistently shows chiefly alkaline conditions of formation. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that both high and low temperature hydrothermal fluids participated in the formation of all of the deposits. The mineralization age decreases from north to south and east to west and, although metal zonation is complex, the Cu-Au association post-dated the Cu-Mo mineralization reflecting that the ore fluid evolved in terms of both cooling and chemical changes due to fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions. In this region most deposits record a concentric zonation, with the centres preserving porphyry and skarn deposits and deposits becoming progressively epithermal toward the outer parts of the mineralizing system. According to this, the mineralization age decreases from the porphyry and skarn deposits to the epithermal deposits. The homogenization temperature and salinity both decrease from the centre to the outer zone. The pattern of homogenization temperature zonation, which is concordant with salinity zonation, suggests that fluids migrated up-dip and towards the margins of the zonation system.

12

Wybrane elementy badań petrologicznych w obrębie złoża BMB

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

161--163

EN

Based on the assumption that diversifiedfluids can be trapped in inclusions present in the rock cements of sedimentary basins, fluid inclusion studies were undertaken in the wells of the Barnówko-Mostno-Buszewo oil and gas field (western Poland). Sampling was conducted in six wells, and most samples studied lie at a depth interval of 3100 to 3150 m. Methods applied in the present study stage comprised: standard petrography, microscopic analysis of fluid inclusions, fluorescence studies and some introductory microthermometric measurements. Three types of fluid inclusions were observed and studied: two-phase aqueous (brine) inclusions (non-fluorescent); two-phase oil inclusions (fluorescent); one-phase methane inclusions (non-fluorescent). These inclusions display either a primary or a secondary character. Their abundance and detailed characteristics differ depending on the type of mineral, well and depth position.

13

New achievements in the mineral studies by use of the Raman microspectroscopy

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna, Wołkowicz Krystyna

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 474

23--29

EN

By the means of the technique of the Raman microspectrometry, the complex history of the Earth can be better understood. That is why the Raman spectra determinations are the object of interest in the present paper. The examples of such experiments are presented based on the analyses performed in last years in different scientific centers (Potsdam, Banská Bystrica, Budapest). The identification of inclusion content is shown and the conclusions are drawn for fluid inclusions in some quartz samples from two different localities in Poland – in the Carpathians and in the Fore-Sudetic Block. The implications of the Raman analyses are discussed. It results from the Raman analyses performed that not fluorescing, gas-filled bubbles of huge fluid inclusions from the Jabłonki and Rabe vicinity (the tectonic mélange zone in the Carpathians) have the complex composition of CH4, CO2 and N2 in different mutual proportions dependent on the sample and locality. In another place, despite the fluorescing background, only methane has been identified by Raman spectra. Similar gas compo¬sition was determined in the inclusions in the vein quartz in the Wądroże Wielkie area (the Fore-Sudetic Block).

PL

Złożona historia Ziemi może być lepiej zrozumiana przy pomocy microspektrometrii Ramana. Toteż oznaczenia widma ramanowskiego są przedmiotem zainteresowania bieżącej pracy. Zaprezentowano przykłady oznaczeń ramanowskich, wykonanych w ostatnich latach w różnych ośrodkach naukowych (Poczdam, Bańska Bystrzyca, Budapeszt). Przedstawiono identyfikację składu inkluzji i wyciągnięte wnioski dla inkluzji fluidalnych z próbek kwarcu z dwóch różnych lokalizacji w Polsce – Karpat i bloku przedsudeckiego. Przedyskutowano implikacje analiz widma Ramana. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych badań, niewykazujące fluorescencji, wypełnione gazem pęcherze w olbrzymich inkluzjach w rejonie Jabłonek i Rabego (strefa melanżu tektonicznego w Karpatach) mają skład złożony z CH4, CO2 i N2 w różnych wzajemnych proporcjach w zależności od próbki i lokalizacji. W innym miejscu, niezależnie od zakłócającego obraz widma fluoryzującego tła, w spektrach Ramana można wyraźnie zidentyfikować metan. Zbliżony skład gazu określono w inkluzjach w kwarcu żyłowym w rejonie Wądroża Wielkiego (blok przedusedcki).

