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EN
Statistically, at least 50% of all injuries experienced by police officers in the line of duty are due to assaults with blunt objects. Therefore, vests used by the police should provide not only good ballistic resistance, but also good protection against such threats. Foamed materials are possible to be used for body protectors or inserts of protective clothes. The effects of dynamic impact with beaters of different shapes onto behaviour of polymeric foamed material were determined. There were used four types of beaters: flat, cylindrical, edgy and cornered. Strikes with blunt objects such as a flat board, baseball bat, edgy brick, pavement brick or a sharp stone, to which a protective ware can be subjected, were simulated. The impact load was applied to the rectangular specimens, made of polyvinyl chloride foam, with a usage of a drop hammer. Plots of force versus compression for all the tested samples were obtained and analysed. The effects of impacts with beaters of different shapes onto foamed material samples were presented. A shape of the blunt object significantly influences crushing behaviour of the foamed material. The impact energy of a flat beater is absorbed effectively on a short distance, since it is spread on a relatively large surface. The cylindrical and edgy beaters did not cause fragmentation of the samples, however, on the upper surfaces of the samples, permanent deformations mapping the beaters shapes as well as some cracks occurred. An impact with a sharp object, for example, a cornered beater is very difficult to be neutralized by the foam material, because it is cumulated on a small area.
EN
It is expected that damping in amorphous metals change after its recrystallization. For this purpose study of this phenomena was investigated. An alloy Fe75 Z r4Ti3B17Cu1 was manufactured in a very specific conditions to obtain amorphous structure. To confirm structure of the manufactured material basic testing was conducted including XRD, AFM, LFM and SEM with EDS attachment. The study showed that the structure in fact is partially amorphous and partially nanocrystalline. To determine expected change of damping sample in form of rod was tested for bounce height in controlled conditions before and after heat treatment that changed materials structure. Obtained results indicate decrease of damping after heat treatment and therefore confirms initial assumption.
PL
Uważa się, że tłumienie w przypadku metali o strukturze amorficznej powinno ulec zmianie po ich rekrystalizacji. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań tego zagadnienia. Badania przeprowadzono na stopie Fe75Zr4Ti3B17Cu1 wykonanym w taki sposób, aby otrzymać materiał o strukturze amorficznej. W celu określenia oczekiwanej zmiany w tłumieniu badanego materiału, przeprowadzono badania polegające na pomiarze wysokości odbicia, dla próbki przed obróbką termiczną i po takiej obróbce. Otrzymane rezultaty pokazały, że względne tłumienie próbki uległo zmniejszeniu po poddaniu jej obróbce cieplnej, tym samym potwierdzając wstępne założenia.
EN
It is expected that damping in amorphous metals changes after their recrystallization. For this purpose a study of this phenomena was investigated. A Fe75Zr4Ti3B17Cu1 alloy was manufactured in very specific conditions to obtain amorphous structure. To determine expected change of damping, a sample in form of a rod was tested for bounce height in controlled conditions before and after heat treatment that changed the material structure. The obtained results indicate a decrease of damping after heat treatment and therefore confirm the initial assumption.
EN
This paper presents impact absorption system based on magnetorheological elastomer with Halbach magnetic arrays used for tuning. Its design and results of experimental evaluation are presented together with proposition of a non-linear model to describe the system. In the end validation of the model is presented based on energy and power balance method for its parametrization. This paper presents both novel approach to impact absorption and to modelling of a system based on smart material such as magnetorheological elastomer.
EN
This paper presents an experimental setup aiming at evaluating the magneto-mechanical and damping properties of the thermoplastic magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). The idea of the system is to create controllable conditions similar to those present in a vehicles and other mechanical constructions and to make it possible to determine parameters only relating to the MRE material itself. The test stand is based on four samples stimulated with highly effective Halbach arrays. The upper plate of the test stand is excited with use of a modal shaker to assure a constant impact force value during each test. This enables control of impact character and allows automation of the test stand. The last section of this paper presents preliminary test conducted to find the resonance frequency dependence on the impact force of the system for a constant value of magnetic field. The results indicate non-linear behavior of the material and therefore exclude use of the simple Kelvin-Voight model based approach for damping properties determination, that is a commonly used model for description of different materials.
