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1

Impact of late and early fuel injection on main engine efficiency and exhaust gas emissions

Pavin Z., Knezević V., Orović J., Valčić M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

177--181

EN

Exhaust gas emissions from ships are an aspect of the global maritime industry which has been given great importance in recent years. Increasing the efficiency of maritime transport regarding fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions is an ongoing effort which requires a detailed analysis of all ship systems that have an effect on the aforementioned issue. One aspect that can be analyzed in this regard are the various machinery faults which influence the ships exploitation efficiency. This paper will focus on the analysis of the two stroke slow speed diesel main engine with early and late fuel injection faults. This analysis is based on a set of data acquired from a simulation model of a LCC tanker vessel including fuel consumption and emission pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as a greenhouse gas with early and late fuel injection fault introduced to different number of main engine cylinders. This methodology of research has the advantage of analyzing various scenarios which are not as easily reproduced on actual vessels.

2

Research on air pollutant emissions from transport sources in Pila

Gorzelańczyk Piotr, Wojtasik Maja

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 111

57--74

EN

This article aims to examine the emission of pollutants utilising transport in different points of the city in question at two different intervals, then show whether the means of transport negatively affects the city through pollution. The study of air pollutant emissions from transport sources is a key aspect towards solving problems related to environmental pollution. A study on the measurements of selected PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants to be able to determine the quality of air from transport sources in Pila at different times of the year and with appropriate assumptions regarding the appropriate distance by the road is included in this article. This study analysed data on air pollutants and compared it with the results of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. This made it possible to propose solutions for the development of the air condition in Pila.

3

Evaluation of the effectiveness of on-board diagnostic systems in controlling exhaust gas emissions from motor vehicles

Wierzbicki Sławomir

Diagnostyka

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2019

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Vol. 20, No. 4

75--79

EN

Toxic exhaust gas emissions from internal combustion engines pose the key barrier to vehicle development. Direct measurements of emission levels and toxic compounds present in exhaust gas pose a technical challenge, which is why vehicle emissions are determined by monitoring the parameters of various systems and components. On-board diagnostic systems support engine monitoring in real time. Most onboard diagnostic systems are standardized, therefore their functions can be modified relatively easily. This paper analyzes the functions of the existing on-board diagnostic systems and proposes solutions that prevent unauthorized tampering with vehicle emission systems.

PL

Problem emisji związków toksycznych przez silniki spalinowe jest obecnie podstawową barierą rozwoju pojazdów samochodowych. Z uwagi na trudne technicznie do realizacji metody bezpośredniego określania poziomu rzeczywistej emisji poszczególnych związków toksycznych, poziom ich emisji przez pojazdy samochodowe w warunkach eksploatacji określa się na podstawie monitorowania parametrów pracy poszczególnych układów/elementów. Stosowane obecnie w pojazdach samochodowych systemy diagnostyki pokładowej z jednej strony pozwalają na bieżącą kontrolę pracy silnika, a z drugiej strony zaś ze względu na znormalizowaną zasadę działania pozwalają na relatywnie prostą ingerencję w ich działanie. W artykule dokonano analizy funkcjonowania obecnie stosowanych pokładowych systemów diagnostycznych oraz zaproponowano kierunki ich rozwoju pozwalające na ograniczenie ingerencji w ich działanie.

4

Effect of the addition of ozone into CI engine in take on the concentration of toxic exhaust gas components

Kruczyński P., Orliński P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2018

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z. 1/115

21--26

EN

This article focuses on the impact of the addition of ozone added into the intake manifold of the compression ignition engine on emissions of toxic exhaust gas components. During the tests, the engine ran with in load characteristics with rotational speed 1400 rpm and was supplied with traditional diesel fuel. Ozone was delivered to the engine intake manifold in various doses: 17,5, 35, 52,5, 70 grams per hour. Emissions of toxic exhaust gas components CO, HC, NOX, PM were recorded and analyzed.

PL

W niniejszym artykule skupiono się na wpływie dodatku ozonu do kolektora dolotowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym na emisję toksycznych składników spalin. Podczas badań silnik pracował wg. charakterystyki obciążeniowej z prędkością obrotową 1400 obr/min i był zasilany konwencjonalnym olejem napędowym. Ozon był dostarczany do kolektora dolotowego w różnych dawkach: 17,5, 35, 52,5, 70 gram na godzinę. Podczas badań rejestrowane były toksyczne składniki spalin CO, HC, NOX, PM i poddane analizie.