14

Instrumental methods applied in the investigations of carbonate minerals in the Middle Jurassic sideritic rocks with respect to diagenetic processes

Kozłowska Aleksandra

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 474

31--42

EN

Carbonate minerals in the Middle Jurassic sideritic rocks from the Polish Lowlands, north-eastern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains and the Częstochowa region have been studied applying accessible instrumental methods. The following techniques were applied: polarization microscope, staining with the Evamy’s solution, cathodoluminescence, microprobe, fluid inclusions and isotopic analyses. Most of these methods were not available either in the 20ies of the past century when studies of sideritic iron ores in Poland had begun, or in 50ies and 60ies when they were in full progress. The sideritic rocks are mainly represented by clayey siderites (they contain also muddy and sandy varieties), sideritic sandstones and sideritic coquina, less frequently by sideritic conglomerates and mudstones. Sideroplesite is the main carbonate mineral that builds the sideritic rocks, while pistomesite and siderite are less frequent. Fe-calcite and Fe-dolomite, ankerite, and sporadic dolomite occur in lesser amounts. Syderoplesite and siderite have crystallized in the early diagenesis (eodiagenesis), in the zone of microbiologic methanogenesis, at temperatures of about 20°C, from the porous waters of marine origin, or from marine waters mixed with fresh waters. Sideroplesite enriched in magnesium, pistomesite, calcite and ankerite sequently have formed at the later diagenetic stage (mezodiagenesis). These minerals have crystallized at temperatures above 60°C, from the porous waters of marine origin, or from the fluid which interacted with the adjacent rocks. Fe-calcite was formed in the zone of microbiologic methanogenesis, while the ankerite – in the zone of thermal decarboxylation.

XX

Na podstawie dostępnych obecnie metod instrumentalnych zbadano minerały węglanowe skał syderytowych jury środkowej z Niżu Polskiego, północno-wschodniego obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich i rejonu Częstochowy. Zastosowano: mikroskop polaryzacyjny, barwienie roztworem Evamy’ego, katodoluminescencję, mikrosondę energetyczną, analizę inkluzji fluidalnych i izotopową. Większość z tych metod nie była dostępna w latach dwudziestych, kiedy rozpoczęto badania syderytowych rud żelaza w Polsce, ani w latach pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych, kiedy były kontynuowane. Skały syderytowe są reprezentowane głównie przez: syderyty ilaste (obejmują również odmiany mułkowe i piaszczyste), piaskowce syderytowe i muszlowce syderytowe, rzadziej przez zlepieńce syderytowe i mułowce syderytowe. Głównym minerałem węglanowym budującym skały syderytowe jest syderoplesyt, rzadziej pojawiają się pistomesyt i syderyt. W zmiennych ilościach występują Fe-kalcyt oraz Fe-dolomit i ankeryt, sporadycznie dolomit. Syderoplesyt i syderyt krystalizowały we wczesnej diagenezie (eodiagenezie) w strefie mikrobiologicznej metanogenezy w temperaturze ok. 20°C z wód porowych pochodzenia morskiego lub wód morskich zmieszanych z wodami słodkimi. W późniejszym etapie diagene¬zy (mezodiagenezie) tworzyły się w kolejności: syderoplesyt z większą zawartością magnezu, pistomesyt, kalcyt i ankeryt. Minerały te krystalizowały w temperaturze powyżej 60°C z wody porowej pochodzenia morskiego lub wody, która weszła w reakcję z otaczającymi skałami. Fe-kalcyt tworzył się w strefie mikrobiologicznej metanogenezy, natomiast ankeryt w strefie termalnej dekarboksylacji.

15

A fluorescence contribution to the recognition of fluids trapped in minerals in the Carpathian outcrops

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 474

7--22

EN

Based on the assumption that fluorescence studies are an important tool in search and characterization of hydrocarbons, samples of rocks, minerals and the organic matter were collected in the Western Carpathian area spreading from the Mszana Górna region in the west to the Bieszczady Mts. in the east, and continuously, towards SE outside the Polish frontier, in Ukraine and Slovakia. Analytical procedures comprised preparation, microscopic observation of the material (organic matter and minerals) from the point of view of inclusions and fluorescence followed by detailed luminescence studies. Those steps have been followed by the microthermometric determinations. The application of the fluid inclusion methods, which are one of the newest analytical tools in the last two decades have led to the characteristics of fluids trapped in the inclusions in the area. The fluorescence studies showed some diversity of hydrocarbons both in compositions and in distribution. The analyses were performed in double-sided polished thin sections prepared based on cold techniques. Fluorescence of inclusions in two minerals, quartz and calcite, was checked in those specific thin sections either in glued wafers, or loose (single) crystals. The fluid inclusion studies were accompanied later on by solid organic matter inclusion studies. Those point to the presence of the following minerals: quartz, dolomite, calcite, clay minerals, gypsum with anhydrite admixture, traces of pyrite and siderite, feldspars. General distribution of fluorescing and not fluorescing inclusions suggests the presence of light hydrocarbons (methane) in the west and south of the area, being enriched in higher hydrocarbons (oil) towards the east.

