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PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję systemu fermentacji beztlenowej i kompostowania wraz z wykorzystaniem odpadowego tlenu, pochodzącego z procesu elektrolizy wody. Elektrolizer, oprócz wodoru, generuje także duże ilości tlenu, który można sprzedać jako dodatkowy produkt z instalacji lub wykorzystać w innym procesie przemysłowym. Wykorzystanie tlenu z procesu rozpadu wody zachodzącego w obrębie generatorów wodoru pozwala pominąć konieczność zabudowy kosztownej jednostki separacji powietrza ASU (ang. Air separation unit) w analizowanym systemie. Tlen potrzebny w procesach zgazowania lub w procesie spalania tlenowego może pochodzić z procesu elektrolizy. W rozważanym systemie do pozyskiwania paliw zaproponowano wykorzystanie elektrolizerów wysokotemperaturowych typu SOE (ang. Solid Oxide Electrolyzers). Głównym celem badań laboratoryjnych jest określenie wpływu utleniacza (tlenu) na skład oraz parametry otrzymanego w procesie kompostowania gazu.
EN
The article presents the concept of an anaerobic digestion and composting system with the use of waste oxygen from the water electrolysis process. Apart from hydrogen, the electrolyser generates large amounts of oxygen, which can be sold as an additional product from the installation or used. The use of oxygen fiom the water decomposition process taking place within the hydrogen generators makes it possible to omit the need to use a costly air separation unit (ASU) in the analyzed system. The oxygen needed in the gasification or oxycombustion processes can come from the electrolysis process. In the considered system for obtaining fuels, the use of high- temperature electrolysers of the SOE type (Solid Oxide Electrolyzers) was proposed. The main purpose of laboratory tests is to determine the influence of the oxidant (oxygen) on the composition and parameters of the gas obtained in the composting process.
EN
The objective of this study is to investigate biogas production by anaerobic digestion using mesophilic bacteria mixed with Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). This project aims to determine the volume of biogas generation and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from chicken manure via the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) often faces obstacles, including high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration, inorganic soil particles, and wood chips. The digestion process was carried under batch mode conditions in Scott bottles of 1.0 L active volume. The bottles were immersed in a water bath to control their temperature at 37℃. The characteristics of total solid, volatile solid of mass fraction, pH, and temperature on the amount of biogas produced were studied. The investigation showed that biogas production can be enhanced by inoculation of another material. The optimum biogas composition in the AD system was recorded by Inoculum I, which was achieved on Day 2 at 560 mL/L. The highest cumulative methane yield was observed in the leachate with Inoculum (I), which was 8976 mL/gVS, while the CML produced 4 mL/g VS. The anaerobic digestion (AD) process augmented with inoculum demonstrated heightened efficacy in biogas generation and VFA concentration reduction during the acidogenic phase, surpassing the observed performance in chicken manure leachate.
EN
The management of biodegradable waste from various sectors of economy is an essential element in terms of environmental protection. The paper discusses issues related to the possibility of bio-waste treatment using anaerobic digestion technologies and composting processes, highlighting the conditions for the processes and their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges of overproduction of bio-waste faced by highly developed countries around the world are also presented. Research showed that the anaerobic digestion of this waste combines both biofuel production and a circular economy. The popularity of this method is linked, among others to a low cost of raw materials and wide range of possible uses for biogas (i.e. electricity, heat, or biomethane). In addition, an alternative bio-waste management option, compost production, was discussed. The study aimed to compare anaerobic and aerobic bio-waste management processes.
PL
Zagospodarowanie odpadów biodegradowalnych pochodzących z różnych gałęzi gospodarki jest niezbędnym elementem w aspekcie ochrony środowiska. W artykule omówione zostały zagadnienia związane z możliwością przetwarzania bioodpadów wykorzystując technologie fermentacji metanowej i procesu kompostowania, z podkreśleniem warunków prowadzenia procesów oraz ich wad i zalet. Przedstawione zostały także wyzwania związane z nadmierną produkcją bioodpadów, przed którymi stoją państwa wysokorozwinięte na całym świecie. Prowadzone badania pokazują, że fermentacja beztlenowa omawianych odpadów łączy zarówno produkcję biopaliw oraz gospodarkę obiegu zamkniętego. Popularność omawianej metody jest związana m.in. z niskim kosztem surowców oraz szeroką możliwością wykorzystania produktu jakim jest biogaz (tj. elektryczność, ciepło lub biometan). Ponadto omówiona została tematyka związana z alternatywną możliwością zagospodarowania bioodpadów jaką jest produkcja kompostu. Celem pracy było porównanie procesów beztlenowego i tlenowego zagospodarowania bioodpadów.
