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1

Electrooxidation of methyl alcohol with Ni-Co catalyst

Włodarczyk B., Włodarczyk P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr II/1

305--315

EN

Due to development of the renewable energy sources, the powering of fuel cells (FCs) with bio-fuels is very important. The one of this fuel is methyl alcohol. The use of fuel cells on a large scale is mainly limited by the high cost of catalysts - mainly platinum. Elimination of Pt as catalyst would allow for wider commercial application of FCs. The paper presents a study of methyl alcohol electrooxidation on electrode with NiCo alloy catalyst. Researches were done by the method of polarizing curves of electrooxidation of methanol in glass vessel. Conducted measurements show that there is a possibility of electrooxidation of methanol with Ni-Co catalyst. In any case, the process of electrooxidation of methanol occurs. A maximum current density was equal 50 mA/cm2 . So, the work shows possibility to use Ni-Co alloys as catalysts for fuel electrode to methyl alcohol electrooxidation.

2

Canola oil electooxitadion on smooth platinum electrode

Włodarczyk P., Włodarczyk B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

589--598

EN

As fuel for fuel cells can be used various substances, but mainly fuel cells are powered by clear hydrogen (or hydrogen obtained from organic substances by reforming process). However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Due to development of the renewable energy sources, the powering of fuel cells with bio-fuels is very important. Vegetable oil is an alternative fuel for diesel engines and for heating oil burners. Powering high efficiency power sources like fuel cells with renewable fuels (like canola oil) will allow development of renewable energy sources and elimination or reduce of toxic substances emissions. The paper presents the possibility of using canola oil as fuel for direct electricity production. The work shows possible electrooxidation of canola oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an solution of H2SO4. The resulting current density of canola oil electrooxidation reached the maximum level of 8 mA/cm2. So, the possibility of using canola oil as fuel for direct electricity production has been proved.

3

Microbial Fuel Cell With Cu-B Cathode Powering With Wastewater From Yeast Production

Włodarczyk B., Włodarczyk P. P.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 4

224-230

EN

With the increasing standard of living, energy consumption increases as well. So, waste production, including wastewater, increases as well. One of the types of wastewater is wastewater from yeast industry. Wastewater from this industry has not only a high pollutants load but it is produced in great amounts as well. Technical devices that can accomplish the wastewater treatment and electricity production from wastewater is a microbial fuel cell. In microbial fuel cells activated sludge bacteria can be used for electricity production during wastewater treatment. The possibility of using the Cu-B alloy as cathode catalyst for microbial fuel cells to wastewater treatment of wastewater from yeast industry is presented in this paper. The reduction time for COD with the use of microbial fuel cell with the Cu-B catalyst (with 5, 10 and 15% amount of B) is similar to the reduction time with aeration. The obtained power (4.1 mW) and the amount of energy (0.93 Wh) are low. But, if one can accept a longer COD reduction time, the obtained amount of energy will allow elimination of the energy needed for reactor aeration.

4

Electrooxidation of Coconut Oil in Alkaline Electrolyte

Włodarczyk P. P., Włodarczyk B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

173--179

EN

Providing more and more energy is an essential task of today's energetic industry. In the last few years, addition to traditional methods of energy production, alternative energy sources have been fast developing. One of the devices that can use these sources is fuel cell. The fuel cells can be a power source of future mainly due to their high efficiency, low influence on environment and possibility of powering with different fuels. Most often fuel cells are powered by hydrogen. However, problems with the problems with its cheap production and storage are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. But it must be a fuel that will provide zero or low emission level. One of these fuels can be vegetable oil. The paper presents measurements of electrooxidation of coconut oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of KOH. Electrochemical measurements were performed in a glass cell with AMEL System 5000 potentiostat. The obtained maximum current density is equal 25 mA/cm2. So, a fundamental possibility of using the coconut oil as fuel for fuel cell. But is necessary to keep the temperature of process above 303K.

