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1

Spatial structure of natural landscapes within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone

Fedoniuk Tetiana P., Pyvovar Petro V., Skydan Oleh V., Melnychuk Taras V., Topolnytskyi Pavlo P.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

79--90

EN

The article demonstrates the results of a study of the landscape structure of the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve (Ukr.: Chornobylskyi radiatsiino-ekolohichnyi biosfernyi zapovidnyk - ChREBR). Because of radioactive pollution, a sharp drop in human activity, and the granting of the territory the status of a protected object, the process of area rewilding took on certain characteristics and led to the return of ecosystems’ natural processes. The studies cover a 7-year period from 2016 to 2022, i.e., from the moment this territory was granted protected status. That territory was abandoned by people more than 37 years ago and the former rural and urban landscapes have either already been transformed or are in the process of being transformed into natural ones. The scale of forest massifs has changed during the previous seven years, which has caused increased pasture overgrowth. huge forest massifs have been lost because of enormous forest fires and floods, particularly along the Pripet and Uzh rivers. Semi-natural successions occur in the gardens, and wooden homes are almost extinct. From orbit, a number of communities no longer resemble settlements. They are cloaked in bushes and trees instead. For places that have been ploughed, the same holds true. The last seven years show that change is happening more slowly than in the decades before. The pattern of natural processes in ecosystems, including periodic fires, the blocking of reclamation channels, and other factors, is the primary driver of changes in the composition of the land cover.

2

Contribution to the a priori assessment of the value of the caving zone expansion coefficient in the forecast of ground surface uplift caused by the flooding of closed coal mines in the Ruhr region/Germany

Rafał Misa, Mateusz Dudek, Anton Sroka, Krzysztof Tajduś, Dawid Mrocheń

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 2

art. no. e148611

EN

The article presents a methodology for determining the value of the expansion coefficient of a reconsolidated caving zone in the context of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and consequent surface subsidence caused by the process of flooding the closed coal mines. The paper also provides a brief characterisation of analytical predictive models regarding surface subsidence during the process of flooding coal mines. In order to describe the vertical deformation of the reconsolidated porous rock mass in the caving zone, a linear-elastic medium of Biot was utilised. The conducted theoretical calculations demonstrate a high agreement with the results obtained through the identification of the expansion coefficient parameter based on the analysis of in-situ subsidence measurements in Dutch and German mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the forecasting of the impact of the flooding process on the underground workings of the German Ibbenbüren mine. The article constitutes a significant contribution to the field of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and surface subsidence during the process of flooding closed coal mines. The presented methodology and obtained results can be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers involved in the planning and management of mining areas.

3

Hydro-ecological State of Ukrainian Water Bodies Under the Influence of Military Actions

Stelmakh Valentyna, Melniichuk Mykhailo, Melnyk Oleh, Tokarchuk Ivan

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

174--187

EN

The article aims to analyse the impact of military operations on the hydro-ecological state of water bodies in Ukraine, analyse potential military risks and assess the prospects for recovery in the water sector. The war leads to the destruction of water supply infrastructure and, secondly, to the pollution of natural waters with sewage and ammunition. Thus, Ukraine's hydro-ecological condition of natural watercourses and reservoirs is deteriorating during a full-scale war. First, we analysed the literature and modern scientific publications and studied the current state of the water bodies of Ukraine under martial law. The article analyses the key consequences of military operations on water bodies, including the destruction of water infrastructure and hydraulic structures, contamination by explosives and destroyed military equipment, flooding by mine water, and leaks from tailing ponds. Special attention is paid to the results of water quality monitoring in wartime. The authors systematised and reviewed the key incidents of destruction and damage to hydraulic structures since the beginning of the war. Potential risks to water bodies in the context of Russian aggression are studied. Finally, the author analyses the directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and proposes a list of practical steps necessary to restore water resources. The author's view on post-war reconstruction measures in water resources is offered. In addition, environmental organisations and local authorities can use the results of this scientific research.

