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Groundwater Quality Assessment for Human Drinking in Rural Areas, Al-Hoceima Province (Northern Morocco)

Mchiouer Fatiha, Boughrous Ali Ait, El Ouarghi Hossain

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2022

Vol. 23, iss. 3

138--147

The aim of this study is to assess the quality of water for drinking in the rural area of the city of Al-Hoceima, in order to measure the health risks to which people who use it for their needs are exposed. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was carried out on 60 households selected randomly. Well and spring water samples (8 wells and 8 springs) were collected in November and December 2019 and analyzed according to the standard methods of water analysis. The survey indicated that water consumed by 80.00% of households does not receive any prior treatment. With the lack of a collective excreta and wastewater management system in the municipality, 99.00% of households have latrines, 50.00% of which are installed within 15meters of the water source. The bacteriological analyses indicate that all the sampled points are contaminated by fecal contamination germs. This poor quality may be due to various anthropogenic activities, and the presence of non-standardized septic tanks. Therefore, protecting and improving water sources must be accompanied by adequate measures of disinfection of these waters before their use.

Anthropogenic Activities Impact on the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water in Dayat Roumi Lake, Morocco

Ihsane Ougrad, Zahra Elassassi, Imad Allali, Mohammed Elbouch, Abdeslam Abid, Mohamed Fadli

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2022

Vol. 23, iss. 4

162--172

Dayat Roumi Lake, a vast body of permanent and shallow water in Morocco, is exposed to urban, tourist, and agricultural constraints. This human intervention can lead to microbial pollution of the lake ecosystem, hence the need to assess this contamination. For this reason, we undertook in this study an evaluation of the microbiological quality of the lake’s water. Thus, seasonal water samples were taken at eight selected stations, taking into account the reception sites of the tributaries and anthropic activities. The parameters determined were: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrates, orthophosphates, total phosphate, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The results reveal: (1) A high water conductivity exceeding the admissible value recommended by the Moroccan standard; (2) A significant presence of coliforms and fecal streptococci, in dry periods, exceeding the standards set by the WHO, which could be attributed to a summer temperature favorable to the development of coliforms. This fecal contamination leads to an increased consumption of dissolved oxygen (high BOD and low DO values) explaining the fish mortality in this period of the year; (3) The principal component analysis identified the sources of water quality degradation as domestic sewage, agricultural run-off, domestic waste, and human and animal excreta; (4) The hierarchical analysis divided the sampling stations into three different clusters. The results of the microbiological quality index classified the waters from not to highly polluted. Station 4 was classified as the most polluted site. The results of the COD/BOD ratio showed a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the biodegradability of the oxidizable matter present in the lake waters.

Temporal variability of enterococci and associated sources at three subtropical recreational beaches

León-López C. E., Arreola-Lizárraga J. A., Padilla-Arredondo G., Chávez-Villalba J. E., Mendoza-Salgado R. A., Méndez-Rodríguez L. C., García-Hernández J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

2018

Vol. 47, No. 4

327--336

We have examined enterococci concentrations in water and sand (dry and wet) at three semi-arid subtropical recreational beaches to assess public health risks. To determine the concentration of enterococci, water and sand samples were collected before, during and after the Easter Week (when the largest influx of users occurs), and in the wintertime. The lowest concentrations (< 100 MPN 100 ml-1) were recorded before the Easter Week, the highest concentrations (> 1500 MPN 100 ml-1) during and after the Easter Week, and concentrations < 500 MPN 100 ml-1 in the wintertime. Enterococci concentrations in sand were generally < 200 MPN 100 ml-1. Variability in enterococci concentrations can be explained by the influx of users during the Easter Week, rainfall runoff and the increase in water temperature after the Easter Week, as well as by winds and the presence of dogs and birds in the wintertime. The highest health risks occur during and after the Easter Week.