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1

Assessment of soil erosion models for predicting soil loss in cracked vegetated compacted surface layer

Bora Manash Jyoti, Bordoloi Sanandam, Pekkat Sreeja, Garg Ankit, Sekharan Sreedeep, Rakesh Ravi Ranjan

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

333--347

EN

Rainfall-induced progressive soil erosion of compacted surface layer (SL) impedes the functioning of cover system (CS) of landfills with high expected design life (≈ 100 years). The existing soil erosion models are not tested extensively for compacted soil with cracks and vegetation. This study evaluated the efficacy of three popular soil erosion models for estimating the soil loss of compacted SL of CS, which is useful for annual maintenance. The interactive effect of rainfall, vegetation and desiccation cracks on erosion of compacted surface layer was investigated under the influence of both natural and simulated rainfall events for one year. Among all, the Morgan, Morgan and Finney (MMF) model was found to be effective in predicting soil erosion of compacted SL. However, the MMF model overestimated soil erosion when the vegetation cover exceeded 60%. The soil loss estimated from Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models was poor for high rainfall intensity (100 mm/h). The RUSLE and WEPP model overestimated the soil erosion for low vegetation cover (≤3%) and underestimated for vegetation area>3%. The mechanism of root reinforcement, strength due to root water uptake-induced soil suction and its effect on soil loss mitigation could not be adequately captured by the existing models for compacted SL. Further studies are needed to improve the existing erosion models for incorporating the effects of desiccation and vegetation on soil loss from the compacted SL.

2

High-resolution soil erodibility K-factor estimation using machine learning generated soil dataset and soil pH levels

Mammadli Nurlan, Gojamanov Magsad

Geodesy and Cartography

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2021

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Vol. 70, no. 1

44--55

EN

Soil Erodibility Factor (K-factor) is a crucial component of a widely used equation for soil erosion assessment known as the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) or its revised version – RUSLE. It reflects the potential of the soil of being detached due to rainfalls or runoffs. So far, an extensive number of researches provide different approaches and techniques in the evaluation of K-factor. This study applies soil erodibility estimation in the soils of the South Caucasian region using soil data prepared by the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) with 250 m resolution, whereas the recent K-factor estimation implemented in the EU scale was with 500 m resolution. Soil erodibility was assessed using an equation involving soil pH levels. The study utilises Trapesoidal equation of soil data processing and preparation, as suggested by ISRIC, for various layers of surface soil data with up to 0-30 cm depth. Both usage of SoilGrids data and its processing as well as estimation of K-factor applying soil pH levels have demonstrated sufficient capacity and accuracy in soil erodibility assessment. The final output result has revealed the K-factor values varying from 0.037 and more than 0.060 t ha h/MJ mm within the study area.

3

Estimation of annual average soil loss using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated in a Geographical Information System (GIS) of the Esil River basin (ERB), Kazakhstan

Mukanov Yerbolat, Chen Yaning, Baisholanov Saken, Chukwudi Amanambu Amobichukwu, Issanova Gulnura, Abenova Ainura, Fang Gonghuan, Abayev Nurlan

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 3

921--938

EN

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has enormous potential for integrating remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies for producing accurate and inexpensive assessments of soil erosion. In this study, the RUSLE method was applied to the Esil (Ishim) River basin (ERB), which is situated in Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The northern part of the ERB extends through the Tyumen and Omsk regions of the Russian Federation to the confluence of the Irtysh River. This article may be of interest to experts and specialists in the field of agriculture, as the findings can assist agricultural producers and government entities in making decisions that prevent soil degradation and promote optimal cropping systems for land and crop cultivation. The objective of this research is to detect, estimate and map areas of land plots most vulnerable to potential soil erosion within the ERB, using the RUSLE model under Arc GIS 10.2. The results reveal that average annual soil loss during the study period ranges from 0 to 32 (t y−1) and that 108,007.5 km2 (48%) of the ERB has no erosion. The remainder of the basin is prone to soil erosion ranging from 1 to 32 t ha−1 y−1, which comprises 117,216.9 km2 (52%), and total soil erosion is 565,368.7 (t y−1). Soil erosion in the ERB is relatively moderate due to low hill steepness and low annual precipitation (198–397 mm). Exceptions occur in plots which feature high slope length steepness, which are scattered throughout the region.