EN
Important progress occurred in pulse-stimulated thermography, in particular thanks to the TSR technique, a technique based on the decomposition of thermograms on a logarithmic polynomial basis and the use of the logarithmic derivatives to enhance the detection of defects in structures. Its fields of application begin to broaden to the characterization of transient internal heat sources in experimental mechanics and biomedicine. The TSR technique is presented, in particular the last developments leading to the production of a unique synthetic image. Two recent examples of applications in experimental mechanics and biomedicine, taken from literature, are described: in situ detection of damages in a composite material during mechanical tests and in vivo visualization of subcutaneous functional angioarchitecture in humans.
7
Content available remote Magnetostriction of field-structural composite with Terfenol-D particles
EN
The paper describes the magnetomechanical properties of magnetostrictive composites containing a 70% volume fraction of Terfenol-D powder. Except for a reference specimen, composites were subjected to polarization during curing of the resin. The results of tests showed that polarization, its direction and type have an effect on the properties of the produced composites. The highest values of magnetostriction from the manufactured composite samples were obtained for the perpendicularly polarized specimen. For a pre-stress of 7 MPa the strain amounted to 720 ppm. The results indicate that the magnetostriction of the composite increases owing not only to the proper crystallographic orientation of the material, which is usually [1 1 2], but also to the proper preparation of the specimen in this case through polarization.
8
Content available remote Axial compressive strength testing of single carbon fibres
EN
In this study the tensile recoil test – an experimental technique to find the axial compressive strength of single fibres is discussed and the axial compressive strength of single carbon fibres has been determined for a fixed gauge length. Several fibres were tested at different stress levels and the data obtained regarding the failure of the fibre due to initiation of recoil compressive stress was used to determine the strength in compression. The recoil test data was evaluated using usual statistical and probabilistic models. Probabilistic Weibull and logistic models were used to evaluate the compressive strength distribution obtained from the recoil test. The axial compressive strengths of single carbon fibre predicted by all models are in good agreement with each other and the probabilistic models are very close to each other. The compressive strength of carbon fibres, is calculated as 869 MPa, which is very close to the value reported in the literature obtained by this method.
EN
The article deals with the problem of investigating the correlations between the loading rate and absorbed energy capability dependence of composite energy absorbing structures. Energy absorbing structures dissipate impact kinetic energy by means of crushing their structure. Numerous investigations have been conducted to evaluate the dependence between the loading velocity and Energy Absorbed (EA) for composites, however, the results are quite different and sometimes inconsistent. The material properties defined during static tests are possible to be applied at the initial stage of numerical calculations. More advanced and accurate target simulations require data from dynamic load tests. Single energy absorbing elements and three-element energy absorbing structures were subjected to static and dynamic investigations. The single energy absorbing elements were tube-shaped and built of epoxy composites reinforced with glass fabric. Fragments of sandwich energy absorbing composite elements were prepared from three tube elements arranged symmetrically on an equilateral triangle plan and stuck between composite plates. Static and dynamic energy absorbing tests were conducted. The specimens were loaded statically on a tension machine - Instron 8802. The specimens were compressed at a constant load velocity equal to 40 mm/min (0.0007 m/s). The dynamic tests were performed on a spring impact hammer. The impact load velocity was about 6.0 m/s. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the load velocity of a glass/epoxy composite specimen crush leads to an EA decrease. B The behaviour of both single energy absorbing elements and multi-element fragments of energy absorbing constructions was compared.