4

Zmiana zagospodarowania terenu a zalewanie nieruchomości

Maj Joanna

Inżynier Budownictwa

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2023

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nr 7-8

38--41

5

Sustainability of a hydraulic facility and flood risk of its downstream section: the case of the Foum El-Gherza dam (Ziban east, Algeria)

Zakarya Maou, Bougherara Ahmed, Habibi Yahyaoui

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2023

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no. 2

7--22

EN

Due to advanced silting, the Foum El-Gherza dam has lost more than two thirds of its initial capacity (47 hm3) and is no longer able to withstand the floods that threaten its downstream section. Indeed, the damage recorded in recent years has confirmed the vulnerability of the man-made structures located on both banks of the Oued Labiod. Thus, we believe that the hydrological behaviour of the catchment area is no longer influenced by the dam. Therefore, the hydrological study involved a critical analysis (homogeneity tests) of the hydro-climatic data in order to highlight the characteristics of the historical events recorded during the period 1950–2019. The frequency study of the maximum daily rainfall and floods recorded at the dam allowed us to determine the rainfall and flow rates of the return periods (10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 years). The flooding of the 28 October 2011 were used as a standard for the calibration of the model calculated by the HEC-Ras software. After validation of the model, a prediction of the water levels and flood extent was made for the selected return periods. The results obtained show that a part of the town of Seryana (district located on the edge of the right bank) suffers from flooding proportionally to the return periods of the floods. In addition, some agricultural areas bordering the Oued are also affected by the floodings. The hazard modelling maps can be considered as a basis for a flood risk prevention plan (PPRI) and as a decision support tool.

6

“Green structures” for effective rainwater management on roads

Hlushchenko Roman, Tkachenko Tetiana, Mileikovskyi Viktor, Kravets Vasyl, Tkachenko Oleksii

Production Engineering Archives

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2022

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Vol. 28, Iss. 4

295--299

EN

Rainwater management is one of the important problems of cities. At very strong downpours, storm sewer systems may not capture the rainwater, which floods pavements and roadways. The water flushes fuel and oil traces after vehicles, fallen debris, and other pollutants, which will be moved to the ground, ponds, rivers, seas, etc. In past, the problems were solved using engineering approaches – a set of rainwater receivers, a duct network, and at best, wastewater treatment plants. Now, the sponge city concept is a better solution that uses a biotechnological way for throttling water flows, drainage, and purifying them. The work aims to improve the design of roads to fully absorb rainwater from them with maximum convenience for road users. We propose a design of roads using special “green structures” – rain-garden bands along the sides of roadways. We tested its ability of water capturing on the example of Kyiv city by matching the ability with the strongest precipitation observed. In addition, the proposed plants can extinguish the energy of bouncing cars during road accidents for the protection of pavements.

7

Investigating the causes of stope instability at Golden Valley Mine

Sabao Ashley Ruvimbo, Munemo Prosper, Kolapo Peter

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2022

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Vol. 21, iss. 2

128--140

EN

The study is based on mining operations that are concentrated in a ground exposed to flooding with varying stope dimensions. Stope stability was assessed in the four stopes, which resembled the mine’s different ground conditions using the stability graph complemented by the equivalent linear over break slough (ELOS) stability approach. The stability graph showed that the stopes in rock masses exposed to flooding fell in the potentially unstable and caving zones whereas the ones that were not affected by flooding fell in the stable zones. The ELOS approach showed that mining the previously flooded rock masses resulted in high over-breaks in the stopes despite them having smaller hydraulic radii. Therefore, it was deduced that although stope extension plays a part in the over-breaks experienced in different stopes, it is not the main cause of the overall stope instability. The results confirm the supposition that over-break is largely controlled by pore pressure than it is by blast induced stresses. Continuous implementation of the old support systems was no longer compatible with the state of the ground conditions. Hence, the mine should implement 6 × 8 m pillars, which have an acceptable factor of safety against failure.