5

Electricity production from waste engine oil from agricultural machinery

Włodarczyk P. P., Włodarczyk B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr IV/2

1609--1618

EN

As fuel for fuel cells can be used various substances, but generally fuel cells are powered by hydrogen. However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Moreover, annually are produced huge amount of waste oils. These oils must be directed to purification and processing. It would be important to use waste engine oil as fuel for fuel cell to direct electricity production without intermediate stage e.g. combustion. The paper presents the possibility of using waste engine oil as fuel for fuel cell. The oil does not have the feature of electrical conductivity, for this reason a detergent was used for dissolving oil in an electrolyte. So, the work shows possible electrooxidation of waste engine oil (Turdus 15W40 from agriculture machinery) emulsion on a platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. Researches were done by the method of polarizing curves of electrooxidation of waste engine oil emulsion in glass vessel, on a smooth platinum electrode with potentiostat. In any case, the process of electrooxidation of waste engine oil emulsion occurred. A current density of about 6-20 mA/cm2 was obtained for all concentrations of waste engine oil. The highest results of the potential were obtained at temperature of 333K (25 mA/cm2 ). A fundamental possibility of electrooxidation of waste engine oil (Turdus 15W40) emulsion on platinum smooth electrode in acid electrolyte (aqueous solution of H2SO4) was presented in this paper. The obtained current density and power of glass fuel cell is low, but it was demonstrated a fundamental possibility of electricity production in fuel cell powering with waste engine oil.

6

Methanol electrooxidation with Cu-B catalyst

Włodarczyk B., Włodarczyk P. P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/2

1483--1492

EN

In the last few years alternative energy sources have been fast developing. One of these sources is fuel cell. Due to development of the renewable energy sources, the powering of fuel cells with bio-fuels is very important. The one of this fuel is methanol. The use of fuel cells on a large scale is mainly limited by the high cost of catalysts - mainly platinum. Elimination of Pt as catalyst would allow for wider commercial application of fuel cells. The paper presents a study of methanol electrooxidation on electrode with Cu-B alloy catalyst. Researches were done by the method of polarizing curves of electrooxidation of methanol in glass vessel. An aqueous solution of KOH was used as the electrolyte. Conducted measurements show that there is a possibility of electrooxidation of methanol on Cu-B catalyst. In any case, the process of electrooxidation of methanol occurs. A current density of about 10-20 mA/cm2 has been obtained for all concentrations of methanol and B in alloy. So, the work shows possibility to use Cu-B alloys as catalysts for fuel electrode of DMFC.

7

Electrooxidation of diesel fuel in alkaline electrolyte

Włodarczyk P. P., Włodarczyk B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/1

1071--1080

EN

In recent decades the demand of energy has increased significantly. Providing more and more energy is an essential task of today’s energetic industry. In the last few years, addition to traditional methods of energy production, alternative energy sources have been developing fast. One of these sources is fuel cell, mainly due to their high efficiency. Generally fuel cells are powered by hydrogen. However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Moreover, fuel cells can provide an additional/emergency electricity source in energy systems using combustion engines. So, it is important using the main fuel for powering the fuel cell. One of the fuels used for powering the fuel cells could be diesel fuel. Diesel engines drive cars, trucks, boats, tanks and also agricultural machinery e.g. tractors or harvesters. So, there are a lot the possibilities of using this solution. The paper presents results of measurements of electrooxidation of diesel fuel emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of KOH. The resulting current density reached the level of 25 mA/cm2 . So, the possibility of using diesel as the fuel for emergency of the fuel cells has been proved.

8

Possibility of wastewater treatment using MFC with Ni-Co catalyst of fuel electrode

Włodarczyk P. P., Włodarczyk B.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2016

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No. 21(2)

131--145

EN

One of the problems with microbial fuel cells is a low current density of those energy sources. Nonetheless, it is possible to increase the current density by using the catalyst for fuel electrode (anode) - as long as a low cost catalyst can be found. The possibility of wastewater treatment using the Ni-Co alloy as catalyst for MFC’s is presented in this paper. The alloys were obtained with different concentrations of Co (15 and 50% of Co). The increase of current density with Ni-Co catalyst is approximately 0.1 mA/cm2. So, a fundamental possibility wastewater treatment using the Ni-Co alloy as catalyst for microbial fuel cells was presented.

