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EN
Maintenance of equipment and tools used in the overhaul of oil and gas wells depends on the reliability and durability of the tool. The recovery process of damaged wells can be accelerated by choosing the right repair equipment and following the rules and regulations in force. Cutting equipment and tools operating under high pressure and load are deformed, in the cutting zone – dispersion, i.e., a tense situation is created, and as a result of corrosion in the tribonodes, high temperatures, such as 1000–1200°C, are observed. The stress-strain state created in the shear-disintegration zone causes the formation of microcracks in the working zone of the tool, which will grow over a certain period of time. Thus, the cutting elements wear out quickly, in some cases break and quickly fail. In this case, the structural composition of the cutting elements changes, and the structural lattice in metals is destroyed, resulting in riveting. To maintain the equipment and tools used in repairs in working order, one of the important conditions is their special care and adjustment of the mode parameters. This article discusses the increase in the efficiency of the milling tool with the use of cooling agents in the process of milling various metal objects left during accidents in the wellbore. To do this, experimental data were processed, based on regression analysis, mathematical formulas were obtained that describe the temperature process depending on various regime parameters of the grinding process, and their graphical dependences were plotted. A transition from linear regression to non-linear regression has been made. The results obtained make it possible to predict the classification and design schemes of borehole cutters and the choice of composite materials for reinforcing the cutting part.
PL
Konserwacja sprzętu i narzędzi stosowanych w naprawach odwiertów ropnych i gazowych zależy od niezawodności i trwałości narzędzia. Proces odzyskiwania uszkodzonych odwiertów może być przyspieszony poprzez wybór właściwego sprzętu naprawczego oraz przestrzeganie obowiązujących zasad i przepisów. Sprzęt tnący i narzędzia pracujące pod wysokim ciśnieniem i obciążeniem ulegają odkształceniu, w strefie cięcia powstaje dyspersja, tj. warunki naprężenia, a w efekcie korozji w węzłach tribologicznych pojawiają się wysokie temperatury rzędu 1000–1200°C. Stan naprężeń-odkształceń wytworzony w strefie ścinania-dezintegracji powoduje powstawanie w strefie pracy narzędzia mikrospękań, które w pewnym okresie czasu będą się rozwijać. Co za tym idzie, elementy tnące zużywają się szybko, a w niektórych przypadkach łamią się i szybko ulegają uszkodzeniu. W tym przypadku skład strukturalny elementów tnących zmienia się, a sieć strukturalna w metalach ulega zniszczeniu, co jest przyczyną nitowania. Aby utrzymać sprzęt i narzędzia stosowane w naprawach w stanie gotowości do pracy, jednym z istotnych warunków jest szczególne dbanie o nie i dostosowywanie parametrów trybu. Niniejszy artykuł omawia zwiększanie wydajności narzędzia frezującego przy zastosowaniu czynników chłodzących w procesie frezowania różnych obiektów metalowych pozostawionych podczas awarii w otworze wiertniczym. Aby to osiągnąć, przetworzono dane doświadczalne, a w oparciu o analizę regresji uzyskano wzory matematyczne, które opisują proces temperaturowy zależny od różnych parametrów reżimu procesu ścierania, zależności te przedstawione zostały również w formie graficznej. Wykonano przekształcenie z regresji liniowej na regresję nieliniową. Uzyskane wyniki umożliwiają przewidzenie klasyfikacji i schematów konstrukcji otworowych narzędzi tnących oraz wybór materiałów kompozytowych dla wzmocnienia części tnącej.
