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PL
Deformacje powierzchni terenu stwarzają zagrożenie dla zabudowy i infrastruktury technicznej obszarów zurbanizowanych. Jednym z podstawowych obszarów działań w zakresie jego eliminacji jest likwidacja płytkich wyrobisk górniczych. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane przykłady działań zmierzających do eliminacji zagrożenia występowaniem nieciągłych deformacji powierzchni terenu, podejmowanych w innych krajach.
EN
Mining activity leads to degradation of mine lands due to their deformations, including the most dangerous discontinuous deformations. In the early stage of industrial revolution in countries leading in coal production, thousands of mines operated mostly in shallow coal beds, which were easy available by mine techniques of that time. As the result of mine operations in shallow coal seams, large sinkholes and other forms of land deformation occurred, which could affect large areas of lands (Fig. 1) or reach unprecedented dimensions (Fig. 2). To eliminate the risk of sinkhole occurrence and damages of land objects, a range of filling techniques of mine voids have been developed. To the most advanced ones, belong pressurized grouting with use of fly ash – cement slurries of strictly controlled physical properties. However, efficiency of mine voids elimination corresponds with significant costs of land preparation. The most cost-consuming but also completely confident seems to be the open-pit method, in which the coal seam has to be exposed and then fully cleared from old mine operations remnants (Fig. 3). Particular attention must be devoted to old mine shafts, which due to their depth and direct connection to surface may create extremely high risk of land structure damages. The problem of old mine shafts has been discussed on an example of catastrophic collapse of rocks into voids remained in an old shaft after its insufficient backfilling in the past (Fig. 4). Not to overrate in efficient surface protection on post-mining areas is also to have reliable information about potential hazards before any further activities on an effected land piece started. A good example of such a comprehensive data base on old mining operations has been developed in the city of Aachen, Germany. During the last half of the century technologies of filling of underground voids underwent development from typical mine hydraulic backfill, through injection of precisely composed grouts – in terms of flow properties and mechanical behaviour after placement and solidification, up to clearing of shallow mine remnants with use of open-pit operations. Due to high costs of mine lands reclamation works, for each case of underground voids filling, technology and range of works must be thoroughly designed, where also good identification of underground conditions id of great importance.
EN
For filling of underground voids mainly fine-grained slurries, are used, generally made from fly ash or bulk mineral binders. In case of large voids or hydraulically interconnected systems of voids (Fig. 1) aggregates can be used to minimize uncontrolled migration of fill slurries to distant parts of caved rock mass (Fig. 2). Aggregates can be located as dry material thrown on the bottom of the void directly from pipe or horizontally, with use of special ejector at the end of the pipe (Fig. 3). Dimensions of created piles can be calculated on the basis of kinetic energy and internal friction angle of the aggregates. When large aggregates grains are used, the piles contain high volume of voids, which must be filled with a slurry being able to fully fill the voids and stabilize the pile structure. In laboratory tests, filling properties of different fly ash – water slurries have been conducted using a large diameter pipe filled with aggregates of determined volume of voids (Fig. 4). Loss of solids and average velocity of flow through the aggregates have been measured by differentiated concentration of mixtures and pressure head (Tab. 1). The results show that the build-up of filling in voids increases with decreasing flow velocity (Fig. 5) and enhancing concentration of solids (Fig. 6), however both factors are strongly depended on general flow properties required for hydraulic transportation of fill slurries in pipelines.
PL
W pracach zabezpieczających powierzchnie terenu narażoną na występowanie deformacji nieciągłych, takich jak wypełnianie płytkich pustek podziemnych oraz likwidacja starych zrobów i wyrobisk górniczych, stosowane są powszechnie mieszaniny drobnofrakcyjne, sporządzane najczęściej z popiołów lotnych lub handlowych spoiw mineralnych. W niektórych sytuacjach korzystne może być zastosowanie kruszyw lub odpadów skalnych o odpowiednim uziarnieniu w celu uzyskania większej skuteczności prac zabezpieczających i ograniczenia ich kosztów. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych dotyczących zestalania szkieletu kruszywa skalnego mieszaninami popiołowo-wodnymi oraz omówiono warunki stosowania kruszyw jako pomocniczego materiału do wypełniania pustek podziemnych.
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