Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Effect of nitrON® cetane-detergent additive to B7 fuel on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a 6Dg locomotive with a Caterpillar C27 engine

Cisek Jerzy, Borowski Andrzej, Całkowska Joanna, Wichary Łukasz

Combustion Engines

|

2021

|

R. 60, nr 3

51--58

EN

In order to avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the fuel, the nitrON® package was used, containing 3 different additives: stabilizing, washing and increasing the cetane number of the fuel. The tests were carried out with the use of the Caterpillar C27 engine of the 6Dg locomotive connected to a water resistor. The hourly engine fuel consumption (FC), NOx concentration and exhaust opacity were measured for 3 points of the F test, in accordance with UIC 624. The concentration of the nitrON® additive in the test fuel was 1500 ppm (v/v). For idling, the reduction in FC value was only 1.5% (in relation to the base fuel), but for a very high engine load and nominal rotational speed, the percentage reduction in FC was as high as 5%. The reduction of NOx concentration for idling (as a result of using nitrON®) was approx. 10%, while for high engine load, the percentage reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gas exceeded 15%.

2

Analiza składu spalin w zależności od rozregulowań silnika spalinowego o zapłonie iskrowym

Kilimnik Sebastian, Hernet Julia, Kuliś Ewa

Developments in Mechanical Engineering

|

2020

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nr 15(8)

35--48

PL

Efektem ubocznym pracy silnika spalinowego jest wytwarzanie gazów spalinowych. Ze względu na ich szkodliwość dla środowiska naturalnego wprowadzone zostały normy emisji spalin, które wraz z kolejnymi zmianami stają się coraz bardziej rygorystyczne. Celem analiz było określenie zmian składu spalin występujących podczas pracy silnika o zapłonie iskrowym w zależności od zainicjowanych w nim uszkodzeń. Rozregulowaniu poddano układ dolotowy, zapłonowy oraz sondę Lambda układu wydechowego.

EN

A side effect of the internal combustion engine is the production of exhaust gas. The result of exhaust gas pollution has been the introduction of exhaust emission standards. The study presents exhaust gas analysis test depend-ing on simulated damages. The damage was subjected to: air intake system, ignition and Lambda probe.

3

The influence of cetane-detergent additives into diesel fuel increased to 10% (V/V) of RME content on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a diesel engine

Stanik Winicjusz, Cisek Jerzy

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

204--209

EN

To avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the diesel fuel (to 10%), three different additive packages were used: stabilising, cleaning, and increasing the cetane number with different concentrations. The tests were carried out using a 4-cylinder, turbocharged 1.9 TDI engine from VW. The tests were carried out for 4 fuels (comparative fuel with a content of 7% RME and 3 test fuels with a content of 10% RME, differing in the content of the additive package. It was found that each of the 3 additive packages used does not have a significant impact on fuel consumption. However, a different effect of the tested additives on the composition of exhaust gases was observed. The first package had a slight effect on reducing the NOx concentration in the exhaust, but only for small engine loads. On the other hand, the second additive pack worked more effectively only at higher engine loads (in relation to the reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gases). In the third packet, the amount of the cetane additive was doubled (compared to the second packet). Then, the reduction in the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas by 3-8% was obtained with reference to the comparative fuel.

4

The influence of the fuel spray nozzle geometry on the exhaust gas composition from the marine 4-stroke diesel engine

Kowalski J.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 1

59--63

EN

The paper presents experimental research on a 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, turbocharged AL25/30 Diesel engine. Research consisted in investigating the effect of the geometry of the fuel injectors on the exhaust gas composition from the engine. During measurements, the engine was operated with a regulator characteristic of a load range from 40 kW to 280 kW, made by electric water resistance. The engine was mechanically coupled to the electric power generator. Three observations were made for each engine load, operating with fuel injectors of varying geometry. All considered types of injectors were installed on all engine cylinders. Mentioned injectors differed in the size of the nozzle holes diameters, holes numbers and angles measured between the holes axis. Engine performance data were recorded with a sampling time of 1 s. Cylinder pressure and fuel injection pressure on the front of each injector were collected also. The composition of the exhaust gas was measured using an electrochemical analyzer. According to the results, the change of fuel nozzle geometry results in a change in fuel spraying and evaporation and consequently changes in the course of the combustion process. The effect of this is the change of the composition of the exhaust gas.