PL

Jednym z ograniczeń w zastosowaniu mikrobiologicznych ogniw paliwowych jest niska gęstość prądu. Istnieje jednak możliwość podwyższenia tej wartości wykorzystując innego rodzaju katalizator elektrody paliwowej. Praca przedstawia możliwość oczyszczania ścieków za pomocą mikrobiologicznego ogniwa paliwowego z wykorzystaniem stopu Ni-Co jako katalizatora elektrody paliwowej. Do badań wykorzystano stopy Ni-Co o różnej koncentracji kobaltu (15 i 50%). Wykorzystując analizowany katalizator uzyskano wzrost gęstości prądu rzędu 0,1 mA/cm2. Wykazano więc możliwość wykorzystania stopu Ni-Co jako katalizatora mikrobiologicznego ogniwa paliwowego.

9

Wybrane możliwości zastosowania nanostruktur w inżynierii środowiska

Zdyb A.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2015

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z. 62, nr 2

611--617

PL

Obecnie ludzkość stoi przed wyzwaniami, jakie stanowią: remediacja środowiska, monitorowanie zanieczyszczeń oraz poszukiwanie czystych źródeł energii. W pracy prezentowane są perspektywy efektywnego zastosowania nanostruktur w katalitycznym i fotokatalitycznym rozkładzie zanieczyszczeń, w czujnikach toksycznych materiałów i w przyjaznych dla środowiska metodach wytwarzania energii z odnawialnych źródeł. Badania w dziedzinie nanotechnologii skupiają się na nanostrukturach, których wyjątkowe własności zależne od ich kształtów i rozmiarów pozwalają na szerokie potencjalne zastosowania. Wykorzystywanie nanostruktur umożliwia miniaturyzację urządzeń pracujących w różnych środowiskach np. w wodzie, powietrzu glebie, na wysypiskach śmieci i w innych zanieczyszczonych miejscach lub obiektach. Perspektywy zastosowań nanostruktur w inżynierii środowiska są interesujące dzięki ich szczególnym własnościom termicznym, mechanicznym, chemicznym, magnetycznym i optycznym. W pracy prezentowane są różne sposoby wykorzystania nanotechnologii. Spośród wielu perspektywicznych zastosowań nanostruktur, najbardziej interesujące w kontekście ochrony środowiska są następujące możliwości: katalityczny i fotokatalityczny rozkład toksycznych związków chemicznych, detekcja zanieczyszczeń, termoelektryczna konwersja energii oparta na zjawisku Seebecka i Peltiera jak również fotowoltaika. Użyteczne struktury, które mogą znaleźć zastosowania mają różnorodne formy. Mogą to być: nanocząstki Fe, TiO2, ZnO, nanokolumny ZnO pokryte radialnie przez kryształki TiO2 lub nanokolumny ZnO/V2O5, jak również zbudowane z CdS/CdTe, InP, Si, InP TiO2/metal szlachetny, nanorurki węglowe, nanodźwignie krzemowe, nanokompozyty typu half-Heuslers oraz z takich materiałów jak PbTe, CoSb3, BiTe3.

EN

Nowadays humanity faces with the challenge of environmental remediation, pollution monitoring and searching for clean energy sources. This paper presents the prospects for successful utilizing of nanostructures in environmental applications including catalytic and photocatalytic decomposition of contaminations, pollution sensing and production of clean energy. Nanotechnology researches focus on nanostructures which exceptional size and shape dependent properties allow for potential applications in many fields. Application of nanostructures provides possibility to miniaturise devices working in different environments like water, air, soil, landfills and other contaminated sites. There are interesting prospects for successful usage of nanoparticles in environmental engineering because of their specific thermal, mechanic, chemical, magnetic and optical properties. In this paper, different approaches of nanotechnology applications were presented Among many possible applications of nanostructures in the context of environmental protection, especially interesting are: catalytic decomposition of toxic chemicals, photocatalysis, accurate detection of contaminations, thermoelectric energy conversion based on Seebeck and Peltier effect, photovoltaics. The useful structures that can find applications have different forms like nanoscale iron particles, titanium dioxide semiconductor particles, ZnO nanoparticles, composites of nanostructures like ZnO nanocolumns covered radially by TiO2 nanocrystals and ZnO/V2O5, TiO2/nobel metal, carbon nanotubes, silicon nanocantilevers, nanocomposite materials including half-Heuslers, PbTe, CoSb3, BiTe3, nanopillars made of CdS/CdTe, InP, Si, InP nanocolumns.