PL
W pracy zbadano energochłonność kompozytów polimerowych wzmacnianych tkaniną szklaną w warunkach obciążeń dynamicznych i statycznych. Porównano zachowanie pojedynczych elementów energochłonnych i kilkuelementowych fragmentów konstrukcji energochłonnych. W licznych pracach przedstawionych w literaturze poświęconej tej tematyce podano wyniki badań wpływu prędkości na EA, jednak uzyskane w nich wyniki nie są jednoznaczne. W niektórych pracach stwierdzono, że EA nie zależy od prędkości uderzenia, natomiast w innych pracach - że EA rośnie lub maleje wraz ze wzrostem prędkości. Konstrukcje energochłonne ze swej natury narażone są na obciążenia udarowe. Pochłanianie energii uderzenia polega na zamianie ujemnego przyrostu energii kinetycznej impaktu na pracę niszczenia konstrukcji energochłonnej. W obliczenia numerycznych wymagane są dane materiałowe pozwalające na obliczenie zachowania się konstrukcji energochłonnej podczas obciążeń udarowych. W pierwszej fazie obliczeń można wykorzystać właściwości określone na podstawie badań statycznych, jednak w docelowych opracowaniach powinien znaleźć się model odzwierciedlający zachowanie się kompozytu w warunkach obciążeń dynamicznych. Badaniom statycznym i dynamicznym w zakresie prędkości obciążenia od 0,0007 do 6,0 m/s poddano pojedyncze elementy energochłonne i fragmenty przekładkowych konstrukcji energochłonnych. Materiałem próbek był kompozyt polimerowy z żywicy epoksydowej wzmacniany tkaniną szklaną o strukturze [(0/90)T]n. Pojedyncze elementy energochłonne wykonane zostały w postaci rurek o średnicy wewnętrznej 40 mm. Fragmenty przekładkowych konstrukcji energochłonnych złożono z trzech elementów energochłonnych rozłożonych symetrycznie na planie trójkąta równobocznego i przyklejonych pomiędzy przekładkami wykonanymi z płyt kompozytowych. Eksperymenty wykonano na dwóch stanowiskach badawczych. Energochłonne badania statyczne przeprowadzono na maszynie wytrzymałościowej z napędem hydraulicznym Instron 8802. Próbki były ściskane ze stałą prędkością obciążenia wynoszącą 40 mm/min. (0,0007 m/s). Badania dynamiczne przeprowadzono na sprężynowym młocie udarowym. Prędkość początkowa uderzenia wynosiła 6,0 m/s. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników badań eksperymentalnych stwierdzono, że wzrost prędkości niszczenia próbek kompozytowych powoduje spadek energii absorbowanej w przedziale prędkości od 0,0007 do 6,0 m/s. Zarówno pojedyncze elementy energochłonne, jak również struktury energochłonne zachowują się podobnie. Energia absorbowana maleje wraz ze wzrostem prędkości obciążenia. Wyniki badań zostaną wykorzystane do budowy modelu numerycznego panelu ochronnego przeciw uderzeniom pociskami rakietowymi i minami.
EN
The use and the combination of new, high efficient materials for crashworthiness is of great interest nowadays. Foamed materials are commonly used to increase efficiency of composite materials. Based on the results obtained by Brachos and Douglas, it can be concluded that the sum of the energy absorption capabilities of the foamed filling and unfilled composite tubes is smaller than the energy absorbed by the tubes filled with the same filling. The paper presents the results of the experimental investigations into the influence of filling the tubes with different materials on the impact energy absorption capability. The tube shaped specimens made of epoxy composite, reinforced with carbon or glass fabrics were filled with foamed aluminium or foamed poly(vinyl chloride). It was proved that the foamed materials increase the energy absorption and the absorbed energy of the tubes filled with foams is greater than the sum of the energy absorbed by the composite tube without filling and the foamed material itself investigated separately, when the wall thickness is more than 2 mm. The investigations of the filled tubes with the thickness of walls equal to 1 mm showed lower absorbed energy values because the crushing force had decreased during the crush. The investigations were executed to show what are the effects of filling composite energy absorbing elements in the shape of tubes with foamed materials. Additionally, influence of tube wall thickness and crush mechanism were studied.
