The basis for obtaining high performance in cattle breeding is correct feeding. Production of a wholesome ration is labour consuming and expensive. Thus, work related to searching for alternative methods of production of wholesome feed is carried out. Synthesis of low value raw material, as a result of which high protein content feed is produced, is one of the methods. A fermentation process takes place in conditions, which cannot be ensured by presently used machines and aggregates. A fermentor, which enables obtaining feed with high content of protein from low value raw material at minimum expenditures, was developed. One of the conditions of correct course of synthesis is ensuring appropriate temperature of feed, where micro-organism develop. The objective of the paper is to determine optimal values of factors which affect energy consumption during feed heating. The result was to obtain the regression model which is characteristic for unit changes of energy consumption during feed heating, with the use of which, an optimal angle of embracing the container with a heating belt (159°) and the level of filling the container with feed (100%) were determined. Minimal value of optimization criterion at such values of indexes is 5.14 kJ·(kg·°C)-1.
PL
Podstawą uzyskania wysokiej wydajności w chowie bydła jest prawidłowe żywienie. Wytworzenie racji pełnowartościowej jest pracochłonne i kosztowne, dlatego prowadzone są prace związane z poszukiwaniem alternatywnych sposobów produkcji wysokowartościowej paszy. Jednym ze sposobów jest synteza surowca małowartościowego, w wyniku której powstaje pasza o wysokiej zawartości białka. Proces fermentacji przebiega w warunkach, których uzyskanie nie są w stanie zapewnić obecnie stosowane maszyny i agregaty. Opracowano fermentator, który pozwala na uzyskanie z surowca małowartościowego paszę o wysokiej zawartości białka przy minimalnych nakładach. Jednym z warunków poprawnego przebiegu syntezy jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej temperatury pożywki, w której rozwijają się drobnoustroje. Celem pracy jest określenie optymalnych wartości czynników wpływających na zużycie energii podczas nagrzewania pożywki. Wynikiem było otrzymanie modelu regresji charakteryzującego zmiany jednostkowego zużycia energii w trakcie nagrzewania pożywki, za pomocą którego wyznaczone zostały optymalny kąt objęcia pojemnika pasem grzewczym (159°) i poziom wypełnienia pojemnika pożywką (100%). Minimalna wartość kryterium optymalizacji przy takich wartościach wskaźników wynosi 5.14 kJ·(kg·°C)-1.
Określono metodami radioznacznikowymi, z wykorzystaniem trytu jako znacznika fazy ciekłej, rozkład czasu przebywania i średni czas retencji zawiesiny w bioreaktorach do produkcji biometanu. Wykorzystując technikę gamma skaningu określono objętość czynną fazy ciekłej, gazowej oraz obszar tworzenia się kożuchów.
EN
The residence time distribution and mean residence time of liquid phase in fermentor was determined using the tritium water as a radiotracer. With application of gamma scanning technique the volumes of liquid phase and foam in bioreactor were determined.
Jednym z podstawowych parametrów wpływających na wydajność procesu fermentacji metanowej jest intensywność i struktura mieszania zawiesiny w fermentorze. Z wykorzystaniem metod obliczeniowej mechaniki płynów wyznaczono strukturę przepływu i mieszania wymuszonego systemem zatopionych strug w prostopadłościennym fermentorze o objętości cieczy około 470 m3. Określono parametry i zasięg mieszania wzdłuż osi fermen-tora oraz mieszania pionowego wywoływanego systemem pomp cyrkulapych. Określono optymalną lokalizację napływu strug oraz ich natężenia !epływu.
EN
The intensity and structure of biomass mixing in fermentor are the one of principal parameters which determine the yield of biogas production practises. Using the Computational Fluid Dynamics method the structure of flow and suspension mixing in rectangular fermentor with liquid phase volume 470 m3 were determined. The suspension motion inside the fermentor was extorted by system of jets. The range of jets located in the axe of fermentator in bottom zone and jets caused by system of pumps which transport vertically the suspension from bottom up to liquid surface was established. The optimal flow rates values and localization of jets inputs were determined.