4

Effect of hillslope topography on soil erosion and sediment yield using USLE model

Sabzevari T., Talebi A.

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

1587--1597

EN

Catchment hillslopes in nature have a complex geometry. Complex hillslopes have different plans (convergent, parallel and divergent) and different curvature (straight, concave and convex). In this study, the erosion rates of the nine complex hillslopes were investigated using the universal soil loss (USLE) method. The topography factor (LS function) in the USLE was developed as a function of plan shape and profile curvature. The hillslopes studied were divided into sets of complex pixels and the erosion over the pixels was calculated. Total erosion was regarded as the sum of erosion of all pixels. Furthermore, to calculate the sediment delivery ratio of each pixel, a new travel time equation for complex hillslopes was employed. Results showed that the mean erosion of convex hillslopes was 1.43 times that of concave and 1.19 times that of straight slopes. The effect of curvature shape on erosion was much greater than plan shape effect. The highest erosion belonged to convex divergent slopes, and the least erosion was related to concave divergent slopes. The laboratory results intended for validation of the numerical model also show that in hillslopes with fixed plan, the erosion rate in the convex hillslopes exceeds that of concave and straight hillslopes. Also, in the hillslopes with fixed curvature profile, the erosion rate in the convergent hillslopes is more than in the divergent and parallel ones.

5

The assessment of influence of soil erosion by water in the transformation of agricultural slopes of the Wiśnicz Foothills

Święchowicz J.

Landform Analysis

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2018

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Vol. 36

85--95

EN

The main aim of the paper is to assess influence of soil erosion by water in the transformation of agricultural slopes of the edge of Wiśnicz Foothills. Low hills are typical in the morphology of the area. Results presented come from measurements of soil erosion by water in 2007–2009. Soil erosion took place during short transformation periods and was caused by events of high magnitude and low frequency during which soil particles are transported from the slope to the channel, but its supply was only local and episodic. In the foothill area slope and channel are weakly linked.

6

Conditions for soil erosion by water in the upper Parsęta catchment

Szpikowski J., Majewski M., Madaj W.

Landform Analysis

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2018

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Vol. 36

55--69

EN

The paper presents potential soil erosion risk of the upper Parsęta catchment (Drawskie Lake District, NW Poland). The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope gradient, LS factor, lithology, land use and land cover. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. Potential soil erosion risk map was prepared on the basis of thematic maps. Areas with small and moderate susceptibility to soil erosion occupy 71.5% of the catchment area. The 4th class of erosiveness is represented by the river valley slopes, steep slopes of kame and moraine hills, covering 28.5% of the upper Parsęta catchment.

7

Influence of land use changes on spatial erosion pattern, a time series analysis using RUSLE and GIS: the cases of Ambuliyar sub-basin, India

Nasir N., Selvakumar R.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 5

1121--1130

EN

Soil erosion and its impact on the land and surface water resources are posing both ecological and socioeconomic threats around the world. In South India, tank systems are quite ancient, supporting rural livelihood including their agricultural needs. But, in recent decades they have lost their significance. The aggravated catchment erosion and resultant siltation have significantly reduced their storage capacity and thereby their functionality. Ambuliyar sub-basin, encompassing 809 irrigation tanks, has once satisfied multifunctional needs of people but now becomes degraded due to siltation. Though desilting of tanks and feeder channels is practiced, the tanks often get silted owing to aggravate soil erosion. Hence, to sustain their life span, it is essential to minimize the erosion in the catchment. Thus, the present study intends to estimate the rate of erosion, analyze their spatial variation through a time series analysis, and ascertain the causative factor. Accordingly, the annual soil loss estimated using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation method has shown an increase in the rate of erosion from 4084.40 (1996) to 4922.47 t ha−1 y−1 (2016). However, spatially, a non-uniform pattern is inferred, and hence based on the variations, the sub-basin is divided into five zones. In zones I, II, and V, there is an increase in erosion, and in zones III and IV, a decrease is witnessed. Variations studied in conjunction with RUSLE parameters reveal that the improper land use practice has modified the erosion rate and pattern. Further, it is presumed that the silted watercourses might have increased the overland flow, which in turn increased the erosion. Remedial measures such as afforestation, promotion of coconut plantation, and reduction in overland flow by desilting tanks are suggested; thereby, the surface and groundwater resources will be enhanced and in turn the agricultural productivity.