5

Wykorzystanie peletu jako paliwa dla pieców średniej i dużej mocy

Kaszkowiak E., Kaszkowiak J.

Postępy w Inżynierii Mechanicznej

|

2017

|

nr 10(5)

27--32

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badania składu spalin powstających przy spalaniu peletu w piecach średniej i dużej mocy. Badania prowadzono na będących w stałej eksploatacji piecach, przy zasilaniu peletem drzewnym. Stwierdzono, iż w piecach poddanych modyfikacji polegającej na wymianie palnika na olej opałowy na palnik na pelet można uzyskać zadowalające efekty pod względem składu spalin. Zawartość zarówno dwutlenku węgla, tlenku węgla, jak i tlenków azotu nie odbiegała od wartości uzyskiwanych przy zasilaniu pieców olejem opałowym. Stwierdzono w analizowanych rozwiązaniach zależność zawartości ww. związków z mocą maksymalną pieców.

EN

The paper presents the results of testing the composition of exhaust fumes generated during the combustion of pellets in medium and high-power furnaces. The tests were carried out on furnaces in permanent operation, with the supply of wood pellets. It has been found that in furnaces subjected to modification consisting in the replacement of a fuel oil fireplace with a pallet pellet, satisfactory effects in terms of exhaust gas composition can be obtained. The content of both carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides did not differ from the values obtained when furnishing the furnace with fuel oil. In the solutions analyzed, the dependence of the content of the above compounds on the maximum power of the furnace was found.

6

An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine with fuel injector malfunctions

Kowalski J.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2016

|

nr 1

77--84

EN

The presented paper shows the results of the laboratory study on the relation between chosen malfunctions of a fuel injector and composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a marine 3-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine with an intercooler system. The engine was loaded with a generator and supercharged. The generator was electrically connected to the water resistance. The engine operated with a load between 50 kW and 250 kW at a constant speed. The engine load and speed, parameters of the turbocharger, systems of cooling, fuelling, lubricating and air exchange, were measured. Fuel injection and combustion pressures in all cylinders of the engine were also recorded. Exhaust gas composition was recorded by using a electrochemical gas analyzer. Air pressure, temperature and humidity were also recorded. Emission characteristics of the engine were calculated according to ISO 8178 standard regulations. During the study the engine operated at the technical condition recognized as „working properly” and with simulated fuel injector malfunctions. Simulation of malfunctions consisted in the increasing and decreasing of fuel injector static opening pressure, decalibration of fuel injector holes and clogging 2 neighboring of 9 fuel injector holes on one of 3 engine cylinders.

7

The model of combustion process in the marine 4-stroke engine for exhaust gas composition assessment

Kowalski J.

Combustion Engines

|

2016

|

R. 55, nr 2

60--69

EN

The paper presents the model of combustion process in the marine, turbocharged, 4-stroke and Diesel engine. The main target of modeling is the assessment of the exhaust gas composition. Presented multi-zone, 3-D model of combustion process consists of the following sub-models of processes: the fuel injection, the brake-up and the evaporation of fuel and the turbulence flow and the heat transfer phenomena. Presented model basis on the 3Z-ECFM mechanism of combustion and the initial and boundary conditions collected during direct measurements. The positive validation of the calculation results are obtained for mean and maximum value of the combustion pressure and values of oxygen and nitric oxides fractions in the exhaust gas. Unfortunately, fractions of carbon compounds in the exhaust gas are not properly calculated.