EN
The paper presents the results of the experimental static axial crush performance of unfilled and filled composite tubes. Composites are widely used as materials for energy absorbing structures because of their low density and a very high absorbed energy in relation to the mass ratio. Foamed materials are used in order to additionally increase their efficiency, because of stabilizing the progressive crush. It was proved by many authors that various foamed materials positively influence the energy absorption. In this work authors took effort to evaluate a very different material as a filler of common composite elements . elastomers. Elastomers are materials characterised by very high crush strains and viscoelastic properties. The tube shaped specimens made of epoxy composite, reinforced with carbon or glass fabrics were filled with elastomers of 40; 60; 70 and 90. ShA hardnesses. The influence of the elastomer hardness and the filling degree on the energy absorption factor (EA) was evaluated. The degree of filling the specimens with elastomers is determined by a different size of the elastomer perforation. Elastomers have a negative impact on the energy absorbed by the composite tubes.
EN
In the work, the attempt to determine the influence of loading rate on temperature of the surface of the crushed composite energy absorbing elements was undertaken. The specimens made of epoxy composites reinforced with glass fabrics and carbon fabrics of the structures [(0/90)T ]n were subjected to dynamic investigations. Thermovision investigations were conducted during energy absorbing tests. A thermovision camera enables the measurement of the temperature on the whole surface of the specimen visible in the camera lens while the measurement with the use of thermocouple is only local and has great heat inertia. During the investigations, the increase of specimen temperature related to impact velocity occurs. The temperature increase is caused by friction between the particles of the crushed specimen and by friction between the specimen and the support of the strength machine. At high loading rates, the increase of temperature on the surface of the specimens was significantly greater than the softening temperature of the epoxy resin E-53.
PL
W pracy zamieszczono wyniki z badań doświadczalnych dotyczących określania wpływu obciążenia skręcającego o charakterze cyklicznym na przebieg wyznaczanej jednocześnie charakterystyki rozciągania następujących materiałów: stali P91, stopu aluminium PA7 oraz miedzi M1E. Testy przeprowadzono na cienkościennych, osiowosymetrycznych próbkach rurkowych w warunkach płaskiego stanu naprężenia przy sterowaniu sygnałami odkształcenia. Wyznaczono zmiany granicy proporcjonalności, plastyczności i stycznego modułu wzmocnienia w zależności od amplitudy odkształcenia postaciowego oraz opracowano przebiegi zmian naprężeń głównych i kąta obrotu ich kierunków.
EN
The paper presents experimental results of tests devoted to evaluation of an influence of torsional cycles on the tensile characteristic of the following engineering materials: P91 steel, PA7 aluminium alloy, and M1E copper. All tests were carried out using thin-walled tubular specimens under biaxial stress state controlled by the strain signals. Variations of proportional limit, yield point, and tangential hardening modulus depending on amplitude of shear strain were determined. Changes of the principal stresses and rotation of their directions were also calculated.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych elastomerów o twardościach: 40, 60, 70 i 90 w stopniach określonych metodą Shore'a w skali A. Z badań energochłonnych rurek kompozytowych wypełnionych elastomerami określono wpływ stopnia wypełnienia rurek i twardości elastomeru na wartość pochłanianej energii uderzenia. Przedstawiono też mechanizm niszczenia próbek oraz określono właściwości mechaniczne elastomerów o różnej twardości z prób rozciągania, ściskania i obciążenia okresowo zmiennego.