8

Evaluation of the effects of land consolidation in the Latyczyn village in terms of land protection against erosion on the slope scale

Rybicki R.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

203--209

EN

Soil erosion by water is an important economical issue strongly deteriorating environment and requiring remedial actions. The study was designed to evaluate antierosion effect of changes in the layout of plots from along to across slope as an effect of land consolidation. Moreover, rightness of leaving newly set out boundaries of plots without any protection (i.e. sodding) was evaluated. For this purpose simulations of use of additional anti-erosive measures were done. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used. Studies have shown that in addition to the design of transverse layout of parcels during consolidation, further antierosion measures may be necessary to reduce soil loss and sediment yield. In order to minimize soil losses outside the slope, boundaries between the newly designed fields should be sodded already in the post consolidation management. Limitation the amount of erosion over the entire slope requires use of additional protection measures in the upper part of slopes e.g. shelterbelts and antierosion crop rotations. WEPP model can be recommended for Provincial Bureaus of Surveying as a tool to support the development of assumptions for consolidation projects of lands threatened by erosion.

PL

Erozja wodna gleb jest ważnym zagadnieniem gospodarczym, silnie pogarszającym stan środowiska, wymagającym działań zaradczych. Badania miały na celu ocenę przeciwerozyjnych efektów zmiany układu działek z wzdłużstokowego na poprzecznostokowy w wyniku scalenia gruntów. Oceniono też słuszność pozostawienia nowo wytyczonych granic działek bez zastosowania żadnych środków przeciwerozyjnych (np. zadarnień). W tym celu dokonano dodatkowej symulacji zastosowania różnych środków przeciwerozyjnych z wykorzystaniem modelu WEPP (ang. Water Erosion Prediction Project). Badania wykazały, że poza zaprojektowaniem w trakcie scalenia układu poprzecznostokowego niezbędne mogą być dalsze środki przeciwerozyjne, aby ograniczyć erozję gleby i jej wynoszenie poza obszar stoku. Aby zminimalizować straty gleby poza stok, należałoby już w trakcie zagospodarowania poscaleniowego zadarniać granice między nowo zaprojektowanymi polami. Ograniczenie rozmiarów erozji na całym stoku wymaga stosowania dodatkowych umocnień w górnych partiach zbocza, np. zadrzewień śródpolnych oraz płodozmianów przeciwerozyjnych. Model WEPP może być rekomendowany Wojewódzkim Biurom Geodezji jako narzędzie wspomagające opracowanie projektów scalania gruntów na terenach zagrożonych erozją.

9

Erosion processes initialized by use of heavy equipment in mountain forests of the Wilczy Potok catchment, Silesian Beskids

Łukasik W., Kubiesa P., Staszewski T.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

80--86

EN

Forest stand decomposition of the Silesian Beskids which is followed by the tree cutting has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century. Changes in forest management due to the introduction of heavy machines for forest work mainly for skidding have been observed in the Silesian Beskids for the last decade. The paper presents results of a three-year investigation of erosion gullies forming in mountain forest after the skidding performed with use of heavy equipment. In the Wilczy Potok catchment comprising an area of above 100 ha 40 gullies were identified. The measurement of the length and depth of gullies showed that the total volume of soil and rock material removed from the catchment area due to erosion accelerated by skidding exceeded 9 000 m3. The year erosion rate for deep gullies was found to be 10%. The presented results show that necessary protective actions and preventive measures should be taken to mitigate the soil degradation processes.

PL

W ciągu ostatniej dekady, w Beskidzie Śląskim, zaobserwowano zmiany w gospodarce leśnej spowodowane wprowadzeniem ciężkiego sprzętu do prac leśnych, głównie do zrywki drewna. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki trzech lat badań rynien erozyjnych powstających w lesie górskim po zrywce wykonanej przy stosowaniu ciężkiego sprzętu. W zlewni Wilczego Potoku, o powierzchni powyżej 100 ha zinwentaryzowano 40 rynien erozyjnych. Pomiar długości i głębokości wąwozy wykazały, że całkowita objętość gleby i materiału skalnego usuniętego ze zlewni w wyniku erozji – przyspieszonej przez prace zrywkowe – wynosi ponad 9 000 m3. Roczne tempo erozji rynien zrywkowych wynosi 10%. Przedstawione wyniki pokazują, że niezbędne jest podjęcie działań ochronnych i zastosowanie środków zapobiegawczych w celu ograniczenia procesów degradacji gleby.

