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Przyrodnicze i kulturowe uwarunkowania krajobrazów winiarskich wyspy Pico (Azory)

Makowski Jerzy, Miętkiewska-Brynda Joanna

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2020

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nr 44 (2)

163--190

PL

Krajobrazy winiarskie wyspy Pico* swoją unikatowością kuszą i przyciągają, w równiej mierze badaczy i turystów. Wśród europejskich krajobrazów z winnicami nie sposób znaleźć podobnych. Również w dostępnej literaturze, w folderach turystycznych, różnych źródłach internetowych niewiele jest wzmianek o krajobrazach winiarskich choćby zbliżonych fizjonomią, podobnie wykształconych, jak te z azorskiej wyspy Pico. Walor ich unikatowości, historia i miejsce w kulturze regionu były podstawą uznania przez UNESCO za dziedzictwo kulturowe ludzkości, co być może zapewnia im ochronę i przetrwanie dzięki zainteresowaniu turystów. Przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania i celem autorów artykułu było poznanie przyrodniczych i kulturowych uwarunkowań uprawy winorośli na wyspie Pico oraz powstania tam unikatowych krajobrazów winiarskich. Analizie tych uwarunkowań poświęcono zasadniczą część pracy. Krótki pobyt na Pico umożliwił przeprowadzenie jedynie prostych obserwacji terenowych oraz ograniczonej liczby nieustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z pracownikami miejscowych instytucji kulturalnych i mieszkańcami wyspy. Koniecznym uzupełnieniem informacji zebranych w terenie były kameralne studia literatury przedmiotu oraz konsultacje z innymi badaczami już po opuszczeniu wyspy Pico.

EN

The unique wine-growing landscapes of the island of Pico* in the Azores tempt and attract researchers and tourists in equal measure. Among Europe’s wine-growing landscapes it is impossible to find similar ones. Moreover, in the available literature, tourist brochures and various internet sources there are few mentions of vineyard landscapes that even vaguely resemble those of the Azorean island of Pico in physiognomy. Their uniqueness, history and place in the culture of the region were the basis for their being recognised by UNESCO for a place on the Cultural Heritage of Humanity list, which perhaps ensures their protection and survival thanks to the interest of tourists. The subject of particular interest to the authors and their aim in writing the article was to get to know the natural and cultural conditions of grape cultivation on Pico Island and how the unique wine-growing landscapes there are formed. The main body of the paper is devoted to an analysis of these conditions. Our short stay on Pico only allowed for simple field observations and a limited number of unstructured interviews with staff from local cultural institutions and islanders. Information gathered in the field was complemented by in-depth studies of the subject literature and consultations with other scholars after leaving Pico Island.

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Geological framework of the Volhyn copper fields with a review of the Volhyn Flood Basalt Province (western margin of the East-European Craton)

Emetz A., Piestrzyński A., Zagnitko V.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2004

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Vol. 74, No 3

257--265

EN

Geological structure of the Volhyn Flood Basalt Province has been described. Hydrothermally altered and partly eroded Vendian lava flows and intraflow pyroclastics occur upon an area of about 350,000 km2 in Belarus, Poland, the Ukraine, and Moldova. They host important native Cu mineralization. The Vendian volcanism developed during four volcanic phases, producing lava and pyroclastics within the Tornquist rift system along the Teisseyre-Tornquist margin. During the last two phases, the Vendian rift was tectonically parted with crust melting. The major volcanic activity occurred in the part superimposed on the deepest part of the older Late Riphean mid-Baltica rift system, which developed across the Tornquist rift. The rifting finished with opening of the Tornquist Ocean. Actually, the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and (or) Cainozoic beds cover the trappean volcanic plateau. The Ratne and Rafalovka-Berestovets copper fields are situated in the central part of the Lukow-Ratne swell and along western border of the Ukrainian Shield, respectively. The ore-bearing basalts were partly eroded since the Devonian until the Late Cretaceous.

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Neoproterozoic flood basalts of the upper beds of the Volhynian Series (East European Craton)

Białowolska A., Bakun-Czubarow N., Fedoryshyn Y.

Geological Quarterly

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2002

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Vol. 46, No 1

37-58

EN

The effusive rocks of the Ratno Beds of the Volhynian Series known from the western slope of the Ukrainian Shield are represented by lower Vendian flood basalts whose normative composition is that of quartz tholeiites. These are plagioclase-pyroxene basalts displaying intergranular, intersertal, doleritic, ophitic and amygdaloidal textures; they range from aphanitic to medium-grained and contain about 7 vol. % of palagonite - an altered glass with a high iron and considerable magnesium content. The range in composition of plagioclases (andesine-bytownite) and clinopyroxenes (augite-ferropigeonite) suggests that the Ratno Beds basalts formed by fractional crystallisation of a parent magma. Residual magma underwent liquation, producing a separate acid glass (69-73 wt. % of SiO2) phase within a basic one considerably poorer in SiO2 but rich in iron and magnesium. The Ratno Beds basalts are relatively rich in silica, iron, titanium and vanadium as well as in REE and LREE in particular but poor in Ni, Co and Cr. Normative composition, geochemical characteristics and tectonic position suggest classification as continental quartz tholeiites. Hydrothermal solutions are responsible for rich native copper mineralisation in basalts of certain parts of Volhynia (Ivance and Policy). The Vendian volcanism of the Volhynian Series lithologically correlated with the Sławatycze Series of eastern Poland, can be related to continental rifting accompanying the breakup of Rodinia, with crustal fractures mainly running concordantly with the suture zone between Fennoscandia and Sarmatia, thus almost perpendicular to the Tornquist rift; other fracture trends may also have controlled Vendian volcanism.

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Neoproterozoic flood basalts of Zabolottya and Babino Beds of the volcanogenic Volhynian Series and Polesie Series dolerites in the western margin of the East European Craton

Bakun-Czubarow N., Białowolska A., Fedorysin J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 4

481-496

EN

In the Volhynia region, on the western slope of the Ukrainian Shield, occurs a large complex of Lower Neoproterozoic III (Lower Vendian) effusive-tuffogenic rocks, referred to the Volhynian Series. This series belongs to a large province of flood basalts extending over an area of ca 140 000 km^2 in the western part of the East European Craton. The series is underlain by the terrigenous rocks of the Polesie Series, with volcanic ashes and dolerites in its upper part. The effusive-tuffogenic rocks of both series, together with hypabyssal dolerites, represent the Volhynian Trap Formation. Within the lower - Zabollotya and Babino Beds of the Volhynian Series there have been found alkali basalts and olivine tholeiites, whereas the basalts of the upper, Ratno Beds are quartz tholeiites exclusively. All the basalts are mainly within plate continental basalts. The diversity of basalt composition within the Volhynian Series suggests that in the Early Vendian, during the process of formation of parent magmas for basalts of particular beds, the mantle material beneath Volhynia has been melted to various degrees. Distinct variability can also be observed in basaltic pyroxene composition (particularly in the Babino and Ratno Beds) as well as in variations of REE distribution patterns in the studied basalts. Most likely, the strongly differentiatedpyroxenes were not in a state of equilibrium with the magma. The native copper mineralization of basalts from the Ratno, Babino and Zabolottya Beds is described. Higher concentration of Au and Ag in the rocks with a high content of copper supports the hypothesis that the mineralizing hydrothermal solutions originated in a common igneous source. The Vendian magmatic activity in the study area was associated with the last stages of breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent.