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EN
This article characterises the methodology for the endoscopic testing of a laboratory diesel engine used for testing marine fuels. The ‘Shadow’ measurement method used in the XLG3 type EVEREST digital endoscope, for quantitative and qualitative identification of detected surface defects, was approximated. Representative endoscopic images of the elements limiting the working space of the research engine are demonstrated, having been recorded during the usable quality testing of newly produced, low-sulphur marine fuels, so-called ‘modified fuels’. The main purpose of the endoscopic examinations was the final verification of the tested fuel’s suitability for feeding full-size marine engines.
EN
The implementation of low-sulphur, so-called modified marine fuels into operation requires prior laboratory engine tests to assess the energy, emission and structural effects of their usage. This type of research are carried out on the test bed of a diesel engine as a small-scale physical model that reproduces the adequate design and process (parametric) features of a full-size marine engine. Their key stage is to determine the energy characteristics of the engine in the steady state of operation determined on the basis of the analysis of the developed indicator diagram and the dynamic characteristics of the transient processes from idling to the reference steady state of load - and vice versa. In this way, the basic diagnostic parameters of the fuel usable quality are determined: the rate of pressure increase in the cylinder and the average deceleration of the engine crankshaft within the strenuous transient process. This article presents representative results of this type of research carried out on six different, low-sulphur marine fuels used to feed marine engines.
EN
The article describes the methodology of engine tests on new types of low-sulphur marine fuels in laboratory conditions in order to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their suitability for powering full-size marine engines. The innovativeness of the proposed solution consists of adapting the laboratory Diesel Engine Test Bed to carry out experimental tests using residual and alternative fuels so that it is possible to imitate the real operating conditions of the ship engine. The main aim of the research program was to assess the energy efficiency of six different low-sulphur marine fuels and their impact on the chemical emissivity of engine exhaust gases and air pollution with toxic and harmful chemical compounds. In order to achieve the research purpose formulated in this way, it was necessary to: (1) equip the constructed laboratory stand with highly specialised measuring equipment and (2) develop a technology for determining diagnostic parameters representing the basis for developing a ranking of the energy and emission quality of the tested marine fuels according to the proposed physical model. The model distinguishes 10 diagnostic parameters that, after normalisation, form two subsets of evaluation parameters - stimulant and destimulant. Determining their values made it possible to estimate a synthetic variable, according to which all the tested fuels were adjusted in the order from the “best” to the “worst”, in accordance with the adopted qualitative criteria of such an assessment. The results of the laboratory tests show that among the considered fuels, i.e., MDO, MGO, RMD 80/L, RMD 80/S, RME 180, and RMG 380 type, the best solution is to use MDO distillate fuel to power full-size marine engines. However, taking into account its high purchase price, a rational alternative decision is to choose RMG 380 type residual fuel, which ranks second in the ranking of the functional quality of the tested marine fuels.
EN
This paper describes the results of an engine study of the tendency for fuel injector deposits to form by gasolines of various compositions. Since the factors promoting the formation of fuel injector deposits in DISI engines have, in many cases, been insufficiently identified they require further research and investigation work, which was the greatest motivation for undertaking this project. The latest CEC F-113-KC test procedure for the most damaging deposits in DISI engine injectors was used for this purpose. The research results obtained in the framework of the conducted project indicated T90, aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons, sulphur, ethanol, DVPE, IBP and fuel density as the most important factors causing the increase in the tendency for deposits to form on the injectors of SI type DISI engines.
EN
Within the article an issues of implementing the new kinds of marine diesel fuels into ships’ operation was described taking into account restrictions on the permissible sulphur content introduced by the International Maritime Organization. This is a new situation for ship owners and fuel producers, which forces the necessity to carry out laboratory research tests on especially adapted engine stands. How to elaborate the method enabling quality assessment of the self-ignition engine performance, considered in three categories: energy, emission and reliability, represents the key issue of the organization of such research. In the field of energy research, it is necessary to know the thermal efficiency of the engine as the basic comparative parameter applied in diagnostic analyzes and syntheses of sequentially tested marine diesel fuels. This type of scientific research has been worked out for two years in the Department of Marine and Land Power Plants of the Gdańsk University of Technology, as a part of the statutory activities conducted in cooperation with the Regional Fund for Environmental Protection in Gdansk and the LOTOS Group oil company. This article presents the algorithm and results of thermal efficiency calculations of the Farymann Diesel D10 test engine in the conditions of feeding with various low-sulfur marine diesel fuels: distillation and residual fuels. This parameters stands for one of ten diagnostic measures of the ranking of energy and emission quality of newly manufactured marine diesel fuels being built at the Department.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono porównawcze analizy wyników europejskich testów silnikowych, dotyczących oceny właściwości detergentowych zarówno benzyn silnikowych, jak i olejów napędowych. Testy silnikowe były prowadzone na różnych silnikowych stanowiskach badawczych według procedur europejskich, tj. CEC F-05-93 i CEC F-20-98 – w przypadku benzyn silnikowych; CEC F-23-01 oraz CEC F-98-08 – w przypadku olejów napędowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz wyników powyższych testów silnikowych wykazano, że oceny właściwości detergentowych obydwóch paliw wykonane według różnych metod badawczych są nieporównywalne i na podstawie wyniku uzyskanego według jednej metody badawczej nie można wnioskować ani przewidywać czy też szacunkowo określać wyniku otrzymanego drugą metodą badawczą. Ustalono też najistotniejsze czynniki wpływające na tę nieporównywalność ocen.