10

Zastosowanie materiałów odpadowych do produkcji innowacyjnych geotekstyliów przeznaczonych do ochrony gruntu przed erozją powierzchniową

Broda J., Rom M., Grzybowska-Pietras J., Przybyło S., Laszczak R.

Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 1

135--140

PL

Od wielu lat geosyntetyki są stosowane do ochrony przeciwerozyjnej skarp i nasypów. W ostatnich latach prowadzone są prace mające na celu opracowanie technologii i montażu nowych geosyntetyków pełniących funkcję ochrony przeciwerozyjnej. Do nowych geosyntetyków przeciwerozyjnych należą innowacyjne geotekstylia utworzone przez meandrycznie ułożone sznury Kemafil połączone specjalnymi łącznikami wykonanymi techniką dziewiarską. W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań różnych materiałów biodegradowalnych służących do produkcji sznurów Kemafil. W czasie badań wyznaczono podstawowe parametry geometryczne i mechaniczne materiałów przeznaczonych do tworzenia oplotu oraz materiałów pełniących funkcję otuliny. Badano sznurek bawełniany i sizalowy przeznaczony do wytwarzania oplotu oraz wybrane tkaniny i włókniny przeznaczone do tworzenia otuliny. Jednocześnie przeprowadzono próby wykonania sznurów z wykorzystaniem badanych materiałów i różnych materiałów wypełniających. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań oceniono przydatność badanych materiałów do wytwarzania sznurów Kemafil.

EN

For many years, geosynthetics have been used for erosion protection of slopes and embankments. In recent years different efforts to develop new technologies for production and installation of geosynthetics designed for erosion protection were undertaken. The new generation of erosion protective geosynthetics includes geotextiles built from meandrically arranged coarse Kemafil ropes connected with additional linking threads. The paper presents the results of investigations on variety of biodegradable materials, which can be used for the production of Kemafil ropes. During the investigations the basic geometrical and mechanical parameters of the materials were determined. Cotton and sisal cord intended for the manufacture of the sheath and selected non-woven and woven fabric intended to form the cover were investigated. At the same time the tests of production of Kemafil ropes built from the tested materials and various filler materials were performed. During the studies the usefulness of materials for the manufacture of Kemafil ropes was evaluated.

11

Environmental risks of shale gas production from gas-bearing area of Ukraine

Kalinichenko A., Kopishynska O., Kopishynskyy A., Kalinichenko O.

Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 3

73--78

EN

The article reveals the problem of shortage of natural gas in Ukraine as one of the key factors of national energy security. The present states of the fuel and energy sectors, the reasons for shortages of natural gas of domestic production and the perspectives of alternative gas extraction from shale are analyzed. The problems, environmental threats and risks associated with the prospects of development of alternative shale gas sources on the basis of detailed analysis of its production technologies are described. The comparison with the experience of shale gas extraction in the United States, where the technology was used for the first time, and with the consequences of violations of environmental safety is performed.

PL

Artykuł ukazuje problem niedoboru gazu ziemnego na Ukrainie jako jeden z kluczowych czynników bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju. Analizowany jest obecny stan sektorów paliwa i energii oraz przyczyny niedoboru gazu ziemnego w produkcji krajowej i perspektywy wydobycia gazu z alternatywnych łupków. Opisane są problemy i zagrożenia środowiskowe, oraz zagrożenia związane z perspektywami rozwoju alternatywnych źródeł gazu łupkowego na podstawie szczegółowej analizy jego technologii produkcji. Przedstawiono porównanie z doświadczeniem wydobycia gazu łupkowego w Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie technologia została wykorzystana po raz pierwszy, oraz ze skutkami naruszenia bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego.

