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PL
Zbadano wpływ warunków preparatyki tlenków glinowo-magnezowych na ich właściwości fizyczno-chemiczne (skład chemiczny, skład warstw powierzchniowych, skład fazowy, wielkość cząstek, tekstura, powierzchnia właściwa) oraz aktywność katalityczną w procesie oksyetylenowania metylowych estrów wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych. Wzięto pod uwagę proces współstrącania wodorotlenkowych prekursorów, jak i kalcynację prowadzącą do otrzymania tlenków glinowo-magnezowych.
EN
Aq. solns. of Al(NO₃)₃ and Mg(NO₃)₂ were treated with solns. of Na or K carbonates at pH 9-10 under stirring to ppt. a mixt. of Al₂O₃ and MgO used after drying and calcination as catalysts for oxyethylation of Me laurate with oxirane. The Al/Mg ratio in the catalyst bulk varied in the range 0.16-0.58 (av. 0.2) and the alk. metal content in the range 0.78–10.6%. The increase in alk. metal content resulted in an increase of ester conversion and narrowing of the ethoxylate chain length distribution.
2
Content available remote Zastosowanie niekonwencjonalnych surowców oleistych w syntezie biodiesla
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad użyciem niekonwencjonalnych olejów do produkcji biodiesla. Surowce tłuszczowe otrzymano przez wytłaczanie lub ekstrakcję nasion 15 gatunków roślin oleistych. Na podstawie analiz składu chemicznego oraz pomiaru gęstości, lepkości, analizy wartości liczb charakterystycznych oraz właściwości wysoko- i niskotemperaturowych oceniono przydatność zsyntezowanych mieszanek estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych do produkcji biodiesla w świetle obowiązujących norm.
EN
Fifeen plants were considered as raw materials for prodn. of biodiesel fuels. Their seeds were studied for dry mass, fats, ash, fibers and proteins and pressed or extd. with Me₂CO to recover the oil components. The oils were transesterified with MeOH to prep. resp. fatty acid Me esters examd. then for chem. compn., d., viscosity, acid, sapon. and iodine values, as well as for low- and high-temp. properties. The fuels prepd. from white mustard oil (Sinapis alba L.), hempseed oil (Cannabis sativa L.) and poppy oil (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds were recognized as the most promising, as they fulfilled the requirements of biodiesel stds. (low content of polyunsatd. fatty acid esters, concn. of linolenic acid below 12% by mass, viscosity between 3.5–5.0 mm²/s at 40°C, d. between 860–900 kg/m³ at 15°C, acid value below 0.5, iodine value below 120, flash point above 101°C and cloud points between –5°C and 5°C).
EN
Environmental emissions and efficiency of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) have been experimentally investigated and compared with petro-diesel. Rubber seed oil methyl ester, cotton seed oil methyl ester, neem oil methyl ester, and mahua oil methyl ester were used as fuels. The brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust gas temperature, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke emissions were investigated. Mahua oil methyl ester exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency compared to other FAMEs. The NOx was found to be higher, while CO, HC, and smoke emissions of rubber seed oil methyl ester were lower than the other fuels at all loads.
EN
It was evidenced that P. vesicularis is an efficient degrader of phenol but does not have a reporter system for monitoring bacterial survival in the environment. Therefore, P. vesicularis (pBR322) has been constructed. In this study we experimentally confirmed that introduction of plasmid pBR322 into P. vesicularis did not change its ability to degrade phenol in liquid media and after its inoculation into sterile soil. Moreover, it has been shown that plasmid pBR322 was stable in P. vesicularis during all experiments. Additionally, the pattern of fatty acid methyl esters for P. vesicularis (pBR322) looked similar to that of P. vesicularis under phenol exposure. Some fatty acids, especially branched and cyclopropane ones were sensitive markers of phenol utilization. These findings indicate that P. vesicularis (pBR322) due to the presence of plasmid could be used instead of P. vesicularis in bioaugmentation of phenol-contaminated areas.