PL

Praca prezentuje model procesu spalania 4-suwowego, turbodoładowanego, okrętowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym. Celem modelowania była ocena składu emitowanych spalin. Model ten to wielostrefowy, trójwymiarowy model spalania, obejmujący proces wtrysku, rozpylania i parowania paliwa wraz z towarzyszącymi im zjawiskami turbulentnego przepływu i wymiany ciepła. Model oparty jest na mechanizmie procesu spalania 3Z-ECFM oraz warunkach początkowych i brzegowych, zebranych podczas pomiarów bezpośrednich. Uzyskano pozytywne wyniki walidacji w stosunku do średniego i maksymalnego ciśnienia spalania oraz zawartości tlenu i tlenków azotu w spalinach. Nie uzyskano poprawnych wyników modelowania dla udziałów związków węgla w spalinach.

8

An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine in case of cylinder Valves leakage

Kowalski J.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2015

|

nr 3

90--98

EN

Presented paper shows the results of the laboratory tests on the relationship between throttling of both air intake duct and exhaust gas duct and a gaseous emission from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory, four-stroke, DI diesel engine, operated at loads from 50 kW to 250 kW at a constant speed equal to 750 rpm. During the laboratory tests over 50 parameters of the engine were measured with its technical condition recognized as a „working properly” and with simulated leakage of both air intake valve and exhaust gas valve on the second cylinder. The results of this laboratory research confirm that the leakage of cylinder valves causes no significant changes of the thermodynamic parameters of the engine. Simulated leakages through the inlet and exhaust valve caused a significant increase in fuel consumption of the engine. Valve leakages cause an increase of the exhaust gas temperature behind the cylinder with leakage and behind other cylinders. The exhaust gas temperature increase is relatively small and clearly visible only at low loads of the engine. The increase of the temperature and pressure of the charging air behind the intercooler were observed too. Charging air temperature is significantly higher during the engine operation with inlet valve leakage. The study results show significant increases of the CO, NOx and CO2 emission for all the mentioned malfunctions. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of the exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air intake duct and the exhaust gas duct of the marine engine.

9

The detection of selected marine engine malfunctions on the basis of the exhaust gas composition

Kowalski J.

Diagnostyka

|

2014

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Vol. 15, No. 3

39--44

EN

Marine diesel engines are generators of mechanical energy, but also are generators of toxic compounds into the atmosphere. The composition of the exhaust gas may be a carrier of diagnostic information about the condition of functional systems of the engine. Results of the classification and selection of diagnostic signals for selected marine engine malfunctions are presented. The analysis was based on results of laboratory tests. Mentioned classification was able to isolate symptoms of malfunctions of marine 4-stroke diesel engine in the composition of the exhaust gas. Complementary detection signals are exhaust gas temperature behind each cylinder. The conclusion of this work is the ability to detect by this method such engine malfunctions as the throttling the air intake duct, the throttling of the exhaust gas duct, the decreasing and the increasing of fuel injection pressure on the selected cylinder, chocked or discalibrated fuel injector, the leakage of the fuel pump, changing of the fuel injection timing and exhaust and inlet valves malfunctions.

PL

Silniki tłokowe generatorami energii mechanicznej, ale również generatorami emisji związków toksycznych do atmosfery. Skład emitowanych spalin może być nośnikiem informacji diagnostycznej o stanie technicznym układów funkcjonalnych silnika. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki klasyfikacji i wyboru sygnałów diagnostycznych dla wybranych niesprawności silnika okrętowego. Analiza została oparta na wynikach badań laboratoryjnych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych działań udało się wyodrębnić symptomy niesprawności 4-suwowego silnika okrętowego w składzie emitowanych spalin. Sygnałami uzupełniającymi detekcję są temperatury gazów spalinowych za poszczególnymi cylindrami. Wnioskiem z prezentowanej pracy jest możliwość wykrycia tą metodą takich niesprawności silnika jak dławienie kanału dolotowego powietrza i wylotowego spalin, obniżenie i zwiększenie ciśnienia wtrysku paliwa do wybranego cylindra, zakoksowanie lub rozkalibrowanie wtryskiwacza, przecieki w pompie paliwowej, zmiana rozpoczęcia wtrysku paliwa oraz wypalenie gniazd zaworów dolotowych i wylotowych.