12

The influence of urban green waste compost on the physical quality of soil exposed to erosion

Paluszek J.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2010

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Vol. 36, no. 3

97-109

EN

A field experiment was conducted to assess both direct and after effects of composted urban green waste applied at the rates of 10 and 20 Mgźha-1 on aggregate size distribution, aggregate water stability, water and air properties of Haplic Luvisol developed from loess exposed to surface water erosion. In the first year of the study, compost fertilization resulted in a significant reduction of an unfavorable proportion of clods > 10 mm, while air-dry aggregates with sizes of 1–5 mm and 0.25–1 mm increased within the 0–10 cm layer of the eroded soil. In the second year after compost application, there was a significant increase in the water-stable aggregate content with sizes of 0.25–10 mm in the treated soil as compared to the control plots. However, no significant differences in aggregate size distribution and aggregate water stability were stated in the third year after compost application. A direct influence of compost addition was reflected in a significant decrease in bulk density and significant increases in actual soil moisture, maximum water capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, the fraction of macropores with diameters > 20 ěm, and air permeability in the surface layer of the soil. At the same time, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of soil mesopores with diameters between 0.2 to 20 ěm, whereas no significant differences in field water capacity and retention of water useful for plants were observed. Values of Dexter’s index S of soil physical quality in the compost-amended soil were comparable to those found in the control plots. The dose of 20 Mgźha-1 turned out to be more effective.

PL

W doświadczeniu poletkowym badano bezpośredni i następczy wpływ nawożenia kompostem z odpadów zieleni miejskiej w dawkach 10 i 20 Mgźha-1 na skład agregatowy, wodoodporność agregatów, właściwości wodne i powietrzne gleby płowej typowej wytworzonej z lessu, ulegającej powierzchniowej erozji wodnej. W pierwszym roku badań stwierdzono, że nawożenie kompostem istotnie zmniejszyło niekorzystną zawartość brył o wymiarach > 10 mm, a zwiększyło zawartość powietrznie suchych agregatów 1–5 mm i 0,25–1 mm w warstwie 0–10 cm gleby zerodowanej. W drugim roku po zastosowaniu kompostu w glebie istotnie zwiększyła się zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów o wymiarach 0,25–10 mm w porównaniu z glebą poletek kontrolnych. W trzecim roku po zastosowaniu kompostu nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w składzie agregatowym i wodoodporności agregatów glebowych. W bezpośrednim działaniu dodatek kompostu istotnie zmniejszył gęstość gleby, istotnie zwiększył wilgotność aktualną, pełną pojemność wodną, przewodnictwo wodne nasycone, porowatość ogólną, zawartość makroporów o średnicy > 20 žm i przepuszczalność powietrzną w powierzchniowej warstwie gleby. Pod wpływem nawożenia kompostem nie zmieniła się istotnie polowa pojemność wodna i retencja wody użytecznej dla roślin, natomiast zawartość mezoporów glebowych o średnicy 0,2–20 žm istotnie zmniejszyła się. Wartości wskaźnika jakości stanu fizycznego gleby S według Dextera w glebie nawożonej kompostem były zbliżone do wartości wskaźnika w obiektach kontrolnych. Bardziej skuteczne było nawożenie kompostem w dawce 20 Mgźha^-1.

13

Problemy erozji gleb na przykładzie kilku gmin w województwach kujawsko-pomorskim i wielkopolskim

Wojtasik M., Wiśniewski P., Loranc L.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2008

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Vol. 17, No. 3

41--49

EN

Systematic decrease of agricultural surface and continuous degradation of soil environment, among other things as a result of erosion, they force to organized working onto his protection. Size limit of erosion is necessary also in relatively more fl at morain landscape on account of increasing signifi cance agrotechnical treatments in cause of erosion. The public administration organs responsible for anti-erosion soil protection not fully do one’s duty. The article presents the state of processes of soil erosion and needs of rational farming on example some communes of Kujawy-Pomerania and Wielkopolska provinces.