2
Content available remote An investigation of the heat transfer coefficient during refrigerant evaporation
EN
This study presents the experimental research data on the local heat transfer coefficient during refrigerant expansion evaporation in horizontal pipe minichannel. Heat exchange took place between the heated channel wall and the working fluid flowing inside (R134a and R404A). AISI 316 stainless steel pipe minichannels with an internal diameter in the range of di = 0.64 - 2.30 mm were used. The so-called minichannels are widely used to build miniature heat exchangers. Tests carried out in the range of mass flux density G = 350 - 1400 kg/(m2s) and heat flux density reaching q = 90 kW/m2 allowed to observe the occurrence of the flashing phenomenon, not observed in conventional channels. It has been shown that in the zone covered by the flashing phenomenon, the heat exchange conditions deteriorate, and the value of the local heat transfer coefficient in this zone may drop by up to 50%.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych lokalnego współczynnika przejmowania ciepła podczas odparowywania czynnika chłodniczego w minikanale poziomym. Wymiana ciepła odbywała się pomiędzy ogrzewaną ścianką kanału a przepływającym wewnątrz czynnikiem roboczym (R134a i R404A). Zastosowano minikanały rurowe ze stali nierdzewnej AISI 316 o średnicy wewnętrznej w zakresie di = 0,64 - 2,30 mm. Tak zwane minikanały są szeroko stosowane do budowy miniaturowych wymienników ciepła. Badania przeprowadzone w zakresie gęstości strumienia masy G = 350 - 1400 kg/(m2s) i gęstości strumienia ciepła dochodzącej do q = 90 kW/m2 pozwoliły zaobserwować występowanie zjawiska flashingu, nie obserwowanego w konwencjonalnych kanałach. Wykazano, że w strefie objętej zjawiskiem flashingu pogarszają się warunki wymiany ciepła, a wartość lokalnego współczynnika przejmowania ciepła w tej strefie może spaść nawet o 50%.
EN
The paper proposes a robust faults detection and forecasting approach for a centrifugal gas compressor system, the mechanism of this approach used the Kalman filter to estimate and filtering the unmeasured states of the studied system based on signals data of the inputs and the outputs that have been collected experimentally on site. The intelligent faults detection expert system is designed based on the interval type-2 fuzzy logic. The present work is achieved by an important task which is the prediction of the remaining time of the system under study to reach the danger and/or the failure stage based on the Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, where the objective within the industrial application is to set the maintenance schedules in precisely time. The obtained results prove the performance of the proposed faults diagnosis and detection approach which can be used in several heavy industrial systems.
EN
This article describes the methodology of creating algorithms and diagnostic programs. Still in the construction of such algorithms and diagnostic creating programs mostly is used classical approach, the methodological basis can be reduced to the several basic tasks. One of them is the proper selection and minimization of diagnostic parameters. The article shows the importance of proper selection and minimization of diagnostic parameters on the example of the diagnostics of the injection system of a marine diesel engine. It was indicated to practical usefulness for this purpose calculated the values sensitivity of a given parameter. The stronger the diagnostic parameter responds to a change in the structural parameter, the greater its diagnostic sensitivity is and thus the early development of a given fault can be detected based on deviation analysis of this parameter from its reference value. Based on experimental data, FIS (Fault Isolation System) matrix was built after selecting and minimizing diagnostic parameters. Triple-valued evaluation of residues (–1, 0, +1) was used. The research was carried out on a real object – a four-stroke, mediumspeed marine engine from Sulzer. The impact of selected fault in the injection system on the diagnostic parameters was researched and a FIS (Fault Isolation System) matrix was built on this basis.
EN
This paper presents a framework for the reliability characteristics estimation on the experimental data. The framework consists of the set of failures, the experimental data sources, the set of reliability characteristics, the estimation methods, the estimation goodness tests and the expert system supporting estimation and statistical inference processes. The experimental data was obtained with two main theoretical means: control theory and diagnostics. It has been observed that changes of the functioning condition potential could serve to determine the symptoms of transient (momentary) failures and the changes in the potential of the technical condition to determine the symptoms of parametric faults. Such an information is sufficient to calculate reliability characteristics before dangerous catastrophic failures occur and to calculate reliability characteristics for single object without having to deal with a numerous set of objects. The set of reliability characteristics models consists of the analysed failures combination and distribution functions used in the reliability engineering. The set of estimation methods includes analytical and numerical ones. The proposed expert system supporting estimation and statistical inference processes consists of data base (the experimental data), rule base and inferring machine.
6
EN
The compaction/liquefaction characteristics of two model sands are determined experimentally. One sand (Istanbul) is used in shaking table investigations, and the other (Dundee) in geotechnical centrifuge experiments. Both types of these highly sophisticated experiments are planned to be applied to test theories of seabed liquefaction. The first step of these experiments is to determine the parameters of model soils, which is the main goal of this paper.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present experiences from testing a complex AJAX-based Internet-system which is under development for more than five years. The development process follows incremental and evolutionary lifecycle model and the system is delivered in subsequent releases. Delivering a new release involves both, the new tests (related to the new and/or modified functionalities) and the regression tests (after their possible refactoring). The article positions the testing process within the context of change management and describes the applied testing environment. Details related to documenting the test cases are given. The problem of automation of tests is discussed in more detail and a gradual transition from manual to automated tests is described. Experimental data related to the invested effort and the benefits resulting from tests automation are given. Plans for further development of the described approach are also presented.