8

Flood Frequency Analysis and Hydraulic Design of Bridge at Mashan on River Kunhar

Riaz Khuram, Aslam Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad, Yaseen Muhammad Waseem, Ahmad Hafiz Haseeb, Khoshkonesh Alireza, Noshin Sadaf

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2022

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Vol. 69, nr 1

1--12

EN

Kunhar River hydrology and hydraulic design of a bridge on this river are being studied using HEC-Geo-RAS and Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The river flows in the northern part of Pakistan and is 170 km long. On both sides of the river, there are residential settlements. The river hydraulics is studied by using 30-metre remotely sensed shuttle radar topographic mission - digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) and Arc Map. 32 cross-sections are imported from Geographic Information System (GIS) to HEC-RAS. On historical peak flow results, the extreme value frequency distribution is applied, and a flood is determined for a 100-year return period, with a discharge estimated as 2223 cubic metres. Three steady flow profiles are adopted for HEC-RAS, the first is for the maximum historical peak data, the second is for the 100-year return period, and the third profile is for the latter 100-year period with a safety factor of 1.28. With remote sensing-based assessments, the proposed location for a bridge is determined and then verified with a field survey which was physically conducted. The maximum water height estimated in the river is about 4.26 m. This bridge will facilitate about 50 thousand population of Masahan and its surroundings. It will create a shortest link between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir and thus will enhance tourism and trade activities.

9

Analysis of extreme rainfall trend and mapping of the Wadi pluvial food in the Gaza coastal plain of Palestine

Al-Najjar Hassan, Purnama Anton, Özkan Korhan, Abualtayef Mazen

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 5

2135--2147

EN

In the eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East and North Africa, pluvial flooding has become a common and severe climate change consequence event that requires immediate attention. The Wadi-Gaza basin is a critical source of surface water in Palestine; nevertheless, climate change and anthropogenic processes are altering the basin’s hydrological features, resulting in a series of extreme and disastrous flooding events in the coastal plain at the basin downstream. The Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and the IPTA method that was used to analyze historical rainfall in the basin from 1979 to 2013 refer to a declining trend pattern, which reduces the surge of runoff discharge. Moreover, the future projection for the total monthly rainfall under the ensemble model of CIMP5 for the RCP scenarios of 2.60, 4.50, and 8.50 demonstrate a general decreasing trend in the rainfall with a variation ranging between about − 36 and − 53%. The frequency analysis for the maximum daily rainfall using different computing approaches shows that the theoretical maximum rainfall values for the assessment of flooding events were assigned to 22, 31, 35, 45 52, 59, 66, and 77 mm for the whole basin for the return periods (T) of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively. The land cover–land use of the basin shows that 51% is barren land while the other portion is divided between urban (~16%), agricultural (~ 13%), and natural (~ 20%) lands. However, the type of soil that covers the basin is classified mainly as clay, loam, and sandy clay. According to the hydraulic analysis of downstream flooding, the volume of surge water that might reach the coastal plain in the event of water storms of 22 and 77 mm is around 6 and 118 million cubic meters, respectively. The area at risk of inundation due to foods in the Wadi-Gaza is between 3 and 17 km2 , covering around 5–29 percent of the Gaza Strip’s middle governorate area, respectively.

10

Problematyka podtapiania budynków wodami podziemnymi na przykładzie miasta Zielona Góra

Dankowski Marek

Przegląd Budowlany

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2021

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R. 92, nr 9

36--39

PL

W artykule jest opisany przypadek i przyczyny zalania budynków Starówki Zielonej Góry z powodu pływów hydrogeologicznych. Zaprezentowano także techniczne problemy związane z remontem tych budynków.

EN

In this paper described an accident and causes of underflood of house in region of Old Town of Zielona Góra city as an effect of hydrogeological floods. The article presents the technical problems with recon ditions of this buildings.

11

Badania jezior poeksploatacyjnych po wydobyciu węgla brunatnego – projekt RAFF

Bajcar Adam, Szczepiński Jacek, Rogosz Barbara

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2021

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R. 62, nr 1

23--28

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane jeziora poeksploatacyjne stanowiące obiekty badań w ramach realizowanego przez „Poltegor-Instytut” projektu RAFF „Ocena zagrożeń w zbiornikach końcowych kopalń odkrywkowych podczas wypełniania ich wodą”, finansowanego ze środków Funduszu Badawczego Węgla i Stali oraz Ministerstwa Edukacji i Nauki. Omówione zostały także wstępne wyniki pomiarów batymetrycznych realizowanych w projekcie.

EN

The paper characterizes the natural fuel, which is brown coal, taking into account its structure and properties as well as the assessment of its usability in the processes of decomposition of this material. The process of gasification of lignite from the „Sieniawa” mine in a fixed bed reactor was carried out. The paper presents conversion of brown coal organic matter into synthesis gas of significant calorific value. The influence of the gasifying agent, temperature and pressure on the composition of the obtained gases was taken into account.

