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Quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix through high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint combined with chemometrics and simultaneous determination of five characteristic ingredients

An Qi, Sun Hong, Wu Linzhi, Liu Liangliang, Chen Sue

Acta Chromatographica

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2023

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Vol. 35, no. 3

247--258

EN

Codonopsis Radix (CR) is recorded as the roots of Codonopsis pilosula, C. pilosula var. modesta and Codonopsis tangshen. It is difficult to evaluate the quality of CR because of the existence of many original plants. In this paper, a strategy integrating chromatographic analysis and chemometrics for the quality control of CR is proposed. Systematic analysis of the chemical composition of CR was achieved through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting. Based on the HPLC fingerprinting data, chemometrics, including unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), were applied to classify all CR samples. Components with variable importance in projection values higher than 1 in the OPLS-DA model were selected as potential chemical markers for distinguishing the origins of CR. Finally, an HPLC method was validated for determining the five characteristic ingredients in the CR samples. HPLC characteristic fingerprints showed 17 common peaks for C. pilosula, 13 for C. pilosula var. modesta, and 9 for C. tangshen, and all of them showed good similarity (>0.9). Additionally, there were 9 common peaks for all CR samples with relatively poor similarity, ranging from 0.607 to 0.970. PCA could differentiate CR from the three origins, except for a partial overlap between C. pilosula and C. pilosula var. Modesta, and the OPLS-DA model achieved excellent classification results. Eight components (peaks 12, 8, lobetyolin, 10, codonopsin І, syringin, 3, and 11) were selected as potential chemical markers. There was a large discrepancy in the contents of the five characteristic ingredients in all samples, with the relative standard deviation ranging from 36.0% (lobetyolin) to 85.9% (atractylenolide Ⅲ). The average contents of the five characteristic ingredients were similar between C. pilosula and C. pilosula var. modesta samples and notably higher than those of C. tangshen samples. Consequently, a rapid, precise, and feasible strategy was established for the discrimination and quality control of CR with different origins.

2

Chromatographic fingerprints and quantitative analysis for the quality evaluation of Bao-Yuan Decoction by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detection

Zhang Min, Zhu Zhenling, Wang Mengyue, Hou Jincai, Li Yinqing, Xiaobo Li

Acta Chromatographica

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2022

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Vol. 34, no. 1

87--99

EN

Bao-Yuan Decoction (BYD), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine formula, is worth developing into modern dosage forms. To assess the quality of traditional decoction, the commonly used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-DAD/ELSD) method was initially applied to develop the analytical methods for the qualitative fingerprints and simultaneous quantitation of multiple marker compounds in BYD. Based on 16 batches of BYD prepared from multiple batches of qualified crude herbs combined randomly, the characteristic fingerprints were generated, with 41 and 19 common peaks detected by DAD and ELSD, respectively. Furthermore, ginsenosides Re, Rg1 and Rb1, calycosin-7-glucoside, calycosin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamic acid were qualified as marker compounds to represent the herbs composing the formula. The characteristic fingerprints and the content ranges of multiple batches of the decoction were obtained, thus providing guidance for the quality control of modern dosage forms. The combination of these qualitative and quantitative methods will be an effective operational measure by which to evaluate and control the quality of BYD from traditional decoction to modern dosage forms.

3

Micro-2D-TLC separation of phenolics in some species of mint and their fingerprints on diol bonded polar stationary phase

Hawrył M. A., Niemiec M., Słomka K., Waksmundzka-Hajnos M., Szymczak G.

Acta Chromatographica

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2016

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Vol. 28, no. 1

119--127

EN

Micro thin- layer chromatography in two dimensional (2D-mTLC) mode in normal and reversed phase systems by use of diol bonded stationary phase was applied to make fingerprints of 11 species of Mentha genus and two finished pharmaceutical products. Nonaqueous eluents (propan-2-ol or ethyl acetate dissolved in n-heptane) were used in normal phase systems. Mixtures of acetonitrile with water were used in reversed phase chromatographic systems. Optimization of one dimensional systems was performed by determining of RF vs. composition of mobile phases dependencies for standards occurring in various species of Mentha. Most selective eluents were chosen to optimize two-dimensional systems by creating RF in normal-phase (NP) systems vs. RF in reversed-phase (RP) systems correlations. 2D-mTLC on diol polar bonded stationary phase were optimized to separate phenolic compounds and make fingerprints of examined plant materials and this method was never applied earlier in the chromatographic analysis.

4

Determination of the directional field of fingerprints papillary lines in automated biometric identification systems

Selianinau M., Ismailau R.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2015

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T. 3

221-229

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nową metodę opartą na analizie cech gradientu, aby wyznaczyć pole kierunków odcisków palców. Metoda ta oblicza wygładzony obraz orientacji linii papilarnych. Jej głównym elementem jest analiza lokalnego histogramu kierunków, biorąc pod uwagę moduł gradientu w kwadratowym obszarze, którego rozmiar jest współmierny ze średnią odległością między grzbietami na obrazie odcisku palca. Weryfikacja doświadczalna tej metody dla odcisków palców różnej jakości wykazała, że uzyskuje się lepsze wyniki w porównaniu ze znanymi metodami opartymi na analizie poziomów szarości wzdłuż wybranych kierunków.