EN
The paper presents the results of experimental investigations of the influence of filling of the tubes with elastomers on their impact energy absorption capability. Elastomers of 40; 60; 70 and 90 hardnesses in the degrees determined by Shore's method in A scale were investigated. Composite tubes were made of epoxy resin matrix (E-53) reinforced with carbon fabric TENA X HTA (C/E) or glass fabric STR-012-350-110 (S/E) and filled with elastomers of a different filling degree level and hardness. The dimensions of the tubes subjected to the examinations were: diameter ø40 mm and length 50 mm. The degree of filling of the specimens with elastomers is determined by percentage filling of the inner volume of the tube with elastomer of different perforation size (the number and the diameter of the holes made in elastomers). The energy absorbing tests were performed on the testing machine Instron 8802. The specimens placed between two flat plates were compressed at the constant load rate equal to 40 mm/min. The maximal shortening of the specimens was equal to 30 mm. On the basis of these data, the graphs of crush force in terms of the specimen shortening were outlined (load – displacement). The influence of the degree of filling of the composite tubes and the elastomer hardness on the energy absorbing capacity was evaluated from the energy absorbing tests. The paper covers the discussion of the crush mechanism of the specimens. The mechanical properties of elastomers used in the tests were evaluated from axial tension and compression load as well as from changing load tests [3]. The results of the influence of filling of the composite tubes with elastomers with different filling degree and various hardness on EA value are presented in table 2. The results are average values from three tests performed for each kind of the specimen. The table contains the specimens' specification: type of composite, wall thickness, filling degree, elastomers hardness, maximum load, specimens; shortening and absorbed energy (EA). The illustrations (Figs. 3-7) present the exemplary graphs of load versus displacement dependences for various kinds of specimen specifications. The graphs 8 to 10 show dependences of filling degree, hardness, wall thickness and reinforcement type (C/E, S/E) on the energy absorbed by the given specimens (EA). The specimens filled with elastomers show different crush mechanism than the specimens without filling. Tubes without the filling material crush progressively by layer bending mode while the specimens filled with elastomers crush by crack along the side surface of the tube, which is caused by the pressure of the compressed elastomer inside (see Fig. 4). Filling of the C/E and G/E composite tubes with elastomers of different hardness causes the increase in crush force (at an average of 22% for C/E), what can be concluded from the investigation results presented in tables 2 and 3 as well as in Figs. 5-7. Along with the increase in a tubes' filling degree, the tube crush displacements highly decrease, what influences directly the EA value decrease (see Figs. 5 and 6). The C/E composite tubes filled with elastomers show greater EA than the analogical tubes made of S/E composite because C/E composite compression strength is significantly greater. This effect was shown in the tests of C/E and S/E of equal wall thickness (see Fig. 10). However, the EA value was slightly influenced by the hardnesses of elastomers (40°, 60°, 70°, and 90° ShA) which filled the tubes. The influence of the tube wall thickness of polymer composites on EA is increasing for all the examined cases of a tubes filling degree and elastomer hardness. It results from the tubes crushing by the layer bending, as the bending strength depends on the thickness in square. The points presented in Figure 8 indicate the experimental results and the solid lines arose in the result of describing the points with polynomials obtained by the minimum squares method. The approximations of the dependence degree of the filling on the absorbed energy value show that EA increases to the filling degree of about 22%, however, EA significantly decreases when it is over 22%. This effect occurs due to the circumferential stresses caused by the pressure inside the tube, which are induced by the compression of incompressible elastomers.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki doświadczalnych badań wpływu prędkości uderzenia na energię absorbowaną (EA) przez kompozyty epoksydowe wzmacniane włóknami szklanymi i węglowymi o różnej strukturze. Przegląd literatury pokazał, że wpływ prędkości obciążenia na EA jest niejednoznaczny. W niektórych pracach stwierdzono, że EA nie zależy od prędkości uderzenia, natomiast w innych pracach, że EA rośnie lub maleje wraz ze wzrostem prędkości. Kompozyty polimerowe są tworzywami lepkosprężystymi, których właściwości mechaniczne (wytrzymałości na rozciąganie, ściskanie i moduły sprężystości) silnie zależą od prędkości odkształceń. Badaniom energochłonnym poddano próbki wykonane z kompozytów epoksydowych wzmocnionych matą szklaną i tkaniną szklaną o strukturze [(±45)T]n, które mają wysokie właściwości lepkosprężyste, a także kompozyty wzmocnione włóknami szklanymi i węglowymi o strukturze [(0/90)T]n, w których dominują właściwości sprężyste. Próby przeprowadzono w zakresie prędkości 0,0007-14,7 m/s.