12

Analysis of Carrying Capacity and Water Pollution in the Simporo Strait Area After a Flash Flood

Walukow Auldry F., Sukarta I Nyoman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

120--128

EN

The Simporo Strait is located in the Hendo River Basin. The erosion rate in the Hendo river basin is 12,434,881 m3/year, causing sediment discharge in the Hendo river by 0.00039 m3/year. The high rate of erosion and sediment discharge in the watershed resulted in siltation in the Simporo Strait. In addition to the silting problems, in the Simporo Strait there has also been pollution of the TSS, BOD and COD parameters. This research was conducted in the Simporo Strait with the aim of analyzing the carrying capacity of the Simporo Strait waters for drinking water, recreation, freshwater fish farming, animal husbandry, and water for irrigating crops. The research method uses the water carrying capacity analysis based on water pollution index. The results of the study concluded that the waters in the Simporo Strait have been polluted by TSS, BOD, COD and PO4, so they are not suitable for use as a source of drinking water (Class I) and for the purpose of recreation / tourism (Class II). The carrying capacity of the waters in the Simporo Strait does not support being used as a source of drinking water and a place for infrastructure / recreation facilities because it has been lightly polluted. The carrying capacity of the waters in the Simporo Strait still supports their use as a place for raising freshwater fish, livestock, and water to irrigate crops, because the results of the analysis obtained status meet the quality standards (good condition).

13

Katastrofalne powodzie w Krakowie w latach 1813-2010 i ich cyrkulacyjne uwarunkowania

Bryś Henryk, Cebulska Marta

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2019

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R. 91, nr 9

10--13

PL

W pracy przedstawiono syntetyczny opis katastrofalnych powodzi, które w latach 1813-2010 wystąpiły na obszarze Krakowa. Opisu dokonano, uwzględniając ogólnie dostępne materiały. Na ich podstawie wskazano intensywne opady występujące na obszarze powyżej Krakowa jako najczęstszą przyczynę wystąpienia powodzi. Najwyższe opady atmosferyczne wystąpiły w typach cyrkulacji cyklonalnej zwłaszcza północnej (Nc), zachodniej (Wc) oraz w bruździe cyklonalnej (Bc). Najczęściej powodzie te wystąpiły w miesiącach letnich tj. w czerwcu, lipcu oraz w sierpniu, ale na przestrzeni wielu lat miały również miejsce w miesiącach pory chłodnej. Nie tylko swym zasięgiem objęły Kraków, ale były to powodzie o zasięgu regionalnym. Najwyższy stan wody rzeki Wisły w Krakowie w XIX wieku wystąpił podczas lipcowego wezbrania w 1813 roku i wyniósł 995 cm, natomiast w XX wieku najwyższy stan wody obserwowany na wodowskazie w Krakowie, który został zlikwidowany w 1965 roku, wyniósł 952 cm.

EN

The paper presents a synthetics description of the catastrophics floods that occured in 1813-2010 in the area of Cracow. The discription was made based on generally available information. Based on that, intensive rainfalls occurring in the areas above Cracow, has been identified as the most common cause of he floods in Cracow. The highest precipitation occurred in cyklonal circulation types, especially northern (Nc), western (Wc) and through of low pressure (Bc). Most often these floods occurred in the summer months, i.e. in June, July and in August. However, over the years occurred in the months of cool season as well. Floods occurred not only in the city of Cracow, but in the region as well. The highest water level of the Vistula River in Cracow in the 19th century was observed during July surge in 1813 and reached 995 cm, while in the 20th century the highest water level of 952 cm was observed on the water gauge in Cracow. This water gauge was removed in 1965.

14

Evaluation of evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of storm water drainage network for an urbanized area

Kumar Satish, Kaushal D. R., Gosain A. K.