EN

This paper presents a new method, based on the gradient characteristics analysis, to estimate the directional field of fingerprints. The method computes the smoothed orientation image of papillary lines. Its main component consists in n the analysis of the local histogram of the directions taking into account the gradient module in a square neighborhood which size is commensurable with the average inter--ridges distance on the fingerprint image. Experimental verification of this method for f fingerprints of different quality showed that it yields better results in comparison with the known methods based on the analysis of gray-scale levels along the selected directions.

5

Metody wykorzystywane do wizualizacji śladów linii papilarnych

Kołek-Kaczanowska E. K., Kreczko J., Maćkiewicz Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2014

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[Z] 68, 3-4

279--315

EN

Dactyloscopy as one of the branches of forensic science deals with fingerprints identification of the individual human being. Fingerprints are in general invisible, therefore in order to set about the identification, we have to make them evident. To reveal hidden fingerprints, criminological technology uses physical methods, chemical reactions and even some biological processes. In this review, we present a set of methods that is being used in criminology to reveal fingerprints and other hidden traces. In search for potential fingerprints, objects are exposed to natural and artificial light sources since visual methods are most commonly used by criminology technicians. Further methods for revealing fingerprints are selected on the basis of type of surface, the trace was left on, and the substance forming the fingerprint. In his article we present the set of methods, commonly used to reveal fingerprints, featuring physical, chemical and physicochemical approaches [6]. Chemical methods: DFO, 1,2-IND and Ninhydin used for revealing fingerprints on absorptive surfaces, Amido Black, Hungarian Red, DAB and LCV used for detecting bloody fingerprints, DMAC used for revealing fingerprints on temperature-felt papers, RTX dioxide of ruthenium used to absorptive and nonabsorptive surfaces [9, 11, 14, 19, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30]. Next, we present physical methods among others optical methods which are helpful in revealing fingerprints for the naked eye and (if needed) enlarging optical devices. To achieve acceptable visibility, criminologists use various kinds of lamps and filters. Subsequently we present methods based on adhesion, that are based on adjoining the powder or suspension to sudoral-fatty substance. We present here methods based on the use of dactyloscopic powders, crystal violet which is appearing in the form of dark-green powder , SPR (Small Particle Reagent) – suspension of black MoS2 powder, Sticky-side Powder which composition is accessing iron oxide and aluminum, Wet Powder Black, composed of iron oxide and Wet Powder White (titanium dioxide). Tape-Glo (ready-made red-orange solution), Sudan Black B (in the solid state it is a powder of the black colour), Liquid-drox (yellow solution), fluorescent dyes: Ardrox P133D, Safranin O, chelate of europium and Basic Yellow 40 [31, 34–38]. The other methods are physicochemical methods: cyanoacrylate, iodine, physical developer and multi metal deposition [42, 45, 46]. As a result of technological development newer methods of visualizing latent fingerprints appear, replacing those previously used. Improvement of the methods of revealing latent fingerprints leads to better readability and in effect, makes police work easier.

6

Enzymatic fingerprints used for comparison of physiological diversity of microbial communities in clear-water and humic lakes

Siuda W., Jasser I., Kiersztyn B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 4

715--728

EN

Extracellular enzymes occurring in aquatic environment are heterogeneous in respect to their origin and function, place, where they are located and their activity. They can be divided into mainly ‘bacterial-origin’ enzymes produced by heterotrophic organisms in order to obtain organic carbon, and mostly ‘phytoplankton-bacterial-origin’ enzymes, which are produced by autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, and are responsible mainly for obtaining inorganic compounds. Enzymes activity provides information about microorganisms present in given environment and about their physiological state. We hypothesize that the patterns (‘fingerprints’) calculated on the basis of activity of several enzymes both mainly ‘bacterial-origin’ and mainly ‘phytoplankton-bacterial-origin’ may be used to characterise lake ecosystems in terms of the physiological structure of aquatic microorganisms present in these lakes. For the study we selected four lakes from Mazurian Lakes District in north-eastern Poland. Three of them were clear-water (lakes: Kuc, Mikołajskie, Tałtowisko) and ranged from oligotrophy to eutrophy, the fourth (Lake Smolak Duży) was slightly acidic (pH 5.2), highly productive and polyhumic. Activity of phosphatase (PA), L-leucine-aminopeptidase (AMP), β-glucosidase (B-Glu), esterase (EST), glucosaminidase (Glu-ami), glucuronidase (Glu-uro) and cellobiohydrolase (Cellob) were measured fluorometrically. The results were normalised and analysis of agglomerative clustering was performed to create an enzyme activity patterns characteristic for lakes. We found out that the enzymatic pattern reflected trophic differences between studied lakes. The patterns (‘fingerprints’) of enzymes were similar for three clear-water lakes, with urease (U–ase), AMP and EST dominating the overall enzymatic activity, but differed substantially for polyhumic lake, in which considerably high PA and saccharolytic enzyme activities were observed. We conclude that the analysis of enzymatic ‘fingerprints’ can be a useful tool to characterise lakes with respect to their trophic status and physiological diversity of microbial assemblages associated with each particular lake.

