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Coke and coal as reductants in manganese ore smelting: An experiment

Suharno B., Nurjaman F., Rifki A., Elvin R.K., Putra A A., Ferdian D.

Mineralogia

2018

Vol. 49, iss. 1/4

35--45

The effect of coke and bituminous coal on the reduction of medium-grade manganese ore in ferromanganese production was investigated. Charges of 30 kg medium grade manganese ore, 12 kg limestone and varied amounts of coke and coal were smelted in a Submerged Electric Arc Furnace (SAF) at temperatures of 1300°C to 1500°C. The composition of the ferromanganese and the slag were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence. It was found that using coke as a single reductant resulted in a 96% yield of ferromanganese which was higher than by using coal either as a single reductant or in a mixture of coal and coke. It was also found that using coke as a single reductant resulted in the lowest specific energy consumption. Using coal as reductant produced ferromanganese containing high sulfur and phosphorus.

Current situation on the production market of FeMn and FeCr

Karbowniczek M., Gładysz J., Ślęzak W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2012

Vol. 55, nr 2

870--875

Purpose: Ferroalloys are mainly used in steelmaking processes in order to obtain an appropriate chemical composition of metal. Main producers include China, South Africa, India, Kazakhstan and Russia. These countries in total constitute 83% of the global production. In 2009 nearly 30 million tons of ferroalloys were produced, mainly ferrochromium, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon. Design/methodology/approach: It is presented a review of current methods in the production of chromium and manganese alloys, chemical reaction which take place, advantages and disadvantages of technologies. Findings: Paper shows a situation in the production of ferroalloys based on FeNm and FeCr. Research limitations/implications: This paper presents currently used methods in the production of ferromanganese and ferrochromium. Originality/value: The article presents the share of production of ferroalloys in the world, major manufacturers and used methods.

Dimensional changes during sintering of manganese-carbon steel compacts.

Pieczonka T., Mitchell S.C., Ciaś A., Sułowski M., Wronski A.S.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

1998

R. XIX, nr 4

1171-1174

Sintering behaviour in high purity hydrogen of Hoganas NC 100.24 iron powder with carbon and two different types of ferromanganese additions was investigated. The influence of different manganese contents (3.0 and 4.0 wt.-%), type of ferromanganese used (low and high carbon) and isothermal sintering temperature (1120, 1240 and 1300 degrees centigrade) on dimensional changes was investigated by dilatometry. It is shown that the dimensional changes occuring during heating and isothermal sintering and the final density of sintered compacts are influenced by manganese and carbon through their interactions with base iron. The results assist in the choice of industrial sintering conditions when the requirement is very small dimensional changes of compacts for a range of manganese and carbon contents.