14

Procesy obiegu wody, erozji gleb i denudacji chemicznej w zlewni Bystrzanki

Bochenek W., Gil E.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2007

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Vol. 16, No. 2

28--42

EN

These procesess are conditioned by natural parameter of environment and its using. There were evaluate the surface runoff and erosion values on different kinds farming land on base of long-term measurements. Annual size surface flow and soil erosion were correlated mutually and with precipitation. The subsurface runoff is important element of water circulation. Authors showed the amount and course this process. There were showed the course of chemical denudation process in selected periods towards water circulation. There also compared relation beetwen soil erosion procesess on slope and in the river channel.

15

Erozja gleb oraz ochrona przeciwerozyjna na przykładzie gmin Sicienko i Witkowo

Wojtasik M., Wiśniewski P., Loranc L.

Ekologia i Technika

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2007

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R. 15, nr 3

101-107

PL

Erozja gleb jest w rolnictwie problemem o skali globalnej, niezależnie od jej nasilenia w wymiarze lokalnym. Systematyczny ubytek powierzchni rolnej oraz ciągła degradacja środowiska glebowego zmusza do zorganizowania działań na rzecz jego ochrony. Konieczne jest ograniczenie rozmiarów erozji również w krajobrazie morenowym, gdyż obejmuje ona nie tylko obszary silnie, lecz także słabiej urzeźbione. Artykuł przedstawia wpływ procesów erozyjnych na degradację śro dowiska glebowego oraz racjonalną gospodarkę gruntami rolnymi ze szczególnym wskazaniem na kompleksową ochronę gleb przed erozją na przykładzie gmin Sicienko i Witkowo. Opisuje również podstawy agrotechniki, która obarczona licznymi błędami, stała się głów nym czynnikiem wyzwalającym procesy erozyjne.

EN

Soils erosion is a great problem in agriculture on a global scale, irrespectively of its incline in the local dimension, Systematic loss of the agricultural area and the permanent degradation ol the soil environment are forcing to organize action for the lands protection. Limiting extents of erosion is necessary in the morain landscape, because it includes not only the areas with high inclination, hut also areas with lower inclination (more flat). This article presents the influence of soil erosion on degradation of soil environment and the rational agricultural lands use with the special recommendation on complex anti-erosion protection, of soils on the example of Sicienko and Witkowo communes. This article also describes the basis of agrotechnical treatments, burdened by many mistakes, as the most important cause of erosion.

16

Geologiczno-inżynierskie i geomorfologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wąwozowej w lessach w rejonie Kazimierza Dolnego (wąwóz Opolska Droga)

Frankowski Z., Grabowski D.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 9

777-783

EN

The article presents the problem of intense erosion in loess gullies in the locality Kazimierz Dolny. Primary reasons for such a quick development of gullies are: lithogenetic and physical-mechanical characteristics of loess, geomorphological and climatic conditions of the region and also human activity. Gully erosion impedes rural activity and communication in the area and causes considerable damages to local roads. In one of the loess gullies typical for the region, called ,,Opolska Droga” near Kwaskowa Góra, physical and mechanical parameters were examined by field and laboratory tests. The results revealed a clear correlation: shear strength of loess considerably decreases when its natural moisture content increases. What is also important, the structure of loess — loose soil skeleton mostly built of quartz and small amount of cementing clay particles — is prone to erosion. Thus, its adverse susceptibility to influence of water occurs to be primary reason of intensive gully erosion development in the area of Nałęczów Plateau . Additionally, geomorphological and climatic conditions, together with human rural activity (often using gullies as local ways of road transport) result in faster erosion development and, in effect, they lead to disastrous results like those that took place in the region during extreme rainfalls some years ago. Any stabilizing engineering works within loess gullies should be preceded by appropriately designed system for the regulation of run-off in the drainage area.

17

Zagrożenia budowli zabytkowych związane z rozwojem czynnych procesów geodynamicznych na przykładzie kościoła Św. Andrzeja w Brwilnie Górnym

Drągowski A., Cabalski K., Radzikowski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 9

781-785

EN

A case study of 18th-century Saint Andrew church in Brwilno Górne near Płock is presented to illustrate the problems of protecting historical monuments located in areas subject to especially active geodynamic transformations. The church has been built on upland near Vistula River valley escarpment. The wooden church could not be relocated because it is listed in the register of historic monuments together with its surroundings. Thus, extensive geological studies were performed and the recommended precautions against disaster were formulated. Two variants of securing the church were proposed: provisional and final.