7

An improved algorithm for feature extraction from a fingerprint fuzzy image

Surmacz K., Saeed K., Rapta P.

Optica Applicata

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2013

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Vol. 43, nr 3

515--527

EN

Proper fingerprint feature extraction is crucial in fingerprint-matching algorithms. For good results, different pieces of information about a fingerprint image, such as ridge orientation and frequency, must be considered. It is often necessary to improve the quality of a fingerprint image in order for the feature extraction process to work correctly. In this paper we present a complete (fully implemented) improved algorithm for fingerprint feature extraction, based on numerous papers on this topic. The paper describes a fingerprint recognition system consisting of image preprocessing, filtration, feature extraction and matching for recognition. The image preprocessing includes normalization based on mean value and variation. The orientation field is extracted and Gabor filter is used to prepare the fingerprint image for further processing. For singular point detection, the Poincaré index with a partitioning method is used. The ridgeline thinning is presented and so is the minutia extraction by CN algorithm. The paper contains the comparison of obtained results to the other algorithms.

8

A review on fingerprint orientation estimation methods

Więcław Ł.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2012

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Vol. 21

95--102

EN

As a global feature of fingerprint, orientation field plays important roles in most of image preprocessing methodsused in automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS). Many algorithms have been proposed for orientation field estimation. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of existing fingerprint orientation estimation methods. Issues on possible directions of further development have been presented.

9

Bezpieczne uwierzytelnianie biometryczne na przykładzie rozwiązania AXSionics Internet Passport

Poznański R., Szacki K.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 10

160-162

PL

Analizowane są w nim zagrożenia prywatności związane z użytkowaniem tego typu urządzeń do uwierzytelniania biometrycznego. Opisany jest mechanizm działania całego systemu AXS - Authentication System, którego składnikiem jest Internet Passport, oraz jego poszczególne cechy i możliwości. Przedstawiono także istniejące zagrożenia dla komunikacji elektronicznej w kontekście opisywanego rozwiązania. Na końcu wykonano analizę zalet i wad systemu.

EN

Article describes AXSionics Internet Passport solution. Threat to user privacy connected with biometric authentication is considered. There is presented AXS - Authentication System and its vital part - Internet Passport. Paper lists some risks of electronic communication reffered to the system in question. Finally the advantages and disadvantages of the solution were analysed.

10

A new algorithm for fingerprint feature extraction without the necessity to improve its image

Rapta P., Saeed K.

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2010

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Vol. 6, no. 12

25--29

EN

Based on Gabor filter, an algorithm is worked out and presented in this work. The algorithm uses ridge endings and ridge bifurcation to represent a fingerprint image. The experimental results have proven the algorithm completion in preparing the fingerprint image for simple classification and hence high success rate of recognition. Spurious features from detected set of minutiae are deleted by a postprocessing stage. The detected features are observed to be reliable and accurate. The algorithm was implemented in Matlab and therefore it is under steady modification and improvement as each step can be easily visualized graphically to check for further analysis. The best feature of the algorithm is the unnecessity for noise removal, brightness or contrast improvement, normalization or even histogram equalization.

11

Fingerprint identification using minutiae point pattern matching

Stąpor K.

Archiwum Informatyki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej

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2002

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T. 14, z. 1

17-31

EN

The 2-level fingerprint identification method is presented. The method starts with the extraction of structural features (minutiae points) which is based on the computed ridge orientation flow, and is composed of: division of an input image into blocks, computing directional image, smoothing directions, foreground/backround segmentation, directional filtering, binarization, thinning, minutiae detection and postprocessing. Classification (the 1-st level) is based on the number and locations of singular points (corel/delta points), witch are found based on Poincare index.At the 2-nd level, the matching between two sets of the minutiae points is performed: an unknown pattern, and those in the database.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono 2-stopniową metodę identyfikacji linii papilarnych. Zaproponowano nową metodę ekstrakcji cech (tzw. minutiae points), czyli punktów rozgałęzień linii oraz punktów końcowych, opartą na orientacji w blokach, wygładzanie kierunków w blokach, segmentacja, kierunkowa filtracja, binaryzacja, ścienianie, detekcja punktów charakterystycznych, przetwarzanie końcowe. Klasyfikacja (1-szy stopień) wykorzystuje liczbę oraz położenie tzw. punktów core i delta, które wyznacza się na podstawie indeksu Poincare. Identyfikacja na 2-gim stopniu polega na porównaniu dwóch zbiorów punktów charakterystycznych: nieznanej próbki oraz próbki wzorcowej.