10

Możliwości zastosowania metod numerycznych do przewidywania i ograniczania emisji zanieczyszczeń z instalacji spalania stosowanych w przemyśle chemicznym i rafineryjnym

Zajemska M., Poskart A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2013

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T. 92, nr 3

357-361

11

The model of the exhaust gas duct flow of the marine 4-stroke diesel engine

Kowalski J.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

|

2013

|

Vol. 8, no 1

59--66

EN

The manuscript presents the model of the exhaust gas flow through the exhaust gas duct of the marine 4-stroke engine. Presented model are computational fluid dynamic model based on dimensions and the construction of the real exhaust gas duct. The measurement parameters from real object are used to the model validation. The simulation of the exhaust gas duct throttling by rotational throttling plate was done. Obtained calculation results allow to determination of the exhaust gas mass flow for the simulated flow characteristics. The model of turbulence flow was taken into account. The gravity forces and the heat transfer phenomena were neglected. Obtained calculation results are qualitatively consistent with results obtained from literature. The analyze of the velocity distribution in the exhaust gas duct allows to conclusion that the changes of the angular position of the throttling plate causes significant disturbances in the exhaust gas flow. The result of this is the decrease of the exhaust gas flow. Additional purpose of the manuscript was approximation of the obtained results of the exhaust gas flow for different angular positions of the throttling plate. Obtained polynomial function may be useful tool to modeling the combustion process in the engine cylinders for the different flow characteristics of the exhaust gas duct. The calculation results allow to determination the mass flow of the exhaust gas with mean error equal 11%.

12

Labolatory study on influence of the exhaut gas composition in marine four-stroke diesel engine

Kowalski J.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

|

2012

|

Vol. 7, no 1

109-116

EN

Presented paper shows results of laboratory tests on the relationship between the throttling of a cross area of an exhaust outlet duct and the composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory four-stroke diesel engine, worked with a load from 50kW to 250kW at a constant speed equal 750rpm. During the laboratory tests over 50 parameters were measured of the engine with technical condition recognized as a "working properly" and with simulated the exhaust outlet duct throttling. The simulation consisted of changing the angle of the barrier mounted in the exhaust duct after the turbine, limiting duct cross-sectional area. Results of laboratory research confirm that the best indicator of the throttling of the exhaust gas duct among considered thermodynamic parameters of the engine is pressure of exhaust gas after turbine. Unfortunately mentioned pressure is usually very little and for this reason technically difficult to measure during on-board operation. In the case of measuring the composition of exhaust gas, the throttling of the exhaust gas duct causes visible changes of the oxygen and carbon oxide quantity in the exhaust gas. Other measured gaseous components changed not significant during the throttling of the exhaust gas. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the exhaust gas duct of the marine engine.

13

Laboratory study on influence of air duct throttling on exhaust gas composition in marine four - stroke diesel engine

Kowalski J.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 1

191-198

EN

Presented paper shows results of laboratory tests on the relationship between the throttling of a cross area of an air intake duct and the composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory four-stroke diesel engine, worked with a load from 50kW to 250kW at a constant speed. During the laboratory, tests over 50 parameters were measured of the engine with technical condition recognized as a “working properly” and with a simulated the air intake duct throttling. The simulation consisted of inserting the throttling flanges to the air intake duct before compressor, limiting duct cross-sectional area by 20% and 60% respectively. The results of laboratory research confirm that the effect of the air intake duct throttling on the engine thermodynamic parameters is clearly visible only at considerable throttling. In the case of measuring the composition of exhaust gas, both mole fractions and emissions of gaseous components markedly affected even at low throttling. For example, 20% throttling of the cross section of the air intake duct increase the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in exhaust gas almost 44% during working the engine with load equal to 250kW, and only 10% of the temperature after air cooler. Keep in mind that the temperature after air cooler was an engine parameter, which undergoes the greatest change during the simulation of that malfunction. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air delivery to the engine system.