EN
The article presents comparative analyzes of the results of European motor tests concerning the assessment of the detergent properties of both motor oils and diesel oils. The engine tests were carried out on different engine test beds, in compliance with European procedures, that is to say CEC F-05-93 and CEC F-20-98 in the case of petrol and CEC F-23-01 and CEC F-98-08 in the case of diesel oils. On the basis of the above-mentioned engine test results, analyses indicated, that in the case of both fuels, assessments of detergent properties conducted in various test methods are incomparable and on the basis of results obtained with one of the methods there is no possibility to provide or estimate results obtained with the second test method. The main factors influencing this incomparability were also identified.
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia wyniki badań czterech rodzajów olejów silnikowych o podobnej klasie lepkościowej, różnych producentów. Badania polegały na przeprowadzeniu 400 godzinnych testów trwałościowych na hamowni silnikowej, na czterech nowych silnikach o zapłonie samoczynnym o pojemności 1.91. Przedstawiono wyniki analiz chemicznych próbek olejów pobranych w trakcie testów. Zaprezentowano analizę zmian podstawowych parametrów określających jakość oleju w trakcie próby trwałościowej, takich jak lepkość kinematyczna, zawartość sadzy, wartość TBN i ilości pierwiastków metali. Zaproponowano limity podstawowych parametrów oleju określające jego własności trwałościowe.
EN
This, paper presents the results of four types of engine oils of similar viscosity grade, from various manufacturers. The investigation consisted of 400 hour durability tests, per- formed on an engine test bench, using four new diesel engines of displacement 1.9 1iters. This paper presents the results of a chemical analysis of oil samples taken during the test. It presents an analysis of changes in the basic parameters determining the quality of the oil during the durability trial, such as kinematic viscosity, soot content, the TBN value and the amount of metal elements. It proposed to limit the basic parameters defining the oil durability properties.
PL
W artykule porównano wyniki badań termograwimetrycznych dyspergująco-detergentowych substancji aktywnych typu karbaminiany, syntezowanych w INiG - PIB, z komercyjnym dodatkiem o charakterze polibutenoaminy -stosowanym w pakietach dodatków do paliw silnikowych. Przeanalizowano szczegółowo przebieg uzyskanych termogramów. Badane substancje oceniono w teście silnikowym M102. Podjęto próbę znalezienia korelacji pomiędzy wynikami testu silnikowego a oceną termograwimetryczną substancji aktywnych.
EN
Comparison of the results of thermogravimetric analysis of detergent-dispersing fuels additives, carbamates synthesized in INiG - PIB, and commercially available polybuteneamine are presented and discussed. Thermogravimetric curves were analyzed in detail. Examined substances were evaluated in engine test M102. Correlation between TGA curves, and engine tests results was proposed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ dodatku eteru etylo tert-butylowego (EETB) do oleju napędowego (ON) na zmienność procesu przyspieszania wału korbowego silnika. Badania wykonano na 4-suwowym, 3-cylindrowym, chłodzonym cieczą, z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa silniku diesla AD3.152. Silnik zasilano olejem napędowym i mieszaninami oleju napędowego z EETB w proporcjach objętościowych: 10:90, 20:80, 30:70 i 40:60. Pokazano, że nawet 40% dodatek objętościowy EETB do oleju napędowego nie ma znaczącego wpływu na zmienność procesu przyspieszania wału korbowego silnika. Sugeruje to, że proces spalania paliwa zachodzi prawidłowo bez zjawiska wypadania zapłonów powodowanego niską liczbą cetanową EETB.
EN
In this paper an impact of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) addition to diesel oil (DO) on variation of the engine crankshaft acceleration process has been presented. Our tests were performed on a 4-stroke, 3-cylinder,water-cooled, direct-injection AD3.152 diesel engine. The engine was fuelled with DO and with blends of DO with ETBE in volumetric ratio of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60. It was shown that even 40% by vol. of ETBE addition to diesel oil has not significant impact on variation of engine crankshaft acceleration process. It suggests that fuel combustion process occurs properly without a misfire phenomenon caused by low cetane num-ber of ETBE.