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 1

149--165

EN

The studies pertaining to urban storm water drainage system have picked up importance lately in light of pluvial flooding. The flooding is mostly due to urban expansion, reduction in infiltration rate and environmental change. In order to minimize flooding, hydrologists are using conceptual rainfall–runoff models as a tool for predicting surface runoff and flood forecasting. Manual calibration is often a tedious process because of the involved subjectivity, which makes the automatic approach more preferable. In this study, three evolutionary algorithms (EAs), namely SFLA, GA and PSO, were used to calibrate SWMM parameters for the two study areas of the highly urbanized catchments of Delhi, India. The work incorporates auto-tuning of a widely used SWMM, via internal coupling of SWMM with all three EAs in MATLAB environment separately. Results were tested using statistical parameters, i.e., Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Percent Bias (PBIAS) and root-mean-square error–observations standard deviation ratio (RSR). GA results were in good agreement with the observed data in both the study area with NSE and PBIAS values lying between 0.60 and 0.91, and 1.29 and 7.41%, respectively. Also, RSR value was near zero, indicating reasonably good model performance. Subsequently, the model reasonably predicted the flooding hotspots that should be controlled to prevent any possible inundation of the surrounding areas. SFLA results were also promising, but better than PSO. Thus, the approach has demonstrated the potential use and combination of single-objective optimization algorithms and hydrodynamic models for assessing the risk in urban storm water drainage systems, providing valuable information for decision-makers.

15

Oddziaływanie wody – przypadki nietypowe

Kaliszuk-Wietecka A.

Materiały Budowlane

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2018

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nr 5

61--63

PL

Projektując obiekty budowlane, zdajemy sobie sprawę z typowego oddziaływania wilgoci na elementy budowlane i pamiętamy o konieczności zaprojektowania i wykonania zabezpieczeń wodochronnych (np.: dachów, garaży, tarasów). Zdarzają się jednak również sytuacje nietypowe, w których oddziaływanie wody – jego zasięg i konsekwencje – nie zawsze jest łatwe do przewidzenia. Konieczne jest wtedy umiejętne znalezienie źródła zawilgocenia i wyeliminowanie go, aby proces wysychania mógł przebiegać bez zakłóceń i aby wykonane naprawy przyniosły zadowalające skutki.

EN

Designing buildings, you are aware of the typical impact of moisture on building elements and remember about the necessity to design and make waterproof protection (for ex.: roofs, garages, tarraces). However, there are also unusual situations of the impact of water – its range and consequences are not always easy to predict. In that case it is necessary to expert find the source of moisture and eliminate it. So that the drying process can proceed uninterrupted and that the repairs can produced satisfactory results.

16

Risk analysis of external hydrological hazards with flooding potential for a German nuclear reference site

Röwekamp M., Gänssmantel G., Peschke J., Strack C., Utschick M.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2018

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Vol. 9, No. 3

65--74

EN

Probabilistic Safety Analyses (PSA) are a supplementary analytical tool used worldwide more and more in order to quantitatively assess the effect of hazards on the overall result regarding the safety of industrial installations, in particular nuclear power plants. In that way PSA provides a reliable basis for decisions on the necessity and the benefits of safety improvements. In the recent past, the existing methods and tools with respect to determining the site-specific risk of nuclear power plants have been comprehensively extended and further enhanced. The focus of extending the existing PSA methods was on external hydrological hazards with flooding potential. For systematically considering hydrological hazards within PSA a systematic approach has been developed. The paper demonstrates the extended approach in the example of a nuclear power plant site with different flooding risks.

17

An analysis of short duration high-intensity rainfall events in Cracow area

Jarosińska E.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

575--588

EN

The study involves a preliminary analysis of short-duration high-intensity rainfall events in the area of Cracow. The events were selected from a 2-year data record from the MPWiK (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji [Municipal Water and Sewage Company]) in Cracow. A spatial analysis was carried out by comparing rainfall events with highest single totals which occurred at the same time at all observed precipitation stations. Extracted were nine cases from the data record of 2013 and ten from the data record of 2014. Each of the analysed events was classified according to the Chomicz scale for rainfall intensity in order to distinguish maximum rainfalls, in particular of the following types: heavy rainfalls, rainstorms and torrential rains. Additionally, observed were cases of the most unfavourable rainfall events, i.e. ones with the highest totals in the observed year. In both 2013 and 2014, certain areas in Cracow were observed to be characterised by a pattern of repeating rainfall types. Also, a change in the rainfall category was observed from lower into higher and reverse in certain areas represented by the same gauging stations. At the stations located in varying distances within one urban area of Cracow, the intensity of rainfall varied from rainstorm A1 to torrential rain B1.

