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Biological Characteristics of “Wartowice” Post-Flotation Tailings Pond (Lower Silesia, Poland)

Rybak J., Kołwzan B., Grabas K., Pasternak G., Krawczyńska M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

71--86

EN

“Wartowice” tailings pond was closed in 1989, resulting in 232,4 ha tailings pile requiring reclamation. The major problem is heavy metals presence and poor nutrient conditions and physicochemical structure of soil which disturbs the plants development. In order to assess the real condition of studied area the complete biological characteristic has been done. The physicochemical conditions were assessed altogether with phytosociological, microbiological and toxicological studies of deposits. We recorded only 27 species of vascular plants belonging to 15 families on the tailings pond of which 5 belong to Rosaceae, 4 to Asteraceae and 3 to Poaceae and Saliceae. Species inhabiting the tailings depended on their dispersal capacity, metal tolerance and rhizome strategy. Microbiological analyses revealed the low number of bacteria and fungi on the tailings pond, apart from the small uplift area where the plants were indentified. Bacteria identified on the tailings pond were classified to 8 genera. The low number of bacteria suggests the lack of nutrients which affects the development of soil microflora. Toxicity tests showed that post-flotation sludge is not toxic to microorganisms because of its high pH. Some plants, such as lucerne could even influence positively the microorganisms development what has been proved in our studies. The tailings toxicity was higher towards producers, where Secale cereale appeared to be the most sensitive species. Amendment with topsoil from adjacent areas can influence positively the phytotoxic properties of tailings and enrich them into native seeds.

PL

Osadnik po fl otacji miedzi „Wartowice” został zamknięty w 1989 roku, co skutkowało pozostawieniem 232,4 hektarów osadów, które wciąż wymagają rekultywacji. Podstawowy problem stanowią: niedobór substancji odżywczych, obecność metali ciężkich oraz fi zyczno-chemiczna struktura gleby, który zaburza rozwój roślin. Aby dokonać oceny czynników wpływających na rozwój organizmów żywych przeprowadzono kompleksową biologiczną charakterystykę terenu badań. Badania objęły fi zyczno-chemiczne analizy, badania fi tosocjologiczne, mikrobiologiczne i toksykologiczne. Na obszarze badań zarejestrowano tylko 27 gatunków roślin naczyniowych (obszar niewielkiego wzniesienia) należących do 15 rodzin, 5 z nich należało do rodziny Rosaceae, 4 do Asteraceae i po 3 do Poaceae i Saliceae. Obecność gatunków zależała od ich potencjału kolonizacji, tolerancji na metale oraz morfologii (strategia kłącza). Analizy mikrobiologiczne wykazały niską liczbę bakterii i grzybów na obszarze osadnika za wyjątkiem małej wysepki (wzniesienie) gdzie wcześniej stwierdzono obecność roślin. Bakterie obecne na obszarze badań zostały zaklasyfi kowane do 8 rodzajów. Niska liczba bakterii sugeruje brak substancji odżywczych, który z kolei upośledza rozwój mikrofl ory glebowej. Badania toksykologiczne wykazały niską toksyczność osadu w stosunku do mikroorganizmów, co wynika z jego zasadowego pH. Pewne gatunki, jak na przykład lucerna, mogą wpływać korzystnie na rozwój mikroorganizmów glebowych, co zademonstrowano w prezentowanych badaniach. Toksyczność odpadów po fl otacji miedzi była wyższa w stosunku do producentów. Żyto zwyczajne (Secale cereale) okazało się być najwrażliwszym gatunkiem. Zastosowanie wierzchniej warstwy gleby z obszarów przyległych mogłoby znacznie obniżyć fi totoksyczne własności odpadów i jednocześnie wzbogacić je w rodzime nasiona, które dałyby początek roślinom odpornym na niekorzystne warunki siedliskowe.

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Measures of central tendency of aquatic habitat parameters : application to river macrophyte communities

Szoszkiewicz K., Kayzer D., Staniszewski R., Dawson H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

693-706

EN

The aim of this paper is to assess usefulness of different measures when determining central tendencies which characterise the environmental requirements of living organisms. Mathematical analyses were made of the environmental parameters of river macrophyte communities which were taken as a representative pattern of different levels of biological structures. To deliver a representative dataset, botanical surveys were carried out on a range of British rivers together with environmental assessment and the plant communities groups were identified based on characteristic species according to eslished phytosociological criteria. The mean values and standard univariate medians of the revealed associations were compared with means calculated on the basis of advanced transformation and also with the rarely calculated multivariate L median. Due to high variance and asymmetrical distribution, the analyses based on the mean-value appeared to be limited in application. To avoid this disadvantage transformation to obtain normality of the dataset standardisation was proposed although even this did not fully reach a satisfactory symmetry. It was concluded that each environmental variable for each single biota must be individually treated by a suile transformation to obtain approximately normal distributions. The univariate median was very resistant to the effects of outliers but gave a flattened output of the environmental dataset making the partitioning of biological units very difficult. The multivariate L median appeared to be unaffected by outliers. It enabled to obtain considerable ordering of communities against individual environmental parameters without data transformation.

3

Ten years of change in ground-layer vegetation of European beech forest in the protected area (Ojców National Park, South Poland)

Łysik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

17-31

EN

Long-term changes in ground-layer vegetation of unique stand of Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum considered partly as a natural succession due to climatic changes and partly as a response to canopy dynamics, were investigated in the Ojców National Park (South Poland). Species composition and structure of the herb layer in the permanent research area were compared in 1993 and after ten years. About 77% of the study area was changed in this period, but the spatial pattern of distribution and intensity was highly mosaic. The mean intensity of changes calculated according to formula (1) derived from changes in percent cover of species was 42%. Herb cover decreased by about 15%, probably due to the rapid development of natural recruitment of trees in the study area (48% of area was covered by dense tree recruitment). In the same time the number of plant species and vegetation types (homogeneous vegetation patches of the size at least 1m2, that differed from neighbouring patches in species composition and/or species share) increased substantially. It is probably due to greater variation of light condition in ground layer created as a result of canopy gaps dynamics (the area of windthrow mounds in the study area increased approximately eight times between 1993 and 2003). There was a significant decline of species typical for beech forests, especially of vernal geophytes like Dentaria glandulosa W.K. and Isopyrum thalictroides L. Although it is too early to predict any directional changes, it is possible that the beech forest community will change into the Tilio-Carpinetum association in some parts of study area. Nowadays the expansion of invasive alien species Impatiens parviflora DC. is the great threat to the forest vegetation of the protected study area and the Ojców National Park. This species in 10 years managed to displace native species in 3% of the study area. The drastic decrease in herbaceous plants cover connected with increase in tree seedlings and saplings, systematic decline of vernal geophytes and typical beechwood species, diversification of ground vegetation structure and composition, and finally occurrence of non-native invasive plant species inform about highly dynamic nature of climax beech forests and generally of temperate forests. Changes are induced probably by both changing climate and overstorey dynamics.