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1

The effect of adding effective microorganism and silver compounds to flash point of engine oil

Krakowski Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

97--104

EN

The article presents the effect of the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition on the flash point of new and used oil. The work describes environmentally friendly additives to engine oil. Next the ignition point of the engine oil were described. In the further part, the research stand and methodology were presented. In the main part of the article the flash point values for new and used oil compared to oils with the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition were shown. New and used oil samples were mixed with effective microorganisms in the form of a liquid (2.5 ml and 5 ml) and ceramic tubes (3 pcs and 6 pcs). In addition, silver solution and silver compounds were mixed in the same amounts as the liquid effective microorganisms. In summary it was stated, that adding of the effective microorganisms to the fresh oil in liquid form causes the flash point to drop significantly. It follows that effective microorganisms in liquid form have a very negative effect on the properties of the oil. In the case of microorganisms in the form of ceramic tubes, which in this larger amount slightly increase this point compared to oil without additives. Regardless of the type of silver and its quantity, very low flash point values were obtained. For used oil the best results are obtained with the addition of microorganisms in liquid form. For the used oil the addition of silver compounds does not have the beneficial effect of restoring the original properties.

2

The full or partial replacement of commercial marine engine oil with bio oil, on the example of linseed oil

Malinowska Małgorzata

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 3

129--135

EN

The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil). The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index. According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection

3

Temperatura zapłonu a punkty wybuchowości : studium podobieństwa wybranych parametrów wybuchowości substancji niebezpiecznych

Grabarczyk Marcin, Bogdan Katarzyna

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2019

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nr 3

15-19

PL

W artykule zawarto rozważania na temat różnic i podobieństw dwóch parametrów wybuchowości, tj. temperatury zapłonu i punktów wybuchowości. Wykonano przegląd literatury, omówiono wyniki badań o charakterze eksperymentalnym i modelowym nad punktami wybuchowości, zwanymi także temperaturowymi granicami wybuchowości. Badania przeprowadzono zgodnie z normą. PN-EN 15794, która odnosi się do oznaczania parametrów wybuchowości par cieczy palnych. Publikacja zawiera także spostrzeżenia autorów dotyczące prowadzenia tych badań, a także studium użyteczności metod szacowania wymienionych parametrów. Uzyskane wyniki mogą zostać wykorzystane do poprawy bezpieczeństwa procesów technologicznych, które obejmują ciecze palne.

EN

The article discusses the similarities and differences between two explosiveness parameters, i.e. flash point and explosion point Literature overview, experimental measurements and computational studies were performed on the explosion point parameter, which is also called temperature flammability limits. Research was conducted in accordance with the PN-EN 15794 standard, which specifically refers to determining the explosion point parameter of flammable liquids. The article also contains the authors' insight on the measurements methodology, as well as accuracy validation of various estimation methods. The obtained results can be used for explosion protection of technological processes which involve flammable liquids.

4

The full or partial replacement of mineral marine engine oil with vegetable oil, on the example of rapeseed oil

Malinowska M.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

247--253

EN

The demand for petroleum products is increasing day by day, but mentioned products have limited sources and they are hazardous for environment. Therefore international organizations for example: International Maritime Organization, start to make restrictive requirements application petroleum products for safety environmental, what is the main reason of the use of the alternative liquids. One of the most popular environmental friendly, renewable and less toxic oils is vegetable oils. They can used as fuels and lubricants. The vegetable oils are mainly triglycerides, which contain three hydroxyl groups and long chain unsaturated free fatty acids attached at the hydroxyl group by ester linkages. They have good properties of lubricity, viscosity and thermal. In this article focused only on lubricants. Among a wide group of vegetable oils chosen rapeseed oil. Rapeseed is the most important and most efficient oilseed crop in Europe and it is the most common basestocks for vegetablebased lubricants. It conducted research into pure rapeseed oil and its different quantity additives to traditional marine motor oil – Marinol RG 1240. The two basic physic-chemical parameters, they were flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature, were compare and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a higher ignition temperature than mineral oils and a smaller viscosity change in the range of temperature presented.

5

Badanie temperatury zapłonu cieczy elektroizolacyjnych narażonych na oddziaływanie wyładowań niezupełnych

Dombek G., Gielniak J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2016

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R. 92, nr 10

96--99

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ gazów palnych, generowanych w cieczach elektroizolacyjnych na skutek wyładowań niezupełnych, na temperaturę zapłonu par tych cieczy. Analizowano trzy najczęściej stosowane obecnie ciecze izolacyjne: olej mineralny oraz estry naturalny i syntetyczny. Zbadano wpływ zawilgocenia cieczy na intensywność generacji gazów palnych w badanych cieczach.