EN
Anaerobic digestion (AD) converts organic matter and biomass waste into biogas, making it an environmentally friendly technology to improve energy resources for a wide range of applications. Jerusalem artichoke straw (JAS) has an enriched content of cellulose and exhibits a high potential for methane production. AD-based production of methane can eff ectively utilize waste JAS. This study investigated the AD performance of JAS to explore the enhancement of methane yields by employing a Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The overall goal was to identify the optimal levels of pretreatment factors, including HCl concentration, pretreatment time, and pretreatment temperature, for producing optimal biomethane yields from JAS. The highest value of methane production achieved was 256.33 mL g-1VS by using an optimal concentration of HCl as 0.25 M, a pretreatment time of 10 h, and a pretreatment temperature of 25°C. These results inform the future application of JAS in enhanced methane production.
PL
Zwiększające się wymagania oczyszczania ścieków oraz rozwój systemów oczyszczania ścieków, unieszkodliwiania i przeróbki osadów ściekowych powodują znaczny wzrost zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną i cieplną. Alternatywnym sposobem na pozyskiwanie taniej energii jest wykorzystywanie biogazu wytworzonego w procesie fermentacji z osadów ściekowych. W pracy przedstawiono analizę gospodarki osadowej i biogazowo-energetycznej w oczyszczalni ścieków w Opolu w aspekcie uzyskiwania biogazu i jego wykorzystania do produkcji energii elektrycznej. Układ biogazowo-energetyczny w rozpatrywanym okresie funkcjonował prawidłowo. W dwóch agregatach prądotwórczych wyprodukowano z biogazu łącznie 7,26 GWh energii elektrycznej, co pozwoliło na pokrycie blisko 35% zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną.
EN
Increasing requirements of wastewater treatments and the development of wastewater treatment and sewage sludge systems cause a significant increase in the demand for electricity and heat. An alternative way to obtain cheap energy is to use biogas produced in the anaerobic digestion process from sewage sludge. The paper presents an analysis of sewage sludge and biogas-energy management at the wastewater treatment plant in Opole in the aspect of obtaining biogas and its use for electricity production. The biogas-energy system was functioning properly in 2017–2019. A total of 7.26 GWh of electricity was produced from biogas in two power generators, which allowed to cover nearly 35% of the demand for electricity.
EN
A rational way to treat and disposal sewage sludge is to use it as a substrate for biogas production in the anaerobic digestion process, doing so can lead to an improvement in the energy efficiency of the entire wastewater treatment plant, and even enable it to become energy self-sufficient. The article analyses the amount of energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants, the course of the biogas production process and examples of wastewater treatment plants that are close to becoming, or have managed to become, "ecologically sustainable" facilities thanks to the production of green energy.
PL
Źródłem odpadów spożywczych jest przemysł wytwarzający żywność i szeroko rozumiana konsumpcja. Mogą być one przetwarzane w metan, w procesie fermentacji beztlenowej. Pozyskany w ten sposób biogaz (biometan) jest odnawialnym źródłem energii, które zmniejsza negatywny wpływ produkcji i konsumpcji żywności na środowisko naturalne. Praca przedstawia przegląd literaturowy na temat produkcji odpadów spożywczych na świecie i w Polsce oraz ich przetwarzania energetycznego przez fermentację metanową.
EN
A review, with 34 refs., of process for biomass conversion to MeH by fermentation.
EN
Anaerobic digestion is the biological degradation of biomass in oxygen-free environments. The main product of this process is biogas, rich in CH4 and CO2. Understanding the heat loss characteristic of biogas digester (BD) is important to put these technologies into application. Biogas digester may obtain assumed gas production in cold environmental when the optimal fermentation temperature is maintained. It requires heating system and insulation technologies. Here 2-D axisymmetric steady heat transfer model coupled with surrounding soil was built to calculate heat loss of HBD for a real biogas plant located in north-eastern Poland. A sample to determine the effect of air flow between the membranes of the BD cover on the heat losses has been presented.