EN
The paper presents the experimental investigations of influence of loading rate on the energy absorbed (EA) by selected polymer composites. There is a quite extensive literature examining this subject, but the obtained results do not reveal the unequivocal conclusions. In some cases, the loading rate does not influence the EA, in some cases a rising loading rate increases or decreases the EA. Due to viscoelastic properties of polymer composites, their mechanical properties (tensile strength, compression strength, elastic modulus) are strongly influenced by the loading rate. The work deals with energy absorbing tests of epoxy composites in the shape of tubes with different reinforcement orientation (different viscoelastic properties). Specimens made of epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibres in the form of fibre mats and fabrics [(±45)T]n have strong viscoelastic properties. Composite reinforced with glass and carbon fabrics [(0/90)T]n are mainly characterized by elastic properties. The energy absorbing tests were performed in the loading rate range form 0.0007 to 14.7 m/s.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki doświadczalnych badań wpływu prędkości uderzenia na przyrost temperatury na powierzchni próbki. Podczas badań energochłonnych elementów kompozytowych następuje wzrost temperatury próbki, który jest zależny od prędkości uderzenia. Wzrost temperatury jest spowodowany tarciem cząsteczek niszczonej próbki i tarciem próbki o podporę maszyny wytrzymałościowej. W pracy [1] przeprowadzono badania dotyczące rozpraszania energii poprzez tarcie, podczas progresywnego niszczenia kompozytowych rurek, pomiędzy płytami o różnej chropowatości, natomiast nie dokonywano pomiaru temperatury próbek. W pracy podjęto próbę określenia wpływu prędkości obciążenia na temperaturę powierzchni niszczonej próbki. Przeprowadzono badania termowizyjne elementów energochłonnych, które wykonano z kompozytów polimerowych o różnym rodzaju wzmocnienia i o różnej strukturze. Badaniom dynamicznym z pomiarem temperatury poddano próbki wykonane z kompozytów epoksydowych wzmocnionych matą szklaną, które mają wysokie właściwości lepkosprężyste, a także kompozyty wzmocnione włóknami szklanymi i węglowymi o strukturze [(0/90)T]n, w których dominują właściwości sprężyste. Przy dużych prędkościach obciążenia, wzrost temperatury na powierzchni próbek był znacznie większy od temperatury mięknięcia żywicy epoksydowej.
EN
The paper presents the experimental results of loading rate influence on the temperature rise on the surface of polymer composites. The investigations showed that during the progressive crush of composite elements, the temperature of the specimen rises significantly, dependently on the loading rate. This effect is mainly caused by friction of composite molecules and friction between bended composite layers and the strength machine. In work [1], the investigations concerned the energy dissipation in progressive crush of composite tubes by a friction effect between composite material and steel plates with different surface roughness. In this case, the temperature was not measured. This work deals with the investigation of temperature growth on the surface of the composite energy absorbing elements in the shape of a tube. The dynamic tests were performed on polymer composites with different reinforcement orientation (different viscoelastic properties). Specimens made of epoxy resin reinforced with glass mat are characterized by strong viscoelastic properties. Composites reinforced with glass and carbon fabrics [(0/90)T]n have mainly elastic properties. The temperature field was measured by the infrared high speed camera. In high speed impact tests, the temperature was significantly higher than the melting temperature of the epoxy resin.
PL
W pracy opisano doświadczalne badania zdolności pochłaniania energii przez kompozyty polimerowe o różnych strukturach, wzmocnionych włóknami węglowymi i szklanym. Przeanalizowano wpływ na wartość pochłaniania energii takich czynników, jak: rodzaj włókien wzmacniających, rodzaj struktury, geometria i kształty próbek, orientacja włókien w warstwie i sekwencja układania warstw. Zbadano też wpływ grubości warstw w kompozycie o różnej strukturze na zdolność pochłaniania energii.
EN
This paper presents the experimental research of the energy absorption capability of the polymer composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibres, with different structure types. The following factors were investigated: reinforcing fibre types, structure, specimen geometry and shape, fibre orientation in the plies and ply sequence. The influence of the ply thickness in the specimens with different structures on the amount of absorbed impact energy was examined.