EN
Due to rapid population growth and development in the world there is high energy demand, energy consumption, sharp decline in petro fuels reserves, and greater environmental problems, as a result of using petroleum diesel constrained mankind to investigate newer and renewable feed stocks for liquid transportation fuels from vegetable oils by transesterification reaction. In this study oil of waste coffee residue of yirgachefie, yirgalem and kocherea (chellelleqtu) weredas were selected as potential raw from indigenous species for biodiesel production. Oil was extracted using n-hexane as a solvent from waste coffee residue of yirga chefie, yirgalem and kocherea weredas. The oil contents for yirgachefie, yirgalem and kocherea were 16.67% w/w, 19.7 % w/w and 16.9% w/w respectively. Transesterification were carried out for all oils using methanol in the presence of acidic and basic catalysts to produce biodiesel. The fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel prepared from the oil extracted from three waste coffee residues were analyzed by FTIR and GC-MS. Based on GC-MS analysis their chemical compositions were 37.7 wt. % methyl palmitate (C16:0), 41 wt. % methyl linoleate (C18:2), 13.5 wt. % methyl oleate (C18:1) and 8.5 wt. % methyl stearate (C18:0) for yirgachefie, 35.90 wt.% methyl palmitate (C16:0), 38.28 wt. % methyl linoleate (C18:2), 16.42 wt. % methyl oleate (C18:1) and 9.40 wt.% methyl stearate (C18:0) for kocherea and 26.62 wt. % methyl palmitate (C16:0), 35.18 wt.% methyl linoleate (C18:2), 19.72 wt. % methyl oleate (C18:1) and 18.48 wt.% methyl stearate (C18:0) for yirgalem. In addition to this the variables that affect the amount of methyl ester yield were determined and an optimum of 94.7 %, 95.84 and 94.56 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion were obtained at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % mass NaOH, 65 °C reaction temperature and 3 hour reaction time for yirgachefie, yirgalem and kochera respectively. The energy content of the oil and biodiesel were 38, 36.2, 37 MJ/Kg and 38.68, 38, 41 MJ/ Kg for yirgachefie, yirgalem and kochera respectively which is determined by bomb calorimeter. Other physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were determined and all these lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards except acidic value. Therefore, coffee seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative energy resource in diesel engine.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad optymalizacją składu chemicznego biodegradowalnego oleju formierskiego, przeznaczonego do zastosowań w budownictwie. Badaniom poddano rafinowany olej rzepakowy oraz estry metylowe wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych, a także szereg mieszanek, zestawionych z wymienionych biokomponentów. Wyboru najlepszego oleju formierskiego dokonano w oparciu o badania właściwości: fizykochemicznych, eksploatacyjnych oraz ekologicznych.
EN
The authors present results of the research into the optimization of chemical composition of biodegradable former oil designed for building industry. Refined rape-seed oil, fatty acid methyl esters and some compositions of the mentioned biocomponents were investigated. On the basis of physic-chemical, working and ecological characteristics it has been selected the best former oil.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ dodatku czterech handlowych estrów metylowych oleju rzepakowego produkcji krajowej na właściwości smarnościowe trzech komponentów bazowego oleju napędowego produkcji PKN ORLEN S.A. Dodatek estrów poprawia właściwości przeciwzużyciowe.
EN
The influence of commercially available rapeseed oil methyl esters on lubricating properties of base diesel fuel components have been tested. Both applied esters (SOPUR Bydgoszcz and Rosiak&Rosiak Krośniewice) and diesel fuel components (PKN ORLEN S.A.) were manufactured in Poland. Esters, used as a diesel fuel lubricity additives, improve the fuel antiwear properties, measured with HFRR apparatus.
PL
W pracy dokonano charakterystyki olejów napędowych ujętych w najnowszym wydaniu Światowej Karty Paliw. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono problemowi smarności olejów napędowych o niskiej zawartości siarki. Na tym tle przedstawiono krótki przegląd metod oceny smarności olejów napędowych oraz omówiono działanie estrów metylowych kwasów jako dodatków smarnościowych do olejów napędowych nowej generacji. Wskazano, że estry takie wprowadzone do oleju napędowego w ilości 1% podnoszą jego smarność do niezbędnego poziomu.
EN
The paper contains a review of bibliographical data on low-sulphur diesel oil lubricity. The specification of fuel oils according to the latest issue of Fuel Charter has been presented. The methods of diesel oil lubricity assessment as well as fatty acid methyl ester lubricating activity have been reviewed shortly. It has been shown that these esters blended with diesel oil improve the poor lubricating properties of this fuel.
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