EN

The article presents the influence of combustible gases, generated in the insulating liquids due to partial discharges, on flash point of liquids. Three most currently used insulating liquids such as mineral oil, synthetic ester and natural ester were analyzed. The impact of moisture content in liquids on the intensity of generation of combustible gases in the test liquids was investigated.

6

Wpływ czasu użytkowania na temperaturę zapłonu wybranych olejów spożywczych

Łukaszczuk P., Olszewska D.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2016

|

T. 4

247--257

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wpływ czasu smażenia na temperaturę zapłonu wybranych tłuszczów spożywczych. Temperatura zapłonu cieczy palnej jest istotnym kryterium w ocenie zagrożeń pożarowych. W przemyśle spożywczym stosowane są tłuszcze pochodzenia roślinnego oraz zwierzęcego, które uznane są za ciecze palne. Temperatura, w której oleje spożywcze wydzielają ilość par wystarczającą do zapłonu waha się w granicach 270–330°C w zależności od rodzaju oleju i zastosowanej metody badawczej. Długotrwałe ogrzewanie może prowadzić do degradacji cząsteczek tłuszczów, co w konsekwencji obniża temperaturę zapłonu. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ 40-godzinnego smażenia frytek na właściwości pożarowe olejów spożywczych. Zbadano temperaturę zapłonu najczęściej stosowanych olejów spożywczych: rzepakowego, ryżowego i słonecznikowego. Badania wykazały spadek temperatury zapłonu o około 19°C w przypadku badania za pomocą tygla otwartego i prawie 26°C dla badania przy pomocy tygla zamkniętego. Zaobserwowano zwiększającą się emisję substancji drażniących (takich jak akroleina) w miarę upływu czasu ogrzewania. Zmiany fizykochemiczne wywołane obróbką cieplną tłuszczów pociągają za sobą zwiększoną emisję substancji lotnych, w tym trujących, oraz zauważalną zmianę barwy, która może być wykorzystana do oceny przydatności tłuszczu.

EN

The article presents the influence of the frying time on flash point of selected fats. Flash point of flammable liquid is an important criterion in the evaluation of fire hazards. Vegetable and animal fats which are considered flammable liquids are used in the food industry. The temperature at which cooking oil emit the amount of vapor sufficient for ignition varies within the range of 270–330°C depending on the type of oil and the test method used. Prolonged heating leads to degradation of the fat molecules and in consequence reduces the temperature of ignition. This work presents the influence of 40-hours of frying on the flash point of cooking oils. The flash point of commonly used edible oils: canola, rice and sunflower was examined . Studies have shown about 19°C decrease of the ignition temperature using a open-cup and about 26°C for a closed-cup. A significant increase in the concentrations of irritants (such as acrolein) has been observed over time of heating. Thermal treatment of fat involve increased emission of toxic volatile substances, and noticeable color change, which can be used to assess the suitability of fat.

7

Assessment of the degree of deterioration of trunk piston engine oil used in the engine 6AL20/24

Malinowska M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

319--326

EN

The problem of engine oils and lubrication systems of marine diesel engines is an important issue in operation of engines. When considering the problems of exploitation of machines and devices, the lubricating oils are treated as one of the part of engine design, which should perform the functions: control friction between load-bearing surfaces, limit the temperature by carrying away heat from fluid fraction and fuel combustion, reduce corrosion etc. – general protect engine parts. The knowledge of the properties lubricating oils allows for proper selection them for the engine and correct use. During operation, the oil subjects' irreversible process of oil deterioration and it cannot properly fulfil their functions. Therefore important are frequent periodic checks of oil, it means monitoring. The state of the lubricating oil can be characterized by parameters such as viscosity, total base number, acid value, lubricating ability, flash point etc. Changes on these parameters of engine oil during exploitation, cause problems in fulfilling the primary functions of the oil. The target of the paper was the analysis and estimate of properties of trunk piston engine oil – Marinol RG 1240 after various times overwork on the sailing vessel “Dar Młodzieży” on the engine Cegielski-Sulzer 6AL20/24. The results were compared with the values critical and preventive limits and proposed several corrective actions for users the engine 6AL20/24.