PL

Badania fluorescencji podjęto w skałach, minerałach i bituminach w Karpatach Zachodnich w rejonie rozciągającym się od Mszany Górnej po Bieszczady i dalej – poza granicami Polski – na Ukrainie i Słowacji. Procedury analityczne obejmowały preparatykę, ocenę mikroskopową materiału (organika i minerały) z punktu widzenia występowania wrostków i fluorescencji inkluzji oraz zasadnicze badania świecenia. Po tych analizach wykonano oznaczenia mikrotermometryczne. Wszystkie badania przeprowadzono stosując nowe metody i nowoczesny sprzęt analityczny. W wyniku użycia metod badań inkluzji fluidalnych, będących jednym z najnowszych narzędzi analitycznych w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu, uzyskano charakterystykę fluidów zamkniętych w postaci inkluzji w minerałach. Badania fluorescencji wykazały zróżnicowanie wypełnień węglowodorowych. Analizy przeprowadzano w obustronnie polerowanych płytkach, przygotowanych na zimno. Badano dwa minerały – kwarc i kalcyt – zarówno w preparatach, jak i luźnych kryształach naturalnych (kwarc – diamenty marmaroskie). Badaniom inkluzji fluidalnych towarzyszyły analizy wrostków organicznych (np. badania czarnych agregatów występujących w odkrywkach w formie soczewek). W ich wyniku stwierdzono obecność następujących minerałów: kwarc, dolomit, kalcyt, minerały ilaste, mieszanina gipsu z anhydrytem, ślady pirytu i syderytu oraz skalenie. Ogólny rozkład fluorescencji wrostków w minerałach i inkluzji niewykazujących wzbudzenia sugeruje obecność lekkich węglowodorów (metan) w części zachodniej obszaru i na południu oraz wyraźne wzbogacanie w wyższe węglowodory (ropa naftowa) w kierunku wschodnim.

16

Ordovician seawater composition : evidence from fluid inclusions in halite

Meng F., Zhang Y., Galamay A. R., Bukowski K., Ni P., Xing E., Ji L.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 2

344--352

EN

Fluid inclusions in halite can directly record the major composition of evaporated seawater; however, Ordovician halite is very rare. The Ordovician is a key time during the evolution history because profound changes occurred in the planet’s ecosystems. Marine life was characterized by a major diversification, the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, the first of the “big five” mass extinctions. However, so far there is no data on the Ordovician seawater. Data from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary were available only. In this study, we report the major compositions from Middle Ordovician halite in China to give the exact composition of Ordovician seawater. The basic ion composition (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42-) of inclusion brines was established with the use of ultramicrochemical analysis. The data on the chemical composition of the brines in the primary inclusions indicated that the brines were of Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl (Ca-rich) type, and cover a huge gap in the evolution of seawater chemistry. The chemical composition of the primary inclusion brine in halite confirmed the earlier results for the Cambrian and Silurian halite originating from other salt basins and the previous speculation of “calcite sea” during the Ordovician, indicating a higher potassium content in the Lower Paleozoic seawater than in the seawater of other periods of the Phanerozoic.

17

Evidence of high-temperature rock salt transformations in areas of occurrence of borate minerals (Zechstein, Kłodawa salt dome, Poland)

Toboła T. T., Wachowiak J.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 1

134--145

EN

Occurrences of borate minerals in the Zechstein salt-bearing deposits of the Kłodawa salt dome (central Poland), and the manner of their development, suggest that the minerals were formed at high temperatures, that considerably exceed the temperature estimated from the thermal gradient (~180°C). Research on rock salt and potassium-magnesium salts containing congolite and boracite, respectively, are consistent with high-temperature processes of transformations affecting the salt rocks in certain sections of the salt dome. The chemical composition of, and daughter minerals occurring in, primary fluid inclusions in halite, originating from the congolite zone, indicated a very high proportion of potassium and magnesium in the brines from which the halite crystallised. The thermal transformations observed in inclusions indicate a halite crystallisation temperature exceeding 420°C. Anhydrite crystals, co-occurring with borate minerals, represent unique features as to the distribution and composition of solid and fluid inclusions. These features indicate crystallisation or recrystallisation in conditions that differed considerably from those typical of the salt dome, with the involvement of solutions of changing chemical compositions. The crystals contain multiple solid inclusions of transparent and non-transparent minerals, among which we have focused on carnallite. The relationships of carnallite with liquid and gaseous phases indicate, as in the congolite zone, migration of very highly concentrated brines with respect to potassium and magnesium, or even transport of carnallite in the form of melt (liquid). Measurements of fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures, within the range from 197.8 to 473.8°C, supported a high-temperature origin for these minerals in hydrothermal conditions.