EN
An object of the paper are test results of the lube oil consumption in reference to two versions of standard and novel pistons worked out within the framework of the project of developmental No. O R00 0052 05 under the title "The elaboration of the modern technology of composite materials of the novel generation to uses on the pistons of combustion engines to military uses". The project was coordinated by Institute of Aviation; a project manager was Antoni Jankowski. Unique properties, which are characterized by worked out novel material, mainly high hardness and strength, the low hysteresis and coefficient of thermal expansion ....create many novel opportunities. As one of essential evaluation criteria of the novel piston, is lube oil consumption what is the object of the paper. The researches of the pistons were performed in WOLA S12-U engine. Novel solution of the pistons lets on the optimization of the shape of the piston and decreasing of the clearances between piston and cylinder. This causes decreasing of the lube oil consumption, decreasing of blowthroughs to the crank case, decreasing of the noise level and the vibration and the emission level of harmful components of exhaust gases; the improvement of the durability and dependability of the work of the engine and the pistons; increasing of mechanical loads , the pressure increasing combustion , and to the same opportunities increasing of the engine power and the BSFC decreasing.
PL
Współczesne samochody wyposażane są w dużą liczbę układów elektronicznych, które wymagają wzajemnej wymiany informacji. Techniczne problemy niezależnego łączenia ze sobą dużej liczby sterowników doprowadziły do powstania pokładowych sieci wymiany danych. Do najpopularniejszych z nich zalicza się obecnie system CAN. W pracy przedstawiono metodę rozpoznawania ramek wiadomości transmitowanych w pokładowej sieci CAN pojazdu przez sterowniki. Zaprezentowano również metodę identyfikacji grupy bitów reprezentujących określony parametr pracy silnika lub pojazdu oraz jego kalibracji dla przyjętych jednostek pomiarowych. W ramach niniejszej pracy przygotowano specjalne procedury sterowań układem napędowym samochodu służące identyfikacji grupy bitów reprezentujących określony parametr pracy. Opracowana metoda umożliwia niezwykle szybkie i nieinwazyjne stworzenie systemu pomiarowego. Instalacja systemu pomiarowego polega na połączeniu urządzenia rejestrującego z gniazdem diagnostycznym OBD. Ponadto, w przypadku pojazdów tej samej marki, używane są te same identyfikatory ramek wiadomości przez sieć pokładową CAN. Oznacza to skrócenie prac nad przygotowaniem systemu pomiarowego do skalibrowania sygnałów dla przyjętych jednostek pomiarowych.
EN
Nowadays cars are equipped with a large number of electronic systems that require a mutual exchange of information. Independent technical problems connecting a large number of drivers have led to the development of onboard networks for data exchange. The most popular one is the CAN system. The paper presents a method for identification of message frames transmitted over the vehicle's CAN network by the drivers. The paper describes a method for identifying a group of bits representing a specified parameter of the engine or vehicle and its calibration for the assumed units of measurement. Special procedures for the identification of groups of bits representing a specified parameter have been also presented. The method enables very fast to create a non-invasive measurement system. Installation of the measuring system is the combination of the recording equipment with OBD diagnostic socket. Moreover, in the case of vehicles of the same maker, the same messages frames are used. This means shortening the preparation of a measurement system to calibrate the signals for the accepted units of measurement.
PL
Współczesne silnikowe stanowiska hamownicze stwarzają szerokie możliwości w symulowaniu rzeczywistych warunków pracy badanych silników oraz zapewniają szerokie możliwości pomiarowe z wykorzystaniem bardzo specjalistycznego sprzętu pomiarowego. Dokładność utrzymywania przez hamulec zadanych nastaw regulacyjnych: prędkości obrotowej oraz obciążenia istotnie wpływa na wyniki realizowanych badań doświadczalnych, dla których wymagana jest duża powtarzalność i dokładność pomiarowa. W artykule przedstawiono analizę porównawczą dwóch procedur badawczych: zadawania momentu oraz zadawania przyspieszenia, stosowanych w badaniach silników na stanowisku hamowniczym z punktu widzenia ich wpływu na wskaźniki pracy silnika, zawartość składników spalin i zadymienie. Ponadto omówione zostało stanowisko badawcze, oraz system sterowania hamownią.
EN
Strict requirements of the exhaust emission standards as well as the ongoing drive towards fuel consumption reduction, while improving performance, are the main modern development goals placed on internal combustion engines manufacturers. Addressing this task requires the use of sophisticated research instruments of high accuracy for scientific investigations and development work. Hence, a well chosen engine test bench is also very important. Modern engine test benches create significant opportunities for simulating real working conditions of the engine under investigation, and ensure the extensive measurements capabilities, using highly specialised measuring equipment. The controlling accuracy of engine dynamometer parameters (such as rotational speed and load) influences significantly the results of experimental studies carried out for which high repeatability and accuracy of measurements are required. The paper presents a comparative analysis of two test procedures: torque and acceleration control, both of which are used for engine investigations, in terms of their impact on the indices of engine operation, exhaust emissions and smoke. The engine test bench and the dynamometer control system are also discussed.
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