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1

Stable distribution in application to fixational eye movement description

Szmigiel Marta, Grzesiek Aleksandra, Wyłomańska Agnieszka, Kasprzak Henryk

Optica Applicata

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2019

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Vol. 49, nr 2

365--377

EN

To give an appropriate description of fixational eye movements is a very challenging problem. Over the years authors tried to describe the movements through different methods. The time series of the movements exhibit very characteristic behavior, which is the visible impulses. This may suggest the heavy-tailed distribution behind the data. In this paper on stochastic description of fixational eye movements, the α-stable distribution as the most important member of heavy-tailed family of distributions is proposed. The fixational eye movements together with head movement of both eyes of eight healthy subjects were measured and recorded by use of own designed optical system. Further analysis of changes in position of the pupil center in two-dimensional plane was performed. It was shown that head movement has very small impact on values of stability parameter α of fixational eye movements. The α-stable based analysis can be useful in better understanding of the character of the eye globe dynamics.

2

A case study of driver behaviour using eye-tracker

Borys M.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 3

699--705

EN

The paper presents the purpose of using the eye-tracker, as well as points the main area of its eye-tracking data application in driving experiments. The review of related works on driver visual and cognitive load is presented and discussed. The method and results from pilot study aimed to examine the possibility of usage of head-mounted eye-tracker (SMI Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0) to collect eye movement data from an user driving a non-instrumented vehicle in order to analyse his visual attention and cognitive load. The study also tries to verify if user’s physiological attributes do affect the quality of data. The paper points out the limitations of used study design as well as used equipment. It is concluded that the experiment might be extended on significant user sample, but several improvement must be provided.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wykorzystania śledzenia ruchu gałek ocznych, jak również główne obszary zastosowania tej technologii w badaniach związanych z pojazdami. Zaprezentowany i opisany został przegląd istniejących prac nad nadmiernym obciążeniem wizualnym oraz poznawczym kierowców. Zaprezentowana metoda badawcza i wyniki badań pilotażowych miały na celu sprawdzenie możliwości wykorzystania mobilnego urządzenia do śledzenia ruchu gałek ocznych (SMI Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0). Przeprowadzone badania również próbują zweryfikować pytanie badawcze, czy cechy fizjologiczne mają wpływ na jakość otrzymanych danych. Artykuł wskazuje na ograniczenia zastosowanej metody badawczej, jak i użytego oprzyrządowania. Zaprezentowany eksperyment może zostać przeprowadzony na zwiększonej próbie badawczej, ale muszą zostać wprowadzone udoskonalenia wskazane przez autora.

3

Mechatronic eye: modeling and design

Szybka T., Zagrodny B., Awrejcewicz J.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2013

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R. 17, nr 1

89-91

PL

W artykule autorzy prezentują mechatroniczny model oka. Celem budowy stanowiska było zasymulowanie i odtworzenie funkcji oka wraz z odwzorowaniem jego sterowania. Na podstawie budowy biologicznej, badań zarówno własnych, jak i innych autorów zaproponowano konstrukcję obejmującą budowę optyczną oka, funkcje i działanie źrenicy oraz sterowanie, które umożliwia wykrywanie i śledzenie źródła światła.

EN

In this paper both model and prototype of a human eye are developed. We are aimed on building and control of the simplified eye model, which is able to simulate some real eye biological functions. Control of the prototype has been motivated by monitoring the human eye behavior in different environment conditions. In addition, optical properties, functions and operation of the applied electrical control of the pupil (apple of the eye) and control of the prototype movement focused on detection and tracking a light source are also presented.

4

Biometrical identification on the ground of the eye movement, executed by means of the artificial neural network

Brzeski R., Ober J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2004

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Vol. 7

KB47--54

EN

In this article was written attempt to use the eye movement to biometrics identification. There are few words about theory of biometrics identification. After that there is described the way of recording of data. It is made by system ‚Ober2’. To process collected data the algorithms of artificial neural network are used. For this need, dedicated application was written. Functionality of the application, in article was described, as well as the examples - results of working of the artificial neural networks, for chosen criterions of researches. The plans for future researches were placed at the end of the article.