9
Content available remote Modelowanie numeryczne procesu mieszania w wydzielonych komorach fermentacyjnych
PL
W artykule przybliżono zagadnienie modelowania przepływu przy zastosowaniu numerycznej mechaniki płynów, jako metody wspomagającej dobór mieszadła do wydzielonej komory fermentacyjnej biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków. Opisano skrótowo podstawy teoretyczne i metodologię modelowania. Przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki modelowania pola prędkości, mocy mieszania, sił osiowych pochodzących od wirników mieszadeł dla rzeczywistej pracującej wydzielonej komory fermentacyjnej. Symulacje przeprowadzono dla stanu ustalonego i nieustalonego, z uwzględnieniem nienewtonowskich właściwości mieszanego medium. Zastosowano model lepkości Herschel-Bulkley'a. Parametry modelu przyjęto na podstawie danych literaturowych. Przedstawiono wyniki symulacji dla dwuwirnikowego mieszadła pionowego, zainstalowanego w wydzielonej komorze fermentacyjnej z dnem stożkowym. Wyniki obliczeń pola prędkości w zbiorniku przedstawiono w formie wykresów konturowych prędkości.
EN
The issue of flow modeling by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), as a supporting method of mixer selection, for digestion chamber of biological waste water treatment plant is briefly highlighted in the paper. The theoretical basics and modeling methodology has been shortly discussed. The results of CFD simulations of velocity field, mixing power, axial forces generated by mixer impellers are presented, for real scale digestion chamber. The steady and unsteady state simulations are carried out taking into account non-Newtonian rheological properties of the fluid. The Herschel-Bulkley viscosity model has been applied. The model parameters have been assumed from literature data. The results of CFD simulations for top entry vertical mixer with two impellers, installed in fermenter with conical bottom are presented. The calculated field is presented as contour plots of velocity magnitude.
EN
The objective of anaerobic digester start-up is to achieve steady-state operation and the required reduction performance in the shortest possible time. The present study aims to assess a novel strategy to start-up pilot scale mesophilic anaerobic digester with internal inoculums; the operational parameters such as feed concentration and operating temperature were also evaluated. Three pilot scale anaerobic digester systems were designed and manufactured. They were equipped with all necessary instruments for measurements, operation and control. Each system consists of a feed tank, a reactor (anaerobic digester), a gas storage tank, and a displaced water collecting tank. The digester start-up was achieved successfully and smoothly without any operational problems. The feed concentration had minor effects on the performance of the digester start-up while the operating temperature has approximately no effect.
EN
The actual sizes of precast anaerobic digestion tanks (600 dm3) combined with food waste disposer systems (PAD-FWD) were selected to investigate efficiency under actual use conditions. The effects of organic loading rates (OLRs) and the presence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants in dishwashing liquid on the organic removal efficiency and biogas generation of PAD-FWD were studied. According to the findings, the PAD-FWD at an OLR of 0.13 kg VS/(m3·day) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 days could be applied to treat food waste without adding any nutrients to the system to effectively produce biogas. Under operating conditions of the LAS concentration of 63.4 mg/dm3, PAD-FWD was able to reach a steady-state condition with a performance similar to the system without added LAS. The quality of effluent from the PAD-FWD system was unable to meet the effluent standard for households; thus, this effluent should be collected for treatment in a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WTP) before release into the environment. The effluent quality at an OLR of 0.13 kg VS/(m3·day) was in the range of the influent properties of the central WTP, which ensures that the pollutants in the effluent do not increase the overall burden on the WTP. The bio-sludge from PAD-FWD was not a sufficient nutrient source for the growing plants. However, the germination index (GI) of the effluent at an OLR of 0.13 kg VS/(m3·day) did meet the fertilizer standard. The results of this study can be applied to develop self-management of food waste technology to encourage the separation of food waste at the origin within households.
