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Per- and polyfl uoroalkyl substances: problematic emerging pollutants of aquatic environment

Grabda Mariusz, Oleszek Sylwia, Matsumoto Michiaki

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 3

3--21

EN

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are human-invented chemicals that were created in the middle of the 20th century. They were synthesized for the first time in 1949, and because of their exceptional surfactant properties, they have been widely used in many industrial applications and daily life products. The common use of PFASs resulted in their worldwide dissemination in natural environment. PFASs are reported to be ubiquitous in surface and drinking waters, but also may be present in soils, animals, milk and milk-products, plants, food. Contaminated drinking water and food are the most significant exposure sources to these chemicals. Ingested PFASs are bio-accumulative and have adverse effect on health of humans as well as animal organisms. This paper reviews the most significant information on the origin, properties, distribution, environmental fate, human exposure, health effects, and the environmental regulations on PFASs and summarizes the latest advances in the development of novel methods for the effective removal of these chemicals from the aqueous environment. Recognized (reverse osmosis, adsorption on activated carbon) and most promising developing removal methods such as adsorption on biomaterials (plant proteins, chitosan beds), mineral adsorbents (LDHs, hydrotalcite), ionexchange resins, and photocatalytic degradation have been emphasized.

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Występowanie surfaktantów w próbkach środowiskowych

Olkowska E., Polkowska Ż., Namieśnik J.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2010

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[Z] 64, 9-10

809-830

EN

Surfactants (ionic and nonionic compounds, Fig. 1) have specific properties and they are applied in various areas of human activity (Tab. 2). The most important properties of surfactants are: amphiphilicity (Fig. 3), solubility in liquids of different polarity, formation of micellar structures (Fig. 4), adsorption and absorption in various media, toxicity (Tab. 1) [12–23] and susceptibility to degradation. The widely used various types of surfactants contribute to emission of pollutants to the environment (Fig. 6) [32–40]. So it is necessary to monitor their presence in ecosystems (also products of their incomplete degradation) and thus, the development of analytical methodologies, which allow for quick determination of many surfactants at low levels is needed. Therefore environmental samples have to be prepared for analysis using techniques of isolation and enrichment of analytes (usually LLE, ASE, SPE) [41–56]. For quantitative and qualitative determination of the analytes in extracts following analytical techniques are used: spectrophotometry, tensammetry, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis [57–78]. In the literature one can find information about determination of surfactants in different environmental samples. There is data available about levels of surfactants (especially anionic and nonionic) in solid (sediments and sludges, soil, street dust) and liquid samples (surface water and groundwater, wastewater, atmospheric deposits) (Tab. 3) [79–91].

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Fluxes and balance of mercury in the inner Bay of Puck, southern Baltic, Poland: an overview

Boszke L.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (3)

325-350

EN

The aim of the study was to analyse the balance of mercury (Hg), i.e. the content of this metal, its inflow and outflow, in the ecosystem of the Bay of Puck. Based on literature data and the results of the author's own study, this analysis has shown that the main source of Hg pollution is the atmosphere. An estimated 1.1-3.8 kg of Hg enters annually from the atmosphere, whereas the mass of Hg carried there by river waters per annum is about 7 times lower (0.13-0.44 kg year^-1). The 0.9-2.7 kg year^-1 of Hg released from Bay of Puck waters to the atmosphere is of the same order as the quantity deposited from the atmosphere. The total amount of Hg deposited in the upper (0-5 cm deep) layer of the sediments has been estimated at 240-320 kg, its rate of entry being c. 2.25-2.81 kg year^-1. 0.25-1.25 kg year^-1 of Hg are released from the bottom sediments to bulk water, while 0.61-0.97 kg remains confined in aquatic organisms, including 133 g in the phytobenthos, 2.6 g in the zooplankton, 420-781 g in the macrozoobenthos and 34 g in fish.