10

Odzysk ciepła w procesie termicznej utylizacji odpadów medycznych

Bujak J. W.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Ochrony Środowiska Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Monografie

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2010

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Vol. 89, nr 54

128-128

PL

Przedstawiono możliwości odzyskiwania energii cieplnej podczas procesu spalania odpadów medycznych oraz służący temu układ instalacji doświadczalnej, jego badania, ich wyniki, analizy i uogólnienia. Badaniami objęto układ rzeczywisty zbudowany m.in. do celów doświadczalnych w Szpitalu Onkologicznym w Bydgoszczy. Badano i analizowano zagadnienia dotyczące zwłaszcza: o strumienia energii cieplnej użytecznej odzyskiwanej w postaci pary nasyconej, o strumienia energii dodatkowej (gazu ziemnego) dostarczonej do układu w celu należytego przebiegu procesu utylizacji, o sumarycznej straty strumieni energii, o sprawności energetycznej układu. Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonych badań oraz bilansów strumieni energii i masy rozpatrywanego układu opracowano model obliczeniowy do wyznaczania strumieni energii cieplnej użytecznej oraz dodatkowej. Posłużył on do analizy i weryfikacji otrzymanych wyników eksperymentalnych i ich uogólnienia. Przeanalizowano ponadto efekty stosowania badanego układu w aspektach: o energetycznym - określanie strumienia energii cieplnej odzyskanej i strumienia energii dodatkowej do procesu spalania oraz sprawności energetycznej układu, które mogą także służyć do budowania algorytmów sterowania jego pracą, o ekonomicznym - wyprowadzone formuły umożliwiają przeprowadzenie analizy opłacalności inwestycji oraz optymalizację jej analiz ekonomicznych, o ekologicznym - zmniejszenie zużycia paliw kopalnianych, a w związku z tym zmniejszenie emisji zanieczyszczeń i dwutlenku węgla do atmosfery (i zmniejszenie przez to niekorzystnego wpływu tzw. efektu cieplarnianego), Wykazano zgodność wyników otrzymanych za pomocą funkcji regresji wyznaczonej na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań doświadczalnych i modelu obliczeniowego. Podane równania, opisujące związek między strumieniem masy spalanych odpadów medycznych a jednostkowym strumieniem energii użytecznej, jednostkowym strumieniem energii dodatkowej, sumaryczną stratą strumieni energii oraz sprawnością energetyczną układu, można zatem uznać za miarodajne do posługiwania się przez badaczy i praktyków. Praca może być wykorzystana do prowadzenia dalszych badań układów termicznej utylizacji odpadów z odzyskiem ciepła zlokalizowanych w miejscu ich powstawania, czyli także w innych - niż szpitale - obiektach tworzących duże ilości odpadów.

EN

The paper outlines the possibilities of thermal heat recovery in medical waste incineration process, describes an experimental system used for that purpose and presents a study of the system, results of the study, its analyses and generalizations. The study was carried out for an existing system developed, inter alia for the experimental purpose, at the Oncology Hospital in Bydgoszcz. In particular, the study and the analysis were concerned with: o heat usable energy flux recovered as saturated steam, o secondary energy flux (natural gas) supplied to the system to facilitate the waste utilization process, o total energy flux loss, o system energy efficiency. On the basis of the study results and energy flux and weight balances for the analyzed system, a computational model was developed for determining usable heat energy and secondary energy flux. The model was used to analyze and verify the empirical results obtained and their generalization. Furthermore, the effects of using the said system were analyzed in relation to the following: o energy - description of recovered heat energy flux and secondary energy flux for the incineration process and energy efficiency of the system, which may be also used for creating algorithms controlling its operation, o cost-effectiveness - formulas introduced enable an analysis of investment profitability and an optimization of its economic analyses, o environmental protection - a reduced consumption of fossil fuels and consequently a reduced emissions of atmospheric pollution and carbon dioxide (resulting in reduction of so-called greenhouse effect). The results obtained with the use of a regression function formulated on the basis of empirical study matched those obtained with the use of the calculation model. The equations given, describing the relationship between flux of incinerated medical waste and unitary flux of usable energy, unitary flux of secondary energy, total loss of energy fluxes as well as energy efficiency of the system, may be considered reliable as regards their application by both researchers and practitioners. This study may be used for further analysis of waste thermal utilization systems with heat recovery built within facilities - not necessarily hospitals - where considerable amounts of waste are produced.