18

Thermal history of the lower Carboniferous Culm Basin in the Nízký Jeseník Mts. (NE Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic and Poland)

Botor D., Toboła T., Jelonek I.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2017

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Vol. 87, No. 1

13--40

EN

Raman microspectroscopy of organic matter, vitrinite reflectance and fluid inclusion data were used to reconstruct the thermal history in the lower Carboniferous accretionary prism of the Culm Basin in the Nízký Jeseník Mts. (NE Bohemian Massif). The model involves the Variscan (mid–late Carboniferous) burial diagenesis, which was overprinted by a post-Variscan, probably Permian and/or early Mesozoic, thermal pulse(s) in its central and western parts. The latter may have been related to advective heat transport and the circulation of hot fluids. In the siliciclastic rocks of the Culm Basin, the maximum palaeotemperatures varied from ~200 ± 30 °C in the E (in the Hradec-Kyjovice Formation) to ~350 ± 30 °C in the NW (in the Andělská Hora Formation).

19

Wstępna ocena właściwości reologicznych wybranych rodzajów soli kamiennej

Serbin K., Toboła T., Ślizowski J., Lankof L., Polański K.

Przegląd Solny

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2016

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T. 12

127--135

PL

Przedmiotem badań była analiza szybkości pełzania różnych typów soli kamiennych pobranych ze złóż Kosakowo, Sieroszowice oraz Mogilno. Rozpatrzono wpływ takich parametrów petrograficznych jak wielkość kryształów halitu, obecność inkluzji solankowo-gazowych, sposób rozmieszczenia anhydrytu i innych domieszek. Przeprowadzone badania nie wykazały wzrostu szybkości pełzania wraz ze wzrostem rozmiarów kryształów halitu co często sugerowane jest w literaturze. Nie zaobserwowano również istotnego wpływu inkluzji pierwotnych. Ze względu na liczną obecność anhydrytu i polihalitu w badanych próbkach w których występowały inkluzje pierwotne, kwestia ich wpływu na szybkość pełzania wymaga dalszych szczegółowych badań. Wpływ na wzrost szybkości pełzania niewątpliwie związany jest z obecnością inkluzji rozmieszczonych na granicach kryształów halitu.

EN

The aim of presented study was to analyse the creep rate of different types of rock salt taken from the Kosakowo, Sieroszowice and Mogilno salt deposits. Petrological parameters such as: size of halite crystals, the presence of liquid-gas inclusions, arrangement of anhydrite and others minerals impurities were taken into account. Research did not reveal correlation between the creep rate and the size of halite crystals, what is frequently suggested in a literature. Moreover, the presence of primary fluid inclusions did not influence on the creep rate. In view of numerous anhydrite and polihalite ingrowth in the samples where primary fluid inclusions occur, this issue needs further investigations. However, the increase of the creep rate is connected with the fluid inclusions distributed on the boundaries of halite crystals.

20

Temperature and isotopic relations in carbonate minerals in the Middle Jurassic sideritic rocks of central and southern Poland

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K., Kozłowska A.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 4

881-892

EN

The present study assesses the physico-chemical character of the fluids responsible for the genesis of carbonate minerals in the Middle Jurassic sideritic rocks at the northeastern margin of the Holy Cross Mts. and in the Częstochowa region. These rocks occur at present at depths between 30 and 600 m. Fluid inclusion and isotopic analyses have been performed in the carbonate minerals from sideritic sandstones, clayey siderites and sideritic coquinas. Siderite is the main carbonate mineral of the sideritic rocks. Calcite and ankerite are also present. The siderite is represented by two varieties, Mg-rich siderite (sideroplesite, less commonly – pistomesite) and siderite. Two generations of siderite have been distinguished – an early and a late one. The early siderite was formed at temperatures of about 20°C in the zone of microbiological methanogenesis from marine waters with some influence of meteoric waters (δ18O from –7.84 to –1.92‰ VSMOW). The late siderite crystallized at temperatures of about 62–110°C from pore waters enriched in 18O (δ18O >0‰ VSMOW) as compared with the isotopic composition of the waters responsible for the early siderite generation. The conducted fluid inclusion analyses point to formation of the cements from complex fluids of brine and carbon dioxide character, with densities slightly exceeding 1 g/cm3 and salinities varying from 10.5 to 16.9 wt.% NaCl eq. and from 6.4 to 14.0 wt.% NaCl eq. in the Holy Cross Mts. and in the Częstochowa region, respectively. The homogenization temperatures lie in the intervals of 62–110°C and 60–97°C, respectively and represent elevated values compared with data from the Polish Lowlands. Apart from burial, other heat sources must have been important for the lithogenesis of the Middle Jurassic deposits.