8
Content available remote Neural networks for the analysis of mine-induced building vibrations
EN
A study of the capabilities of arti?cial neural networks in respect of selected problems of the analysis of mine-induced building vibrations is presented. Neural network technique was used for the prediction of building fundamental natural period, mapping of mining tremors parameters into response spectra from ground vibrations, soil-structure interaction analysis, simulation of building response to seismictype excitation. On the basis of the experimental data obtained from the measurements of kinematic excitations and dynamic responses of actual structures, training and testing patterns of neural networks were formulated. The obtained results lead to a conclusion that the neural technique gives possibility of e?cient, accurate enough for engineering, analysis of structural dynamics problems related to mineinduced excitations.
EN
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology based on oxy-fuel method seems to be a promising technology which can enable production of electricity and heat in a zero emission fossil fuel power plants. One of the interesting CCS oxy-fuel technologies is NGCC system incorporating an oxy-fuel combustor producing a high-pressure superheated steam mixture composed mainly of H2O and CO2, which is then expanded in a series of advanced turbines. A very beneficial part of the system could be a separation steam generator. It ensures separation of steam from CO2 by condensation process in a primary circuit at elevated pressure. The liquid condensate is led back to the combustor, while the gas leaves the system for further processing. Latent heat of condensation is transferred to a secondary circuit to raise low-pressure steam. Condensation in the presence of non-condensing gas is technical problem which determines design of the separation unit. Thus an investigation of local heat transfer coefficients has been conducted at various conditions. For this purpose an experimental apparatus has been built and mathematical model has been proposed. The final step of the research is 30kW pilot unit design, fabrication and performance testing.
PL
Technologia sekwestracji CO2 (CCS) oparta o metodę oxyfuel wydaje się być obiecującą technologią, która umożliwia wytwarzanie energii elektrycznej oraz cieplnej w elektrowniach na paliwa kopalne o zerowej emisji. Jedną z interesujących technologii oxyfuel CCS jest system zintegrowanego cyklu w oparciu o turbinę parową obejmujący zespół komory spalania oxy-fuel, który wytwarza mieszaninę przegrzanej pary o wysokim ciśnieniu składająca się głównie z H2O oraz CO2, która następnie jest rozprężana w szeregu turbin o zaawansowanej technologii. Niezwykle istotną częścią systemu jest generator separacji pary. Umożliwia on oddzielenie pary od CO2 w wyniku procesu skraplania w obwodzie pierwotnym przy podwyższonym ciśnieniu. Płynny kondensat odprowadzany jest z powrotem do zespołu komory spalania, podczas gdy gaz opuszcza system w celu dalszego przetworzenia. Ciepło utajone skraplania przekazywane jest do obwodu wtórnego w celu produkcji pary o niskim ciśnieniu. Skraplanie w obecności gazu nie skraplającego się stanowi problem techniczny, który determinuje projekt zespołu separacji. Tak więc, przeprowadzono badanie współczynników przekazywania lokalnego ciepła w różnych warunkach. W tym celu zbudowano urządzenie doświadczalne i zaproponowano model matematyczny. Ostatnim etapem badań jest projekt zespołu pilotażowego o mocy 30kW, jego wytworzenie i test działania.
PL
Wśród współczynników wykorzystywanych do weryfikowania poprawności dopasowanych modeli są R2 i RMS. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę sprawdzenia, czy oba te współczynniki dają zgodne wnioski o dobroci dopasowania modelu do danych empirycznych i wskazania, który z tych współczynników można byłoby polecać praktykom. Badania przeprowadzono metodą symulacji komputerowej przy czterech różnych typach funkcji, dwóch różnych rozkładach x: normalnym i jednostajnym oraz trzech różnych zakresach zmian wartości x.