EN
The anaerobic digestion of mixing brewery sludge with vinasse and silica mud at various ratios under thermophilic conditions was explored. Vinasse, silica mud and beer sludge (the sludge from the treatment of beer wastewater) are the main solid wastes of the beer production. Uncontrolled decom-position of these wastes could cause large-scale contamination of soil, water, and air. The results of the investigation showed that the optimal ratio of beer sludge and vinasse was 1:1 under total solids of 10%, producing the highest amount of gas of 1.34 cm3/g within 24 h and 4.06 cm3/g in 10 days. The silica mud weakened the fermentation process and reduced the gas production, and the concentration of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and volatile solids decreased during the digestion. For the mixture of brewery sludge and vinasse, the content of the total organic matter in the biogas manure was more than 60% and the value of pH was 6.5 after the anaerobic digestion, indicating that the manure can be used as an organic fertilizer.
EN
An economic analysis of the dry anaerobic digestion (AD) in Poland operated with various input streams has been presented, ranging from the organic fraction of residual waste to biowaste from various sources. The shares of individual costs and revenues change significantly in these operation options. Sensitivity analyses, performed under assumption of four different market conditions showed that the profitability of AD plants is unpredictable. Assuming the current legal situation, the final profit or loss of the digestion technology strongly depends on the prices of energy. The final economic output for the anaerobic digestion was compared to the output of an aerobic stabilization process.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu wsadu złożonego z kiszonki z kukurydzy, wysłodków buraczanych i gnojowicy na kinetykę fermentacji beztlenowej oraz uzysk biogazu i metanu w warunkach fermentacji stacjonarnej. Przy wsadzie kiszonki z kukurydzy i wysłodków w proporcjach 75:25, 50:50 i 25:75 uzyskano największe wydajności biogazu, odpowiednio 747,88, 716,74 i 701,88 m3/t s.m.o. W przypadku kiszonki z kukurydzy i gnojowicy wydajności biogazu były znacznie mniejsze i wynosiły 488,03 i 476,80 m3/t s.m.o. dla proporcji kiszonka z kukurydzy + gnojowica odpowiednio 9:91 i 13:87.
EN
Mixts. of maize silage, beet pulp and cattle slurry were fermented under anaerobic conditions to biogas and MeH. The highest efficiency of biogas prodn. was 747.88 m3/Mg of dry organic matter. In the case of maize silage and cattle slurry, the biogas yield was much lower and ranged in 488.03-476.80 m3/Mg of dry mass. It was achieved when a mixt. of maize silage and cattle slurry (9:91 and 13:87 by mass) was used as raw material.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję urządzenia laboratoryjnego z systemem wypłukiwania materii organicznej z obornika z przeznaczeniem do produkcji biogazu oraz ocenę uzysku biogazu z nawozu naturalnego o różnym stopniu przefermentowania (dojrzałości). Ocena wydajności biogazowej badanych faz technologicznych obornika oraz mieszaniny wymywanej w celu określenia efektywności biogazowej projektowanej technologii wykazała, że spośród substratów użytych w doświadczeniu najlepsze własności pod względem prognozowanego uzysku biogazu wykazał obornik pryzmowany, 4-8-tygodniowy przed obornikiem świeżym (dobowym) i obornikiem dojrzałym (przefermentowanym, 4-6-miesięcznym). W przypadku obornika świeżego otrzymano uzysk biogazu 62,49 ± 5,03 dm3·kg-1 ś.m., natomiast w przypadku obornika pryzmowanego uzysk był o 7,05% większy, a obornika dojrzałego o 9,12% mniejszy. Z przesączy z obornika świeżego płukanego wodą destylowaną uzysk biogazu wyniósł 44,77 ± 3,58 dm3·kg-1 ś.m., natomiast z pozostałości po płukaniu obornika świeżego wodą destylowaną -17,20 ± 1,38 dm3·kg-1 ś.m.
EN
The aim of this study was to develop a concept device laboratory system for leaching of organic matter from manure, intended for the production and evaluation of biogas from manure with varying degrees of maturity. Biogas yields evaluation according to stage of maturity manure and mixtures eluted in order to determine the effectiveness of biogas designed technology showed that the substrates used in the experiment, which are three types of solid manure, the best properties in terms of forecasting the yield of biogas showed manure from dung pile (4–8 week old), before fresh manure (1 day) and old solid manure (mature manure 4–6 month old). For fresh manure (OS) the obtained biogas yield was on level 62.49 ± 5.03 dm3 per kg of fresh matter, for manure from dung pile (OP) yield was 7.05% higher, while for mature manure (OD) 9.12% lower. In turn, the filtrates (PC) of fresh manure rinsed with distilled water, the yield was 44.77 ± 3.58 dm3 per kg of fresh matter. But for residues (ST) after rinsing fresh manure rinsed with distilled water yield was 17.20 ± 1.38 dm3·kg–1 of fresh matter.
