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1

Morphological characteristics of intrinsic foot muscles among flat foot and normal foot using ultrasonography

Sakamoto Kodai, Kudo Shintarou

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

161--166

EN

The purpose of this study was to compare the morphology of the intrinsic foot muscle between typical foot and flat foot with the use ultrasound. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy participants were recruited in this study. Foot types were classified using the Foot posture index 6-item version. A total of 43 flat feet and 31 typical feet were examined. Using B-mode ultrasound imaging, the morphology of the abductor hallucis, oblique head of adductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digitorum brevis muscles were measured. Morphology of all muscles measured was normalized by body height. The independent Student’s t-test was used to examine the differences in the thickness and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the intrinsic foot muscle among the two groups. Results: The thickness of abductor hallucis was significantly larger in flat foot group. The thickness and CSA of abductor digiti minimi and the thickness of oblique head of adductor hallucis were significantly smaller in flat foot group. Conclusions: Our results showed hypertrophied adductor hallucis, atrophied abductor digiti minimi, and atrophied oblique head of the adductor hallucis in individuals with flat feet, suggesting a possible tendency to hypertrophy in muscles that are located in a medial position and a possible tendency to atrophy in muscles that are located in a lateral position in flat feet.

2

Medial longitudinal arch biomechanics evaluation during gait in subjects with flexible flatfoot

Prachgosin T., Chong D. Y. R., Leelasamran W., Smithmaitrie P., Chatpun S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 4

121--130

EN

Purpose: Medial longitudinal arch (MLA) strengthening has been considered an important part of successful flatfoot treatment. But, to date, the biomechanical loading behavior of the medial arch in flatfoot has not been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the MLA moment, MLA deformation angle, foot kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRF) in both normal foot and flatfoot groups. Methods: Each participant’s foot was classified according to arch type using foot prints and radiographs. Twenty-eight non-obese adults (13 flatfeet and 15 normal feet) were involved. The biomechanics data were collected in a 3D motion analysis laboratory. The MLA biomechanics were calculated. Hindfoot and forefoot kinematics were also analyzed. Results: The flatfoot group had a significantly greater peak eversion MLA moment ( p = 0.005) and a smaller peak MLA deformation angle ( p < 0.05) during specific subphases. The peak of hindfoot plantarflexion ( p < 0.05) and internal rotation ( p < 0.05) and the peak of forefoot abduction ( p < 0.05) in the specific subphases were greater in the flatfoot group. The flatfoot group also had significantly smaller peak vertical GRF ( p < 0.05) during late stance and larger peak medial GRF ( p < 0.05) during mid stance. Conclusions: This study found a significantly greater eversion deforming force acting at the MLA structure, greater hindfoot and forefoot motion, less MLA flexibility and abnormal GRF in a flatfoot group during walking, which reflected the deficit of foot function in a flatfoot group.

3

Kinematic gait analysis in children with valgus deformity of the hindfoot

Svoboda Z., Honzikova L., Jaroszczuk S., Vidal T., Martinaskova E.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 3

89--93

EN

Deformities of the feet in children can influence not only optimal foot development but also the development of other body segments. The aim of the study was to compare the hip and pelvis kinematics in groups of children with and without valgus deformity of the hindfoot. Three groups of children participated in the study: bilateral hindfoot valgosity (11 children, age 5.4±1.4 years), unilateral hindfoot valgosity (14 children, age 5.6±1.6 years) and the control group (8 children). Hindfoot valgus was measured clinically during standing. Hindfoot valgosity was considered in the range of 6 to 20 degrees. Kinematic data from five trials for each child was obtained using the Vicon MX system (six infrared cameras, frequency 200 Hz, Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK). The results of our study showed significantly higher pelvic anteversion during the whole gait cycle for both unilateral and bilateral hindfoot valgosity children and significantly higher hip external rotation during the first half of the stance phase in bilateral deformity. The differences in the hip and pelvis kinematics, when compared to the control group, are higher for the group with bilateral deformity than in the group with unilateral deformity.

4

The effect of foot orthotics on arch height: prediction of arch height correction in flat-foot children

Pauk J., Ezerskiy V.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 31, no. 1

51-62

EN

Prognosis of the arch height correction could provide valuable information in prescribing appropriate treatment to reduce the consequences of flat-foot. The goal of this study was twofold. First we explored effect of foot orthotics wedging on the gait pattern of flat-footed children population. Then a simple model to predict arch height correction using six variables was proposed. Measured parameters included the arch height, X-ray measurement, and ground reaction force (GRF). The suggested model allows predicting of the arch height correction. The results show that foot orthotics has small, but a positive impact on the arch height correction.

5

Automatic plantography footprint database searching method

Kocjan K., Kotarski W.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2005

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Vol. 9

209--213

EN

In this note we present a very simple database searching method for footprints of the desired flatfoot abnormality. The method is based on the new shape-measure introduced in [7]. The used measure describes flatfoot abnormalities very well, do not use reference points determined manually, so is it easily implemented for fully automatic footprints comparison task. Experiments carried out on a number of plantograms, with the help of the software prepared by the first author, approved good searching results of the described method.

6

An automatic footshape plantograms analysis based on a new shape-measure

Kocjan K., Kotarski W.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2004

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Vol. 8

II15--20

EN

In this note we present a method for recognition of flatfoot abnormality with the help of some new shape-measure describing numerically this abnormality efficient enough. The proposed measure can be easily implemented and used for automatic flatfoot level diagnosis. Experiments carried out on a number of the plantograms, analysed using the computer programme prepared by first of the authors, proved the usefulness of this new approach.