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Environmentally friendly cruise seaports in Northern Europe – onshore power supply

Kizielewicz J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

357--363

EN

The investment policy applied by seaport authorities has a great impact on the state of the natural environment in coastal regions. Unfortunately, in many cases, their environmental efforts are limited to the issues which are defined by the applicable legal regulations determined by International Maritime Organization, the Organization of United Nations and the European Commission etc. However, in recent years we can observe significant improvement in this area, especially in the seaports of Northern Europe. They often decide on highly capital-intensive pro-ecological investments allowing to reduce the level of pollution emitted from cruise ships during their handling in ports, such as e. g. the opportunity of connecting vessels to the shore-side energy supply systems. Various solutions in this area are currently used in the world. The ports in Northern Europe are currently the leaders in this area. The use of such solutions is cost-intensive, but it significantly reduces the level of pollution emitted by ships into the environment, and the level of noise and vibration caused by engines. This paper aims to assess the seaports' involvement in Northern Europe in the preparation of seaport infrastructure enabling cruise ships to be connected to the onshore power supply systems. The article contains the results of surveys conducted with the use of two methods to adjust the research technique to the respondents’ needs, i.e. CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing) and EMS (Electronic Mail Survey). The empirical research was conducted among the seaports in Northern Europe. The results of the survey may be of interest to seaport authorities and cruise ship owners.

2

Effectiveness of current technology in GHG reduction – A literature survey

Klakeel T., Anantharaman M., Islam R., Garaniya V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

171--176

EN

In 2018 during the 72nd session of the Maritime Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) IMO adopted its initial strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the ships to meet the Paris Agreement Goals, 2015. This is considered as a major milestone in formulizing a clear strategy by IMO towards its objective of reducing the global GHG emissions from the ships. The strategy had two primary objectives: the first was to decrease total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. The second objective was to promote the phasing out of GHG emissions entirely. In 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conducted a study which revealed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping had increased by 9.6%. The rise in global maritime trade was identified as the main factor behind this increase. IMO's 2020 study also concluded that reducing GHG emissions by focusing only on energy-saving technologies and ship speed reduction would not be enough to meet the IMO's 2050 GHG reduction target. Therefore, greater attention needs to be given to the use of low-carbon alternative fuels. To understand the effectiveness of currently available technologies in reducing GHG emissions from ships, a literature survey was conducted in this study. The survey examined a range of related articles published between 2018 and 2022. This study aimed to identify the current stage and the quantity of literature available on various technologies and, more importantly, serve as a decision-making support tool for selecting a technology under specific circumstances in a quantitative manner. The technologies were divided into four groups: those that utilize fossil fuels, those that use renewable energy, those that use fuel cells, and those that use low-carbon or alternative fuels. The literature survey was conducted using Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. The results of this study will also help to identify clear research gaps in comparing the effectiveness of various available technologies to reduce GHG emissions. Ultimately, the aim is to develop a comprehensive strategy that can be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping and contribute to the global fight against climate change.

3

Retrofitting the bow of a general cargo vessel andevaluating Energy Efficiency Operational Index

Denev Yordan

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 4

17--23

EN

This report examines the feasibility and impact of retrofitting the bulbous bow on a general cargo ship, in terms of the energy efficiency operational index (EEOI), in the areas of Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. Three ship forms were developed and analysed: with a bulbous bow, without a bulbous bow, and with a modified bulbous bow. The goal in developing the ship forms and conducting the analysis was to achieve minimal differences in the ship’s characteristics with the same volumetric displacement, aided by PolyCAD software. A route was selected between two ports: Varna and Rotterdam. The labour intensity of the bulbous bow retrofitting process was evaluated and approximate values of labours costs and cost for the task were determined. The results obtained for resistance during ship motion, EEOI, and fuel consumption reductions, or increases, were compared against the retrofitting values. The return cost of retrofitting is evaluated and measured in terms of fuel saved.

4

Analiza eksploatacyjnego wskaźnika efektywności energetycznej statku w aspekcie ekonomicznym i ekologicznym

Wysocki J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2017

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nr 100

200--213

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane narzędzia do poprawy i oszacowania efektywności energetycznej statku oraz analizę eksploatacyjnego wskaźnika efektywności energetycznej statku (EEOI).Głównym zadaniem rozpatrywanych narzędzi jest ograniczenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych, a w szczególności dwutlenku węgla, do atmosfery podczas eksploatacji statku. Celem przeprowadzonej analizy było wykazanie możliwości stosowania EEOI w czasie eksploatacji statku.

EN

This article presents selected tools for improving and estimating vessel energy efficiency and analysis of energy efficiency operational indicator EEOI. The main task of the tools under consideration is to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and, in particular, emission into the atmosphere during ship operation. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the applicability of the EEOI during ship operation.

5

Impact of waste heat recovery systems on energy efficiency improvement of a heavy-duty diesel engine

Ma Z., Chen H., Zhang Y.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2017

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Vol. 38, no. 3

63--75

EN

The increase of ship’s energy utilization efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been high lightened in recent years and have become an increasingly important subject for ship designers and owners. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is seeking measures to reduce the CO2 emissions from ships, and their proposed energy efficiency design index (EEDI) and energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI) aim at ensuring that future vessels will be more efficient. Waste heat recovery can be employed not only to improve energy utilization efficiency but also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, a typical conceptual large container ship employing a low speed marine diesel engine as the main propulsion machinery is introduced and three possible types of waste heat recovery systems are designed. To calculate the EEDI and EEOI of the given large container ship, two software packages are developed. From the viewpoint of operation and maintenance, lowering the ship speed and improving container load rate can greatly reduce EEOI and further reduce total fuel consumption. Although the large container ship itself can reach the IMO requirements of EEDI at the first stage with a reduction factor 10% under the reference line value, the proposed waste heat recovery systems can improve the ship EEDI reduction factor to 20% under the reference line value.

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Projektowy wskaźnik efektywności energetycznej (EEDI) – czy jest możliwa redukcja emisji CO2 na statkach morskich

Szelangiewicz T., Żelazny K.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2012

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R. 19, nr 9

485--493, CD

PL

Od 2013 roku ma obowiązywać projektowy wskaźnik efektywności energetycznej (EEDI) dla nowych statków. Statki spełniające normy emisji CO2 będą uzyskiwały certyfikat energetyczny dopuszczające je do eksploatacji. W artykule przedstawiono aktualną postać wskaźnika EEDI, procedurę przyznawania Certyfikatu oraz planowaną na następne lata redukcję emisji CO2. Większość obecnie eksploatowanych statków spełnia normy emisji CO2 ustalone na 2012 r. ale dalsze obniżanie tych norm wymagać będzie poważnych zmian w projektowaniu i budowie nowych statków. Przedstawione zostały potencjalne możliwości obniżania emisji CO2 oraz przykładowe obliczenia wpływu tych możliwości na obniżenie wartości EEDI dla statku transportowego.

EN

Since 2013 onwards EEDI for newly built ships will become mandatory. Ships meeting the CO2 emission standards will be granted International Energy Certificate necessary for exploitation The article presents the current version of EEDI, certification procedure as well as reduction in CO2 emission planned for subsequent years. The majority of ships currently in service, meet the CO2 emission standards for 2012, however further reduction in these standards will require major changes in ship design. The article presents possible ways to reduce CO2 emissions as well as sample calculations to estimate EEDI value reduction for a transport ship.