EN
R2 and RMS are used for verification of correctness of fitting models. In this paper we try to test if both coefficients give the same conclusions about goodness of fit of model to experimental data, and which of them may be recommended to practicians. Research were conducted by means of computer simulations with four kinds of functions, two kinds of distributions of x: normal and uniform and three ranges values of x.
PL
Naprężenia suszarnicze indukowane wewnątrz kruchego (suchego) materiału są przyczyną jego pękania. W pracy wykorzystano prosty model transportu masy dla uzyskania rozkładu wilgoci w materiale. Następnie materiał zamodelowano w postaci cząstek połączonych między sobą sprężyście. Parametry materiałowe określono doświadczalnie. Rozwiązano dwuwymiarowy problem początkowo-brzegowy, którego rezultaty pokazują możliwą drogę inicjacji i wzrostu pęknięć podczas suszenia.
EN
The drying induced stresses inside brittle (dry) material are responsible for its fracturing. A simple model of mass transfer is used to obtain the moisture content distribution. Then, material is modelled as a set of small particles interconnected elastically. The dependencies between material parameters and the moisture content were determined experimentally. The two-dimensional initial-boundary problem was solved. The results show possible way of drying induced cracks initiation and generation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę numeryczną modelowania materiałów magnetycznych (wykazujących histerezę wektorową) przy wykorzystaniu metody Preisacha. Metoda identyfikacji bazuje na funkcji rozkładu Everatta i pozwala na uzyskanie dokładnego rozwiązania numerycznego nawet jeśli dane eksperymentalne są skąpe, na przykład znamy tylko początkową krzywą magnesowania i wartość wzrostu dla dwóch kierunków: wzdłużnego i poprzecznego. Porównanie histerezy zmierzonej i symulowanej dla innych kierunków magnesowania dało dobre rezultaty.
EN
The paper presents a numerical method based on Preisach model for the characterization and modelling of hysteretic magnetic materials exhibiting vector hysteresis, with acceptable accuracy, based on minimal material measurement data. The identification approach based on the Everett distribution function is a way to obtain accurate numerical solutions when the experimental data of the magnetic material are scarce, for instance: there are known only the initial magnetization curve and the upward major branch for two directions (rolling and transverse ones). The comparison between the measured and simulated major loop curves for other magnetization directions shows good agreements.
PL
Opisywanie przebiegu procesów modelami matematycznymi jest problemem, który interesuje wielu badaczy w różnych dziedzinach wiedzy. Jednakże ustalenie kształtu modelu wymaga jeszcze zweryfikowania jego poprawności w oparciu o dane empiryczne. Praca zawiera propozycje metod statystycznych, które mogą być wykorzystywane do przeprowadzenia takiej weryfikacji. Zaproponowane metody zostały zilustrowane na przykładach wyników badań uzyskanych podczas eksperymentów z dziedziny inżynierii rolniczej.
EN
In many fields of natural sciences the mathematical models are used to describe the different processes and phenomena. Very important issue for the research is verification of developed models with the experimental data. Paper presents some propositions of statistical methods which may be used for such verification. The methods proposed are illustrated by the experimental data from the field of agricultural engineering.
EN
The present paper determines static and dynamic friction forces and friction coefficients using atomic force microscope during the hydrodynamic viscoelastic liquid flow in the thin boundary layer around the cells of two cooperating bodies. Atomic force microscope is necessary in performed experimental investigations and measurements of friction forces. Therefore, proper parameters of microscope are described and illustrated in specific enlargement. The use of microscope of atomic forces AFM for complex technical investigations to a large extent has facilitated carrying-out the measurements of tissue surface features and control of its growing process in human joint and deforming process in micro-bearing alloy. During conventional nano-scale measurements of surface topography, the AFM microscope makes it possible to simultaneously map local lateral forces and oscillatory phases of translations, which may be interpreted as a representation of local friction forces and local adhesive forces as well as values of elasticity modules. One of the important advantages of the AFM microscope application in the area of investigations with the use of bio-reactors is the possibility of carrying out measurements directly in liquid, namely that surrounds the cells or micro-bearing gaps
EN
The present paper determines the results of experimental research performed in Gdynia Maritime University and connected with the measurements of hydrodynamic friction forces in slide journal slide bearings by using the Acoustic Emission Method. A new method for mechanical friction force measuring was carried out at this test stand, simultaneously the friction force will be indicated by an optimized Acoustic Emission System. The friction conditions at the test were measured by two different methods. At the one hand the friction power measurement and at the other hand the Acoustic Emission Analysis. One characteristic of the friction power measurement is the rather inert reaction to the oscillations of the slide bearing. The advantage of the method is the fact that one can measure absolute values of the friction power. In opposite to that, the Acoustic Emission Analysis measures the high frequency oscillations caused by the hydrodynamic friction between the oil molecules. The advantage of this method is the fact that this oscillations can be executed directly from the source to the sensor, what enables us to do an "online-measurement". The Acoustic Emission Analysis is (in opposite to the aforementioned friction power measurement) a relative method, which means, that the absolute amount of a RMS-Value depends on the measuring chain. The results are compared and discussed with other results obtained in experiments performed in University of Applied Science Giessen.