16
Content available remote Treatment of dairy waste by anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge
EN
The results of anaerobic digestion (AD) of buttermilk (BM) and cheese whey (CW) with a digested sewage sludge as inoculum is described. The substrate/inoculum mixtures were prepared using 10% buttermilk and 15% cheese whey. The essential parameters of the materials were described, including: total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), pH, conductivity, C/N ratio (the quantitative ratio of organic carbon (C) to nitrogen (N)), alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD). The potential directions of biodegradation of the organic waste types, as used in this study, are also presented. Appropriate chemical reactions illustrate the substrates and products in each phase of anaerobic decomposition of the compounds that are present in buttermilk and cheese whey: lactic acid, lactose, fat, and casein. Moreover, the biogas and biomethane production rates are compared for the substrates used in the experiment. The results have shown that buttermilk in AD generates more biogas (743 m3/Mg VS), including methane (527 m3/Mg VS), when compared with cheese whey (600 m3/Mg VS, 338 m3/Mg VS for biogas and methane, respectively).
17
Content available remote Pozyskiwanie biogazu w mikroskali
EN
The article presents problems of biogas production in small biogas plants and the temperature influence on the anaerobic digestion. The examples of digesters structures and characteristic of substrates available in a household are discussed in the article.
PL
W artykule omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia związane z pozyskiwaniem biogazu w małych, lokalnych biogazowniach. Przedstawiono przykładowe rozwiązania komór fermentacyjnych, scharakteryzowano substraty dostępne w gospodarstwie domowym do produkcji biogazu. Ponadto omówiono ograniczenia w funkcjonowaniu samoczynnych przydomowych mikrobiogazowni.
EN
An agricultural waste substrates such as rape straw, hay, corn stover, or other types of green fodder (grass residues) are not utilized in many farms and go to the waste, which finally goes to the soil. Therefore, it is very important to appropriately manage these substrates, for example, in methane fermentation process for the biogas production. During the process of methane fermentation in agricultural biogas plant, mentioned biomass substrates are decomposed only in a small extent. The low biodegradability of straw and grasses is related to their chemical structure. The composition of this materials includes cellulose and hemicellulose compounds surrounded with the lignin polymers (hence, in the literature the name of lignocellulosic biomass is used), which is not digested in this form by enzymes of the methane bacteria. It is assumed that a suitable technological pretreatment of the batch (by micronization or steam explosion) may significantly improve the methane fermentation process with little additional energy and cost inputs. The aim of the study is to discuss the impact of selected pretreatment technologies of vegetable raw material plant for the production of biogas and to provide energy and economic balance of the proposed methods. Studies were conducted basing of foreign literature reports (in Poland not yet published research in the field of mechanical and thermal pre-treatment of plant biomass) and also based on knowledge and own research.
19
Content available remote Algae biomass as a co-substrate in methane digestion of sewage sludge
EN
The article discusses problems related to intensification of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. The authors have analysed the principal indicators of a methane digestion process, focusing mainly on biogas production. The most commonly used methods of sludge disintegration were reviewed. Additionally, the methods of algae biomass processing for biofuels and a methanogenic potential of the biomass were presented. The article presents the literature review to identify the possibilities of energy profit caused by using algae in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.
PL
W artykule omówiono problemy związane z intensyfikacją procesu fermentacji beztlenowej osadów ściekowych. Autorzy przeanalizowali główne wskaźniki procesu fermentacji metanowej, skupiając się głównie na produkcji biogazu. Zostały zweryfikowane najczęściej stosowane metody dezintegracji. Dodatkowo zaprezentowano metodę przetwarzania biomasy glonów na biopaliwa, w tym potencjał metanogenny biomasy. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury i na tej podstawie podjęto próbę określenia możliwości zysku energetycznego wynikającego z wykorzystania glonów w procesie fermentacji osadów ściekowych.
EN
This paper describes the changes in volatile fatty acids and hydrogen production in time, during an anaerobic digestion process of organic waste material. The experiment showed that the reaction run most efficiently between 6 and 12th hour of the reaction time. This can be an indicator for future experiments on volatile fatty acids and hydrogen production optimisation.
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