5

Evidence-Based Ergonomics. A Comparison of Japanese and American Office Layouts

Noro K., Fujimaki G., Kishi S.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2003

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Vol. 9, No. 4

527--538

EN

There is a variety of alternatives in office layouts. Yet the theoretical basis and criteria for predicting how well these layouts accommodate employees are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate criteria for selecting office layouts. Intensive computer workers worked in simulated office layouts in a controlled experimental laboratory. Eye movement measures indicate that knowledge work requires both concentration and interaction. Findings pointed to one layout as providing optimum balance between these 2 requirements. Recommendations for establishing a theoretical basis and design criteria for selecting office layouts based on work style are suggested.

6

System monitorujący stopień aktywnej uwagi operatora

Kniat J., Ober J. K.

Elektronizacja : podzespoły i zastosowania elektroniki

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2003

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Vol. 23, nr 7-8

45-48

PL

W artykule przedstawiono system BlueEyes przeznaczony do monitorowania aktywnej uwagi operatora złożonych urządzeń technicznych. Dwa główne elementy systemu to mobilny moduł zbierania danych i moduł centralny. Moduły te współpracują za pośrednictwem łącza Bluetooth. Czujnik Jazz Multisensor, podłączony do modułu zbierania danych, rejestruje wybrane parametry psychofizyczne operatora - zebrane dane są przesyłane do modułu centralnego dla dokonania odpowiedniej analizy. Podstawowym parametrem mierzonym jest położenie gałek ocznych, które stanowi podstawę dla monitorowania stopnia aktywnej uwagi operatora.

EN

In the paper authors, who served as mentors of IEEE CSIDC project, present the BlueEyes system designed by the winning team of students from Poznań University of Technology. The system devoted to monitor human operator is composed of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit and the Central System Unit. The units are connected using Bluetooth technology. Jazz Multisensor connected to the mobile unit measures several physiological parameters which are collected and transmitted to the central unit for analysis and recording. The most important parameters are the eyes movement velocities which serve as a basis for monitoring the conscious brain involvement.

7

Objectivity measurement of visual filed by using measurement system OBER2

Kowalski P.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2000

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Vol. 1

BI 67--74

EN

Measurement of vision fields (perimetry) is used as a part of screening tests for glaucoma, stroke and other neurological and blood vessels disorders. It may be used for disease detection and diagnosis of eye-vision damage. The idea of vision-field diagnosis, and development of suitable measurement systems is very old. The first study are based on hand shaking in front of patient eyes. This method was very primitive. First measurement instrument used for vision-field estimation was invented by von Graefe in 1856; but it was still very primitive (in fact it was a black table with white objects). Ten years later Foerster created better perimeter which used not flat table; but an arc (area of human vision field is above 90°). Nowadays common perimeters base on Goldman spherical projectors. There are two kind of vision-field measurements: kinetic (diagnosis of moved mark detection ability) and static (diagnosis of mark detection ability, with different size, brightness and position). On the market are available perimeters used for both types of measurements; for different area of measured vision field: from 30° to 90°. One of the most important problems associated with this kind of measurements is requirement of eye stable position of through all measurement time. In the case of using eye-movement system this requirement is not longer important. Using of eye-movement measurement system may be also useful for removing the second important problem – caused by patient mistakes (wrong signalized detection); it is possible because mark detection is not signalized consciously by patient but unconsciously from eye movement. Solution based on OBER2-system and computer monitor may be also cheaper than actually produced automated perimeters. OBER2-system bases on properties of infrared light reflection from the eyes. The sensors of OBER2 are small and light goggles, to be carried by the person in relatively convenient way. They measure movements of both eyes in the vertical and horizontal axis. The set of infrared light transmitters – receivers in the goggles make it possible to achieve very high sampling frequencies – up to 4kHz. Using of the goggle and computer monitor limits field of view to about 30°. The article presents technique that allows the vision field of a human eye to be determined using an Ober2 measurements system.