EN
The present paper describes the results of measurements performed in University of Applied Science Giessen and determined hydrodynamic friction forces in journal slide bearings by using the Acoustic Emission Method. It describes the use of the Acoustic Emission Analysis as an indicator of the bearing friction at slide bearings. The investigations were made at two different test stands. The test stand at Maritime University Gdynia covers the hydrodynamic operation range, the test stand at University of Applied Science Giessen the mixed friction area. The successive steps of measurements of the hydrodynamic friction forces are presented in this paper. Hardness and roughness of cooperating surfaces is in this paper particularly described. The friction values and its boundary conditions at the test were measured for the low bearing load and for the high bearing load. In both cases, the dependencies between friction forces and time are exactly obtained. During the measurements, the temperature is taken into account. The advantage of this method is the fact that these oscillations can be executed directly from the source to the sensor, what enables us to do an "online-measurement". The Acoustic Emission Analysis is (in opposite to the aforementioned friction power measurement) a relative method, which means, that the absolute amount of a RMS-Value depends on the measuring chain. The results are compared and discussed with other results obtained in experiments performed in Maritime University Gdynia.
EN
This paper describes an algorithm for handling experimental data of periodical processes with Microsoft Excel. Thanks to this method, it is possible to prepare experimental results for analysis with the use of simple, easily available tools. The algorithm filters data and removes what is called measurement noise. This makes it possible to more precisely identify the trends in the analysed data.
PL
Opisano algorytm opracowania w Excelu danych eksperymentalnych procesów okresowych. Zaprezentowana metoda pozwala, za pomocą prostych, łatwo dostępnych narzędzi, przygotować wyniki pomiarowe do analizy. Algorytm filtruje dane, usuwając tak zwany szum pomiarowy. Dzięki temu staje się możliwe bardziej precyzyjne zauważenie trendów analizowanych danych.
EN
The concept of experimental data interpretation in mechanics using Dirac function is presented. The objective is to find generał differential eąuation, which may be used to approximate the stress field sought. Application of this method may convert problem from generał spline to variational one. Basic idea has been presented earlier in [6] where both theoretical data and results of experiments have been taken into account. Herę, the method has been used to solve a 2D problem. Numerical tests performed for both generated and experimental data proved its usefulness.
19
Content available remote Rozpoznawanie przypadków w zbiorze danych diagnostyki laserowej
EN
This paper describes how is it possible to extract knowledge from combustion engineering and its experimental data. It is far away to apply computer science approach for understanding of physical and chemical properties in combustion diagnostics data. In this paper, these subjects and the way of thinking are discussed: how to see the flow and combustion, how to make instrumentation, how to obtain and analyse the data, how optimize the experiment, and how to extract knowledge and optimize the system. This research is conceptual, that is focus-sing on understanding the problem and its solution. The aim of this paper is also to present and discuss new challenges for Computer Science engineering applications related to combustion. All presented results were obtained during author's scholarships at the Kobe University in Japan.
EN
In this work the identification procedure of intermetallic compounds forming in liquid metallic solutions is presented. Bhatia and Thornton proposal was used; calculations were made on the base of mercury-indium system. Experimental data were described by Pelton polynomials and Krupkowski equations. Executed calculations show the insufficient tenderness of used functions, the course of examined parameters Scc(0) and delta Scc(0) indicates no intermetallic compounds in this system. It is suggested to describe experimental data more subtle methods such spline line functions in the case of this type of systems, with greater number of intermetallic compounds.
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