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1

Application of the FPAA to Sample Input Signal for Laboratory Exercise: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Grzechca Damian, Chruszczyk Lukas

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2020

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Vol. 66, No. 1

25--28

EN

This paper presents exemplary exercise on the fundamentals of signal processing course which is offered for second year bachelor level students. Application of Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) exercise is described with signal processing laboratory. There are presented two methods for implementing PAM modulation and demodulation technique in FPAA module. Example configuration files are available form Authors’ web site.

2

Analog Reconfirable Circuits

Malcher A., Falkowski P.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2014

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Vol. 60, No. 1

15-26

EN

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of a new branch of analog electronics represented by analog reconfigurable circuits. The reconfiguration of analog circuits has been known and used since the beginnings of electronics, but the universal reconfigurable circuits called Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) have been developed over the last two decades. This paper presents the classification of analog circuit reconfiguration, examples of FPAA solutions obtained as academic projects and commercially available ones, as well as some application examples of the dynamic reconfiguration of FPAA.

3

Programmable Analog Hard Real-Time Controller

Piłat A., Klocek J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 3a

38--46

EN

This elaboration describes the structure of the Programmable Analog Controller (PAC), its configuration, features and limitations. This universal hardware platform based on analog signal processors is dedicated to many scientific and industrial applications. This reconfigurable apparatus is suitable for computation, diagnosis and control tasks processed in the hardware layer in hard real-time regime. The main feature of the presented hardware-software solution is flexibility for applications determined by a configurable number of inputs and outputs as well as functionality. The modular construction allows to adapt the apparatus for the purpose of monitoring, control and signal processing tasks. Such a device can be easily configured to a dedicated application. The detailed description of available modules is given to show the computing and signal processing power.

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia Programowalny Sterownik Analogowy (PAC), jego konfigurację, możliwości i ograniczenia. Opracowana uniwersalna platforma sprzętowa wykorzystująca procesory analogowe jest dedykowana do prac badawczych jak i zastosowań przemysłowych. Aparatura jest w pełni konfigurowana sprzętowo i programowo, a jej modułowa architektura pozwala na elastyczne zastosowanie urządzenia. Szczegółowy opis modułów pokazuje możliwości aparatury.

4

Odporność na zaburzenia elektromagnetyczne analogowych matryc programowalnych FPAA stosowanych w urządzeniach medycznych

Mocha J., Woźnica T.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2012

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R. 88, nr 2

39-41

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności na zaburzenia elektromagnetyczne detektora zespołów QRS zbudowanego z wykorzystaniem analogowych układów programowalnych FPAA. Zespoły QRS na elektrokardiogramie odpowiadają skurczom komór serca. Głównym celem badań była weryfikacja poprawności pracy układów FPAA w obecności narażeń o poziomach, które zgodnie z odpowiednimi normami, powinny być tolerowane przez urządzenia podtrzymujące życie. Wykazano poprawne działanie układów FPAA w obecności w/w narażeń.

EN

The paper outlines results obtained from investigation of immunity to electromagnetic disturbances demonstrated by the QRS complex detector designed with use of Field Programmed Analog Arrays (FPAA). QRS complexes on ECG waveforms correspond to contractions of heart ventricles. The research study was intended to verify whether FPAA devices are capable to keep working correctly at presence of disturbances with levels that are specified by relevant standards as tolerable to life-support equipment. The experiments demonstrated reliable operation of FPAA circuits under exposure to such disturbances.

5

Hybrydowy detektor zespołu QRS wykorzystujący dynamicznie rekonfigurowalną matrycę analogową

Machler A., Pietraszek S., Przybyła T.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2011

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R. 57, nr 1

22-24

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano nową koncepcję układu detekcji w czasie rzeczywistym zespołu QRS z przebiegu elektrokardiograficzngo. W detektorze wykorzystano programowalną matrycę analogową AN221E04 firmy Anadigm. Parametry wybranych bloków są na bieżąco zmieniane w zależności od zmian parametrów przebiegu EKG dzięki dynamicznej rekonfigurowalności układu. Uzyskano bardzo krótki czas reakcji detektora na wykryty zespół QRS przy zadowalającej skuteczności detekcji. Opracowany detektor może znaleźć zastosowanie w aplikacjach biomedycznych wymagających wykrywania zespołu QRS w przebiegu EKG z małym opóźnieniem czasowym.