PL

Badania prowadzone wspólnie przez Instytut Informatyki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej PAN oraz II Katedrę Okulistyki Śląskiej Akademii Medycznej mają na celu przygotowanie technik koniecznych dla stworzenia oprogramowania umożliwiającego dokonywanie pomiarów pola widzenia przy wykorzystaniu systemu pomiarowego OBER2. Oprogramowanie takie może pozwolić na diagnozowanie jaskry, zapalenia nerwu wzrokowego, uszkodzenia plamki żółtej, symulacji i histerii, odwarstwienia siatkówki i zwyrodnienia barwników siatkówki. Rozwiązanie oparte na komputerze klasy PC i systemie OBER2, może być rozwiązaniem stosunkowo tanim, zwłaszcza biorąc pod uniwersalność systemu pomiarowego, który może zostać wykorzystywany także do innych badań. Może to umożliwić zastosowanie systemu i przeprowadzenie badań zakresu pola widzenia także w niewielkich gabinetach okulistycznych. Celem referatu jest przedstawienie możliwości zastosowania systemu OBER2 dla badań perymetrycznych.

8

Application of the OBER2 system to diagnosis of squint

Pojda D.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2000

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Vol. 1

BI 75--82

EN

Squint (strabismus) is a visual defect in which the two eyes point in different directions. One eye may turn either in, out, up, or down while the other eye aims straight ahead. Due to this condition, both eyes do not always aim simultaneously at the same object. This results in a partial or total loss of stereo vision and binocular depth perception. The eye turns may be visible at all times or may come and go. In some cases, the eye misalignments are not obvious to the untrained observer. This paper presents current results of work that is performed by the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Computer Science of Polish Academy of Sciences in cooperation with The Second Chair and Clinic of Ophthalmology of Silesian Medical Academy. The goal is to design and implement a hardware and software environment for the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. The OBER2 is an infrared light eye movement measuring system and it works with IBM PC compatible computers. As one of the safest systems for measuring of eye movement it uses a very short period of infrared light flashing time (80 microsecond for each measure point). System has an advanced analog-digital controller, which includes background suppression and prediction mechanisms guaranteeing, elimination of slow changes and fluctuations of external illumination frequency up to 100Hz, with effectiveness better than 40dB. Setting from PC the active measure axis, sampling rate (25-4000Hz) and making start and stop the measure, make it possible to control the outside environment in real-time. By proper controlling of gain it is possible to get high time and position resolution of 0.5 minute of arc even for big amplitude of eye movement (+/- 20 degree of visual angle). The whole communication system can also be driven directly by eye movement in real time. The precision of the eye-movements measurement system OBER2 will make it possible to determine the need for, and the extend of, a surgical intervention. Also, it will make possible to compare patients’ condition before and after treatment. The use of a standard PC as the host machine makes the system affordable not only for large clinics but also for small private practices. The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate intended applications of the OBER2 system in ophthalmology, and to compare possibilities the OBER2 and other systems.

PL

Celem badań prowadzonych wspólnie przez Instytut Informatyki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej PAN oraz Katedrę Okulistyki Śląskiej Akademii Medycznej jest opracowanie i wdrożenie do zastosowań medycznych stanowiska diagnostycznego pracującego w oparciu o system pomiarowy ruchu oka OBER2. Stanowisko takie będzie wykorzystywane między innymi do diagnozowania schorzeń układu okulomotorycznego, a także do oceny wyników leczenia takich schorzeń. Dokładność pomiarów uzyskiwana przy pomocy systemu OBER2 pozwoli precyzyjnie określić zakres i konieczność zabiegu operacyjnego. Pozwoli także na dokładne porównanie stanu pacjenta przed i po zabiegu. Stanowisko zbudowane na bazie komputera klasy PC w standardowej konfiguracji będzie rozwiązaniem stosunkowo tanim i dostępnym nie tylko dla dużych, bogatych klinik okulistycznych, ale także dla niewielkich gabinetów. Pozwoli to na przeprowadzenie badania u większej liczby pacjentów, a tym samym lepszą profilaktykę. Celem referatu jest przedstawienie możliwości zastosowań systemu OBER2 w diagnostyce schorzeń układu okulomotorycznego i porównanie możliwości tworzonego stanowiska i innych stosowanych w okulistyce systemów pomiarowych.