PL
Niniejsza praca dotyczy problemu trwałości konstrukcji stalowych. Przeprowadzono korozję prętów stalowych w komorze mgły solnej przez taki okres czasu, Seby stopień korozji był mały. W wyniku korozji własności mechaniczne stali stały się nieco inne od pierwotnych. Następnie skorodowane pręty poddano próbom rozciągania i ściskania w sterowanej maszynie wytrzymałościowej Intron 3382. W trakcie badań stosowano wariantowaną prędkością odkształcenia, która mieściła się w granicach 0,3.10-3[1/s] ÷ 36.10-3[1/s] przy próbach rozciągania i w granicach 0,6.10-5 [1/s] ÷ 0,3.10-3[1/s] przy próbach ściskania. Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych i ich dyskusję. Stwierdzono, że efekt wpływu wariantowanej prędkości odkształcenia quasi-statycznego na wartości graniczne naprężeń stali skorodowanej, określone z prób rozciągania i ściskania, ma taki sam charakter jak dla nieskorodowanej stali.
EN
This underlying work takes concern with the durability of steel structures. The corrosion of steel bars was carried out via a salt mist chamber in such a way that the degree of corrosion was slightly. Due to the corrosion the mechanical properties changed, compared to those without any corrosive effects. In a next step the corroded steel bars were subjected to tensile and compressive loadings using an Instron machine (model 3382). All tests were performed in displacement control adjusted to the desired strain rates, which were from 0,3.10-3[1/s] up to 36.10- 3[1/s] and from 0,6.10-5 [1/s] up to 0,3.10-3[1/s] for tensile and compressive tests, respectively. The experimental results of this study and its evaluation are presented. It is observable that the influence of strain rate on the flow stress of corroded and accordingly of non-corroded specimens has a similar effect.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki doświadczalnych badań wpływu wypełnienia próbek spienionymi tworzywami na zdolność pochłaniania energii uderzenia. Próbki w kształcie rurek wykonanych z kompozytu epoksydowego wzmocnionego tkaninami węglowymi i szklanymi, wypełniano spienionym aluminium i spienionym poli(chlorkiem winylu). Wykazano, że wypełnienie rurek zwiększa pochłanianie energii, gdy grubość ścianki rurki jest większa od 2 mm oraz energia pochłaniana rurki wypełnionej jest większa od sumy energii rurki bez wypełnienia i tworzywa spienionego. Badania wypełnionych rurek o grubości ścianek 1 mm wykazały mniejszą energię absorbowaną, ponieważ niszczyły się przy mniejszej sile aniżeli rurki bez wypełnienia.
EN
This paper presents the experimental investigations of the impact energy absorption capability of the composite tubes filled with different foamed materials. Inside the tube specimens made of epoxy resin reinforced with carbon and glass fabric, aluminum foam or PVC foam cylinders were glued. It was proved that the foamed material filling increases the impact energy absorption for composite specimens with wall thickness greater than 2 mm. The value of the absorbed energy is greater than the algebraic sum of the energy absorbed by the same specimen without filling and the energy absorbed by the foamed material cylinder. It was shown that the filled specimens with a thickness of 1 mm absorbed less impact energy than the specimens without filling, because the mean crush load was clearly lower.
PL
W pracy opisano wyniki badań wpływu inicjatora niszczenia elementów energochłonnych zastosowanych na rdzenie konstrukcji przekładkowych na zdolność pochłaniania energii uderzenia. Wykazano, że inicjatory zapewniają niszczenie progresywne elementu podczas ściskania, co wpływa na wartość pochłanianej energii. Przedstawiono różne rodzaje inicjatorów dla różnych kształtów elementów oraz określono, że elementy w postaci sfer, konstrukcji przekładkowej i stożków ściętych o kącie wierzchołkowym większym od 20° nie wymagają inicjatora niszczenia.
EN
The paper presents experimental results of the crush initiator influence on the energy absorption capability in the energy absorbing elements used in sandwich structure cores. It was proved, in the carried out compression tests, that crush initiators assure progressive crush which affects the absorbed energy. Many kinds of initiators with different shapes of elements were investigated. It was found that spherical elements, sandwich structures, and truncated cones with the vertex angle greater than 20° require no crush initiators.
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