EN

In many applications it is important to detect the QRS complex in the ECG waveform with possibly low time delay. Traditional software detectors of the QRS complex implement algorithms, usually based on cascades of digital filters, introduce delays up to parts of a second. Hardware QRS detectors (Fig. 1) fulfill the low delay requirements, but have worse adaptive features for the changing ECG shape. In this paper a new approach to QRS detection is presented. The proposed solution implements a classical detector structure in a Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) i.e. AN221E04 circuit from the AnadigmŽ company - Fig. 3. The most interesting feature of the FPAA is the dynamic reconfigurability. This solution makes it possible to modify the parameters of particular blocks of the detector or even the whole structure during runtime, without any changes in hardware and disturbance of the system functionality. Important parameters of particular blocks of the QRS detector are modified on-the-fly according to changes observed in the ECG signal. New data are calculated by the AD7020 microcontroller and downloaded to the FPAA using dynamic reconfigurability after each QRS detection. The prototype QRS detector was tested using a real ECG signal taken from Mit-Bih Arrythmia Database. The results obtained in the prototype circuit (Table 1) show that the detection delay is really small. The error rate of the QRS detection is low and can be acceptable in most real time applications.

6

QRS complexes detector for synchronization of ventricular assist device

Mocha J., Sobotnicki A., Czerw M., Gibiński P.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2010

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Vol. 16

35--41

EN

Synchronization of operation of an artificial chamber supporting the sick heart of a patient has a crucial meaning for the effectiveness of support. To make the synchronized operation possible, the information on patient's heart activity should be fed to a controller of the supporting chamber. To this end, the QRS complex detector operating on ECG signal is necessary. The signal must be acquired from a patient's heart. Appropriate signal quality at long-term support may be assured only in a case the signal is acquired with epicardial electrodes. In the paper, the concept of hardware construction of a QRS complex detector has been presented, based on a field programmable analog array FPAA. The results of verification of the developed detector include the correct operation while using the epicardial signals recorded from patients which undergone the cardiosurgical operations.

7

Porównanie metod dynamicznej rekonfiguracji analogowych oraz cyfrowych matryc programowalnych

Mocha J.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 9

55-58

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zestawienie najistotniejszych różnic i podobieństw w mechanizmach oraz dostępnych metodach dynamicznej częściowej rekonfiguracji (ang. partial dynamie reconfiguration) programowalnych matryc analogowych FPAA oraz cyfrowych układów programowalnych FPGA. Dynamiczna częściowa rekonfiguracja układów programowalnych oferuje projektantowi niespotykane dotychczas możliwości efektywnego wykorzystania zasobów układu programowalnego oraz możliwości konstrukcyjne, np. budowę układów adaptacyjnych.

EN

The paper presents a summary of the most important differences and similarities between mechanisms, and available methods of partial dynamic reconfiguration in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA-s), and Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA-s). Dynamic partial recinfiguration offers the designer new possibilities of efficient utilisation of resources in a programmable device, and enables implementation of new methods and approaches, not available so far, e. g. adaptive algorithms.

8

Real time QRS detector based on field programmable analog array

Malcher A., Pietraszek S., Przybyła T., Kidoń Z.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2009

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Vol. 13

183--188

EN

In some applications it is important to detect the QRS complex in the ECG waveform with possibly low time delay. Traditional software detectors of the QRS complex implement algorithms usually based on cascades of digital filters that introduce delays up to parts of a second. On the other hand, hardware QRS detectors fulfil the low delay requirements, but have worse adaptive features for the changing ECG shape. In this paper a new approach to QRS detection is presented. The proposed detector is based on a Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA). This solution makes it possible to modify the parameters of particular blocks of the detector or even the whole structure without any changes in hardware, while the processing path is fully analog and does not introduce an additional delay. The most interesting feature of the FPAA is the dynamic reconfigurability. The parameters can be changed during runtime without any reset of the circuit or any other disturbances of the system functionality. The prototype QRS detector was built using the AN221E04 circuit from the Anadigm company.

9

Performance assessment of "Field programmable analog arrays"

Baccigalupi A., Liccardo A.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2007

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Vol. 14, nr 4

563-575

EN

Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAAs) are reconfigurable analog modules introduced on the electronic market in the last decade. Their operation and, in particular, their programmability is achieved owing to the use of switched capacitors technology. At least in principle, they seem to be a very attractive and powerful tool to design analog circuits whose parameters have to be tuned to signal variations as in carrying out sensor conditioning systems. But the aim of exploiting their possibilities in the field of metrology requires complete characterization and performance assessment of the involved building blocks. With this goal, in the paper, the metrological characterization of the most commonly blocks to be used in analog conditioning circuits, such as amplifiers and filters, is performed. These blocks have been characterized in terms of both frequency response and step response and the obtained experimental results have been compared with those expected from theoretic analysis. Concluding remarks are then deduced to furnish practical hints in the use of FPAAs in measurement applications.