18

Analysis of the Usefulness of the Mobile Evacuation Floating Platform in rescue operations

Wolny P., Tuśnio N., Kidawski A., Włodarczyk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2017

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Nr 63 (tom 3)

74--90

EN

Flat-bottomed propeller boats are vessels which have been well-known for more than a hundred years. However, in Poland they are less popular and are used only for recreational purposes. The project implemented by a consortium of Polish research centers and companies within the limits of the competition for the Applied Research Program (financed by The National Centre for Research and Development, NCBR) led to the creation of the first dedicated rescue unit in Poland. The Main School of Fire Service (SGSP) together with the Automotive Industry Institute (PIMOT) carried out practical tests on both: flowing water (the Narew river) and standing water (the Zegrze Lake).

PL

Płaskodenne łodzie z napędem śmigłowym są jednostkami pływającymi znanymi od ponad stu lat. W Polsce jednak są mało popularne i jeżeli są wykorzystywane, to jedynie w celach rekreacyjnych. Projekt zrealizowany przez konsorcjum polskich ośrodków naukowo-badawczych oraz firm w ramach konkursu Programu Badań Stosowanych doprowadził do powstania pierwszej w Polsce tego typu jednostki dedykowanej dla służb ratowniczych. Szkoła Głowna Służby Pożarniczej (SGSP) wraz z Przemysłowym Instytutem Motoryzacji (PIMOT) przeprowadziła testy praktyczne zarówno na wodach płynących (rzeka Narew), jak i stojących (Zalew Zegrzyński).

19

Analiza spływu powierzchniowego i lokalnych podtopień na skutek deszczy nawalnych w Poznaniu na podstawie modelu Cloudburst

Jawgiel K.

Technologia Wody

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2017

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Nr 4 (54)

34--37

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie powodzi błyskawicznych i podtopień wywołanych intensywnymi opadami deszczu w Poznaniu. Problem ten nasilił się; w ostatnich latach na skutek postępujących zmian klimatu oraz intensyfikacji zabudowy. Celem opracowania było znalezienie obszarów zagrożonych wystąpieniem podtopienia przy założeniu opadu o konkretnej wysokości. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone dla opadów charakterystycznych o prawdopodobieństwie wystąpienia raz na 10, 20, i 100 lat.. W pracy posłużono się modelem Cloudburst stosowanym przez Duński Instytut Meteorologiczny, który uwzględnia także rzeźbię i cechy fizjograficzne zlewni. Wykorzystane dane przestrzenne stanowiły materiały o najwyższej dostępnej rozdzielczości czyli bazy danych BDOT (Baza Danych Obiektów Topograficznych) i ISOK (Informatyczny System Osłon; Kraju). Wynikiem opracowania są trzy mapy z wyznaczonymi strefami zalewu, uzależnionymi od wysokości opadu modelowego.

EN

The paper presents the problem of flash floods caused by heavy rains in Poznan. This problem has intensified in recent years as a result of climate change intensification and increase sealed areas. The purpose of the study was to find areas at risk of flooding on the assumption of precipitation of a various height. The study was conducted for precipitation with a probability of occurring once in 10, 20 and 100 years. The work was based on the Cloudburst model used by the Danish Meteorological Institute, which also includes the physiographic characteristics of the catchment area. The spatial data used was the highest available resolution for Poznań BDOT and ISOK. The result of the study are 3maps with designated flood zones, depending on precipitation.

20

Brief history of the Hoover Dam and its functions

Świtalska A.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2017

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nr 30

317--328

EN

The article present the research regarding brief history of Hoover Dam, from the project to the realization. Shows reasons for this investment. Attention has been paid to the various functions of the dam. These include, but are not limited to: flood control, irrigation, power supply.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące zarysu historii powstania zapory Hoovera, od projektu po realizację. Przedstawia powody, dla których została podjęta tak olbrzymia inwestycja. Zwrócona została uwaga na różne funkcje, jakie obecnie pełni zapora. Należą do nich między innymi: kontrola powodzi, nawadnianie terenów, dostarczanie energii elektrycznej.