5

CFD modeling of syngas combustion and emissions for marine gas turbine applications

Ammar N. R., Farag A. I.

Polish Maritime Research

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2016

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nr 3

39--49

EN

Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants will probably be adopted in the near future. One of the measures which can be considered to reduce exhaust gases emissions is the use of alternative fuels. Synthesis gases are considered competitive renewable gaseous fuels which can be used in marine gas turbines for both propulsion and electric power generation on ships. The paper analyses combustion and emission characteristics of syngas fuel in marine gas turbines. Syngas fuel is burned in a gas turbine can combustor. The gas turbine can combustor with swirl is designed to burn the fuel efficiently and reduce the emissions. The analysis is performed numerically using the computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS FLUENT. Different operating conditions are considered within the numerical runs. The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental data and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The effect of syngas fuel composition and the swirl number values on temperature contours, and exhaust gas species concentrations are presented in this paper. The results show an increase of peak flame temperature for the syngas compared to natural gas fuel combustion at the same operating conditions while the NO emission becomes lower. In addition, lower CO2 emissions and increased CO emissions at the combustor exit are obtained for the syngas, compared to the natural gas fuel.

6

The potential of gaseous alternative fuels and legal conditions of their use in car engines and machines in the context of impacts on the environment

Piasecki D.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 4

227--234

EN

This publication presents the possibility of using gaseous alternative fuels, in particular based on methane, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) or agricultural biogas and hydrogen, which gain in popularity as fuels for engines used in the automotive industry, in the segment of both passenger cars and trucks. Increasing efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter into the atmosphere have been supported by legal environment shaped both at European Union level and in international regulations and translate into the growing importance of alternative gaseous fuels. This publication will present, among other things, the essential elements of "Clean energy for Transport", and "type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions” directives and of the Kyoto 1997 Climate Change Conference. It also demonstrates potential economic benefits of replacing traditional fuels with alternatives gas fuels. Cities of Tychy and Gdynia, which implement environmentally friendly solutions for public transport services, will serve as an example. The publication also recognizes direct environmental benefits arising from the replacement of currently used fuels – gasoline and diesel – with natural gas and fuels derived from renewable energy sources. In particular, the following publication deals with the use of gases, which are a by-product of human activity – gases from animal breeding and coal, mine methane drainage.

7

PM emission in the exhaust gas of SI engines fed with petrol or LPG

Dutczak J.

Combustion Engines

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2014

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R. 53, nr 3

36--44

EN

The paper presents measurements of PM emission in the exhaust gas of a gasoline fueled SI engine alternatively fueled with LPG. The research was performed on a 170.A1 engine using the Dekati ELPI+ PM analyzer and Micro Diluter 6100 (a micro-dilution tunnel). The author also measured the concentration of exhaust gaseous components with the use of Horiba MEXA 1500GH analyzer. The author compared the PM concentration and size distribution in the exhaust gas for both fuels.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono pomiary emisji cząstek stałych (PM) w spalinach silnika ZI zasilanego benzyną albo skroploną mieszaniną propanu i butanu. Badania przeprowadzono na silniku 170.A1 z użyciem analizatora cząstek stałych Dekati ELPI+ wyposażonego w minitunel rozcieńczający Micro Diluter 6100. Równocześnie dokonano pomiaru stężenia gazowych składników spalin za pomocą analizatora Horiba MEXA 1500GH. Zmierzono stężenie oraz rozkład wielkości i liczbę cząstek stałych w spalinach, a następnie porównano uzyskane wyniki dla obu paliw.

8

Reduction emission level of harmful components exhaust gases by means of control of parameters influencing on spraying process of biofuel components for aircraft engines

Jankowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 3

129-134

EN

The aim of the research is to test the fuel additives which decrease dimensions of atomised fuel drops, by applying changes to the specific parameters which impact the atomisation process. Those parameters include density, surface tension, viscosity and the viscosity index. Dimensions of drops of biofuels are much bigger compared to hydrocarbon fuels. By modifying the physical and chemical parameters of biofuels, dimensions of drops in an atomised fuel stream should become smaller. Those dimensions play a major role for the level of emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, as well as mainly nitrogen oxides and particulates. The research on emissions of toxic components of fuel is relatively advanced today in the field of piston combustion engines, especially for use in car vehicles. However, the dynamic development of the air transport brings more pressure on the issue of toxic emissions in the case of aircraft engines. The level of toxic emissions from aircraft engines may be from ten up to even several thousand times greater than the level of emissions from piston engines. The issue of how biofuel additives can affect the process of fuel atomisation and thus enable the control over the atomisation to obtain the smallest possible drops leading to reduced nitrogen oxides emissions is a new and original issue. The reduced nitrogen oxides emissions in the case of biofuels is of utmost significance because, according to latest knowledge, those levels are increasing.

