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2 2025

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Polskie nazwiska wywodzące się z nazw substancji chemicznych (część 1)

Buszewski Bogusław, Chojnacka Katarzyna, Górecki Henryk, Dobrzański Zbigniew, Opaliński Sebastian

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2025

[Z] 79, 11-12

875--898

This study aims to conduct an etymological and statistical analysis of Polish surnames related to chemical nomenclature. Part I focuses on surnames derived from the names of chemical elements. In contrast, Part II will address names related to chemical substrates, products, and raw materials, as well as phonetically similar surnames. The analysis was conducted using three Polish surname databases - PESEL registry, the ISNP dictionary (Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames), and the online database ActaFlow — as well as two international sources: Forebears and Geogen. Out of all 118 officially recognized chemical elements, 41 (34.7%) were identified as having homonymous or identical forms in existing Polish surnames. These names were analyzed primarily with reference to ISNP dictionary, while international data were drawn from the Forebears platform. The surnames examined include: Arsen, Azot, Bar, Bor, Brom, Cer, Chrom, Cyna, Cynk, Gal, German, Glin, Hel, Jod, Kopernik, Krzem, Lit, Nobel, Magnez, Miedź, Nikiel, Ołów, Polon, Potas, Rad, Radon, Ren, Rod, Selen, Siarka, Sód, Srebro, Tal, Tor, Uran, Węgiel, Wapń, Wanad, Wolfram, Złoto, and Żelazo. The findings reveal that among these 41 chemically sounding Polish surnames, only 9 can be attributed to chemical origins (22.0%). These include: Ołów, Siarka, Srebro, Węgiel, Złoto, Żelazo and Miedź derivatives (Miedziak, Miedzian etc.) with likely origins also suggested for Cyna and Potas. Among the 41 identified surnames, Nikiel is the most common in Poland (approximately 2,800 bearers), while Ren is the most prevalent internationally (approximately 5.8 million individuals). According to the authors, the most distinctive Polish „chemical" surnames - either primary or derived - include: Chromik, Cynkutis, Kopernik, Nobel, Ołownia, Polon, Potaś, Rubid, and Złotoś. Interestingly, in many African and Asian countries, some of these surnames coincide with given names (forenames). Examples include: Arsenic, Barium, Bor, German, Jod, Lit, Ren, Rod and Srebro, with the names German (approx. 678.8 thousand) and Ren (approx. 530.5 thousand men and women) being particularly popular. It is also noteworthy that 10 of the analyzed surnames (24.4%) have a noble origin, including: Bar, Cynk, German, Glin, Kopernik, Nikiel, Ren, Tor, Wolfram, and Żelazo. Throughout one generation (2002–2025), the total number of bearers of these "chemical" surnames in Poland has decreased by only 0.87 %, indicating a stable demographic presence. However, these data refer only to 12 selected surnames (of high and medium frequency), covering approximately 11.3 thousand users.

Polskie nazwiska pochodzące z nazewnictwa substancji chemicznych (część 2)

Buszewski Bogusław, Chojnacka Katarzyna, Górecki Henryk, Dobrzański Zbigniew, Opaliński Sebastian

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2025

[Z] 79, 11-12

899-922

Part 1 discusses Polish surnames derived from chemical elements. This section analyzes the etymology and statistics of Polish surnames derived from the names of substrates, chemical products, and raw materials. Three national surname databases were used for this purpose: the PESEL surname registry, the online dictionary of Polish surnames (ISNP), the online surname database ActaFlow, and two foreign surname databases: Forebears and Geogen. The large dictionary of the Polish language (PAN) and other source materials, including chemical literature, were also used. Forty five names were subjected to final analysis: Amon, Boraks, Blacha, Brąz, Bursztyn, Diament, Dym, Farba, Gaz, Gips, Glina, Glinka, Granit, Guma, Jantar, Kauczuk, Kreda, Kruszec, Kryształ, Kwas, Krzemień, Metal, Metan, Mosiądz, Para, Piasek, Popiół, Potaż, Ropa, Rubin, Ruda, Saletra, Sadza, Smog, Smoła, Soda, Sól, Stal, Surowiec, Wapno, Węgiel, Woda, Zasada, Żwir, Żywica. Among the 45 surnames presented as basic (primary), the most numerous in Poland is the surname Surowiec (aprox. 5.0 thousand people), while abroad it is Amon (76.7 thousand people). Most derived surnames come from: Glinka, Kwas, Potaż, Ruda, Saletra, Stal, Sól, Wapno. It turned out that among the chemical-sounding Polish surnames, not all of them have a chemical origin. Six surnames are in the process of disappearing, their number is very low (max. 10 people), and these are: Amon, Boraks, Farba, Gips, Granit, Kauczuk. Two other surnames (Sadza and Zasada) have no chemical etymology at all. Over the one-generation time horizon (2003-2025), the overall population of users of the analyzed surnames decreased by an average of 3.86%. In the opinion of the authors of the work, the most original Polish surnames derived from chemical names are: Diament, Gips, Guma, Kruszec, Ropa, Rubin, Mosiądz, Soda, Żywica. Abroad, many Polish surnames (derived from chemical names) denote either a female or male name. These include: Amon, Diament, Gips, Jantar, Metal, Para, Rubin, Ruda, Soda, Stal, Woda. Among Polish primary surnames, those with (physico)chemical names do not appear in the databases: Amber, Amoniak, Boksyt, Dynamit, Ciecz, Cynober, Galena, Gaz, Koks, Kwarc, Lakier, Lód, Metal, Metan, Minerał, Nawóz, Osad, Paliwo, Plastik, Płyn, Rdza, Stop, Szkło, Torf.