8

Badania doświadczalne i numeryczne temperatury zapłonu wybranych mieszanin cieczy palnych

Porowski R., Rudy W., Teodorczyk A.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

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2013

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Nr 3

103--110

PL

Artykuł zawiera rezultaty badań doświadczalnych oraz obliczenia numeryczne wyznaczenia wartości temperatury zapłonu (flash point) dla wybranych mieszanin cieczy palnych. Badania doświadczalne przeprowadzono w standardowym urządzeniu badawczym firmy Walter Herzog GmbH, typ HFP-339, działający w oparciu o metodę Pensky-Martens [5]. Badania numeryczne zrealizowano w opracowanym przez autorów kodzie numerycznym przy wykorzystaniu MS Excell i Visual Basic, z wykorzystaniem modeli dla mieszanin idealnych i nieidealnych. Wykonano również analizę porównawczą uzyskanych wyników.

EN

This paper presents results on the experimental and numerical study on flash point for selected liquid fuel blends. The experimental part was done with the use of testing apparatus from Walter Herzog GmbH, type HFP-339 for Pensky-Martens methodology. The numerical study was conducted by our home-made software using MS Excell and Visual Basic scripts for ideal and non-ideal mixtures. As a conclusion the analysis of both experimental and numerical results was reported.

9

The analysis of changes in total base number and the flash point in the exploited engine oil

Sikora G., Miller H.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

395-398

EN

This paper is a continuation of the analysis of the grade of wear of the engine oil, used in the Caterpillar's marine engine, which is working in the engine's room of the harbour tug. Previous studies were related to the dynamic viscosity, lubricity and the grade of the metallic elements contamination. In these studies, the viscosity of the oil in most samples decreased with time of exploitation. However, in some samples, an increase of the viscosity was observed, what may indicate the fuel entering into the circulation of lubricating oil and its subsequent evaporation. Aim of this study is to determine the size of the Total Base Number changes and the flash point changes. The authors examine the changes in Total Base Number and the flash point of the exploited engine oil, in specified intervals in time between its exchanges. The results are analyzed and compared to the previously obtained results of the viscosity, lubricity and the grade of the metallic elements contamination. The analyses of the Total Base Number were conducted on the RST 822 Radiometer from Radiometer Analytical A/S, according to the polish standard PN-76/C-04163: Petroleum Products. Determination of the Total Base Number by potentiometric titration with perchloric acid. Flash point was determined using the Cleveland, in the open pot, using an ISL FP 92 5G device from Tusnovics Instruments Poland Ltd. The conclusions of this paper lead to better understanding of the processes, which occur in marine engines and its influence on the oil aging. Understanding of this process contributes significantly to a more accurate mathematical modelling of the aging process of engine oil.

10

Przegląd badań w zakresie parametrów flash point i explosion point dla cieczy palnych

Porowski R., Rudy W.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

|

2011

|

Nr 3

41-53

PL

Podstawowym powodem, dla którego dla cieczy palnej oznacza się parametr flash point, czyli jego temperaturę zapłonu, jest jej ocena zagrożenia wybuchem podczas jej stosowania. Parametr ten definiuje się jako to minimalną temperaturę cieczy, w której tworzy się atmosfera wybuchowa par cieczy z powietrzem, w pobliżu powierzchni cieczy lub wewnątrz urządzenia, w zależności od metody badawczej. Z kolei PN-EN 15794 wprowadza kolejny parametr dla cieczy palnych, a mianowicie explosion point, czyli punkt wybuchowości, tj. temperatura cieczy palnej, w której stężenie pary nasyconej w powietrzu znajduje się w granicach wybuchowości. Celem tego artykułu jest zatem przegląd dotychczasowych badań w zakresie tych dwóch parametrów oraz przybliżenie zasadniczych różnic pomiędzy nimi, jak również ich wpływu na bezpieczeństwo magazynowania, transportu i stosowania cieczy palnych.

EN

A fundamental aspect of determining the flash point value for flammable liquids is to assess a risk of explosion in proper way in case of handling these substances. Flash point is known as the minimum temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitible mixture with the air, near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used, as determined by the appropriate test procedure and apparatus. PN-EN 15794 introduces another safety parameter for flammable liquids, called explosion point which is determined as temperature of a flammable liquid at which the concentration of the saturated vapour in air is between the explosion limits. The aim of this paper is to make a state of the art on research works in the area of flash point and explosion point to indicate some basic differences between these parameters and the influence on safe storage, transport and handling of flammable liquids.