9

Analiza spalania jednorodnych ubogich mieszanek benzyny z powietrzem poprzez wtrysk zapalającej dawki oleju napędowego

Cisek J.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

294--305

PL

Głównym celem analizy wyników badań przedstawionych w artykule jest poznanie procesu zapalania i spalania jednorodnych ubogich mieszanek benzyny z powietrzem poprzez wtrysk do cylindra silnika zapalającej dawki oleju napędowego. Praktycznie sprowadza się to do stworzenia tą metodą możliwości jakościowej regulacji mocy silnika benzynowego w szerokim zakresie zmian współczynnika nadmiaru powietrza, bez konieczności uwarstwienia ładunku. Przedmiotem badań objętych projektem jest silnik o następujących cechach charakterystycznych: - zasilanie jednorodną mieszanką benzyny z powietrzem, wytwarzaną poza cylindrem silnika w suwie ssania, - wtryskiwanie do cylindra, pod koniec suwu sprężania, małej zapalającej dawki oleju napędowego inicjującej zapłon i spalanie ubogich mieszanek benzynowo-powietrznych, - jakościowa regulacja mocy silnika poprzez zmiany składu sprężonej mieszanki benzyny z powietrzem. Analizie poddano parametry energetyczne, współczynnik nadmiaru powietrza oraz toksyczność i zadymienie spalin dla obu trybów pracy silnika, dla trzech prędkości obrotowych zmodyfikowanego, badawczego silnika SB3.1. Przedstawione zastosowanie spalania homogenicznej mieszaniny benzynowo-powietrznej, przy zapłonie od żagwi płomienia wynikającego z samozapłonu dawki zapalającej oleju napędowego, stanowi duży potencjał, nawet w porównaniu z najnowszymi rozwiązaniami benzynowych silników spalających uwarstwione mieszaniny benzynowo-powietrzne.

EN

The main goal of the research presented in this article was to gain knowledge on the ignition process, by means of diesel fuel injection, and lean homogeneous combustion process. In a practical sense this allows for the qualitative control of gasoline engine power for a wide band of lambda values, without the need of stratifying the charge. The object of the research in this project is an engine with the following characteristics: - homogeneous mixture of air and gasoline produced outside of the cylinder in the inlet valve area - injection of a small amount of ignitable diesel fuel during the end of the compression stroke initiating ignition and combustion of the lean air-fuel mixture - qualitative control of gasoline engine power by means of regulating the compressed air fuel mixture. The presented application of combusting a homogeneous air-fuel mixture with the ignition source a selfigniting diesel fuel, shows a large potential even when compared with the newest homogeneously charged gasoline engines.

10

A dynamic test of a vehicle in motion and exhaust gas emissions during alternative fuelling with gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG)

Parczewski K., Romaniszyn K. M., Wnęk H.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2008

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R. 47, nr 3

52-60

EN

The majority of published data on exhaust gas emissions is cited based on the test results from the NEDC driving cycle. This paper specifies the methodology of how to develop dynamic characteristics of the emissions, based on the aggregated data from the measurement of modal emissions obtained in the course of NEDC and FTP-75 driving cycles for gasoline and CNG fuelling. The presented characteristics concern a real passenger car which was tested, then the characteristics were used to calculate the exhaust gas emissions during a specially developed driving test comprising four main motion resistances and engine braking. The effect of fuel type on selected emissions of exhaust gas components has also been compared and assessed.

PL

Większość publikowanych danych dotyczących emisji składników spalin jest podawana na podstawie badań w testach NEDC. W niniejszym artykule podano metodykę uzyskiwania charakterystyk dynamicznych emisji, opierając się na połączonych danych z pomiarów modalnych emisji uzyskanych w testach NEDC i FTP-75 dla zasilania benzyną i gazem CNG. Przedstawiono takie charakterystyki dla konkretnego samochodu osobowego poddanego badaniom, a następnie wykorzystano te charakterystyki do obliczeń emisji składników spalin przy realizacji specjalnie opracowanego testu jezdnego, zawierającego cztery podstawowe opory ruchu i hamowanie silnikiem. Porównano i oceniono wpływ rodzaju paliwa na wybrane emisje składników spalin.