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Purpose: This research project was aimed at optimising anaerobic digestion of maize and find out which maturity class of corn and which hybrid of a particular maturity class produces the highest rate of biogas and biomethane. Also the chemical composition of gases was studied. Design/methodology/approach: Biogas and biomethane production and composition in mesophilic (35 degrees C) conditions were measured and compared. The corn hybrids of FAO 300 - FAO 600 maturity class were tested. Experiments took place in the lab, for 35 days within four series of experiments with four repetitions according to the method DIN 38 414. Findings: Results show that the highest maturity classes of corn (FAO 500) increases the amount of biogas and biomethane. The greatest gain of biogas, biomethane according to maturity class is found with hybrids of FAO 400 and FAO 500 maturity class. Among the corn hybrids of maturity class FAO 300 - FAO 400, the hybrid PR38F70 gives the greatest production of biogas and biomethane. Among the hybrids of maturity class FAO 400 - FAO 500, the greatest amount of biogas and biomethane was produced by the hybrid PIXXIA (FAO 420). Among the hybrids of maturity class FAO 500 - FAO 600 the hybrid CODISTAR (FAO 500) the highest production of biomethane. Production of biomethane, which has the main role in the production of biogas varied with corn hybrids from 50-60 % of the whole amount of produced gas. Research limitations/implications: Economic efficiency of anaerobic digestion depends on the optimum methane production and optimum anaerobic digestion process. Practical implications: The results reached serve to plan the electricity production in the biogas production plant and to achieve the highest biomethane yield per hectare of maize hybrid. Originality/value: Late ripening varieties (FAO ca. 600) make better use of their potential to produce biomass than medium or early ripening varieties.
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On of the most promising technologies in the disposal of agro-industrial organic wastes is biodegradation under anaerobic circumstances. The major, profitable product of anaerobic degradation is biogas, from the environmental aspect a renewable resource. To enhance biogas production and produce a methane-rich final product an integrated anaerobic membrane bioreactor filled with moving biofilm carriers was designed. In this study, the intensification of anaerobic fermenter was investigated by using polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) gel beads as biofilm carriers. The solid retention time can be increased by attaching microorganisms to PVA-gel beads and as a result the efficiency of biogas production can be improved. Two laboratory-scale anaerobic fermenters were run in parallel, one with biofilm carriers and one without. The results showed that, compared to the control system, in the carrier-filled fermenter the efficiency of biogas production was enhanced by 28% as a result of the biofilm formation on the surface of the carriers. In addition, the COD concentration of the effluent was decreased by 80-88%, 10% more than in the control reactor.
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Purpose: The main target is to produce as much biogas as possible with highest possible biomethane content from crops representing the principal fuel for driving the gas motors and electric generators and, consequently, production of electricity. Design/methodology/approach: The biogas production was measured by a mini digester according to the German standard DIN 38414, Part 8. It was effected in the mesophilic temperature range. The biogas production from six different energy crops and pig slurry was measured in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences. In six trial fields the monocultures such as maize, sorghum, amaranth, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke and sugar beet were grown. Findings: The highest biomethane production was achieved with the sunflower substrate (283 Nl/kgVS), followed by the sorghum substrate (188 Nl/kgVS) and maize (187 Nl/kgVS). The amaranth substrate produced 225 Nl/kgVS and the Jerusalem artichoke 115 Nl/kgVS. The least amount of biomethane was produced from the sugar beet (95 Nl/kgVS). Research limitations/implications: The basic structure of the laboratory device is welded from stainless steel (inox) and is limited by the following dimensions: 2500 mm length, 1000 mm height and 350 mm width. The device consists of twelve units of fermentors ensuring four tests simultaneously with three replications and assuring high accuracy of results. Practical implications: The test fermentors serve to test the biogas production from different energy crops and other materials of organic origin. The results reached serve to plan the electricity production in the biogas production plant. Originality/value: The mini digesters simulated in laboratory the actual state from the biogas production plant. Anaerobic fermentation was introduced and the biogas to be processed into electricity was produced.
Deacetylaza chitynowa może być użytecznym narzędziem w produkcji chitozanu o niskich stopniach acetylacji oraz wysokich masach cząsteczkowych. W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono wyniki modelowania enzymatycznej deacetylacji chitozanu prowadzonej w reaktorze okresowym. Pokazano, wpływ uwzględnienia inhibicji produktem oraz dezaktywacji termicznej na model oraz porównano zaproponowane modele z danymi doświadczalnymi.
EN
Chitin deacetylase is an enzyme that can be useful for enzymatic deacetylation of chitin. Kinetic models with and without product inhibition and thermal deactivation of chitin deacetylase were tested and compared with the experimental data obtained in a batch reactor. It was shown that the system is more sensitive to enzyme deactivation than to product inhibition.
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W pracy przedstawiono opis budowy i działania skomputeryzowanego systemu sterowania pracą fermentora, który opracowano w Instytucie Biochemii Technicznej oraz na przykładzie biosyntezy subtilizyny przez bakterie B.subtilis IBTC-3 pokazano jego możliwości.
EN
Construction and basis work of the Computerizing System Steering of Fermentor (SSSF), mounting in Institute of Biochemistry Technical University Łódź were described. The results of biosynthesis of subtilisin by Bacillus subtilis IBTC-3 in SSSF were also described.
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