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Development trends in artillery ammunition propellants

Szala Mateusz

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2020

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T. 12(2)

5--16

EN

A short history of nitrocellulose (NC) use in propellants is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of NC as a semi-synthetic component of powders and rocket propellants are presented. Based on the conventional classification of propellants, the options of eliminating nitrocellulose in different types of powders and rocket propellants are discussed in detail. The analysis shows that in the foreseeable future, the elimination of NC in single-base and double-base propellants is highly unlikely. The observed trends in triple-base propellant development also does not show any tendencies in the elimination of NC, only the replacement of nitroguanidine with cyclic nitroamines. However, the elimination of NC in LOVA composite propellants is probable. Synthetic, rubber-based solid composite rocket propellants, with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer, are the only ones not dependent on NC.

PL

Przedstawiono krótki rys historyczny stosowania nitrocelulozy (NC) w materiałach miotających. Przedyskutowano wady i zalety NC jako półsyntetycznego składnika prochów i paliw rakietowych. Następnie stosując klasyczny podział materiałów wybuchowych miotających szczegółowo przedyskutowano możliwości eliminacji nitrocelulozy z poszczególnych rodzajów prochów i paliw rakietowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz zauważono, że w perspektywie najbliższych lat eliminacja NC z prochów jedno- i dwubazowych jest bardzo mało prawdopodobna. Obserwowane tendencje w rozwoju prochów trójbazowych również nie wskazują na eliminację NC a jedynie na zastępowanie nitroguanidyny za pomocą cyklicznych nitroamin. Prawdopodobna jest eliminacja NC z prochów kompozytowych typu LOVA. Jedynie stałe heterogeniczne paliwa rakietowe na bazie kauczuków syntetycznych oraz chloranu(VII) amonu, jako utleniacza, zostały uniezależnione od NC.

2

A New Energetic Binder: Glycidyl Nitramine Polymer

Betzler F. M., Hartdegen V. A., Klapötke T. M., Sproll S. M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 2

289--300

EN

A new energetic glycidyl-based polymer containing nitramine groups (glycidyl nitramine polymer, GNAP) was synthesized using glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as the starting material. The synthesis involved Staudinger azide-amine conversion, followed by carbamate protection of the amino group, nitration with nitric acid (100%) and trifluoroacetic anhydride and was concluded by deprotection with aqueous ammonia. The products obtained were characterized by elemental analysis and vibrational spectroscopy (IR). The energetic properties of GNAP were determined using bomb calorimetric measurements and calculated with the EXPLO5 V6.02 computer code, showing better values regarding the energy of explosion (ΔEU = −4813 kJ kg−1), the detonation velocity (VDet = 7165 m•s−1), as well as the detonation pressure (pCJ = 176 kbar), than the comparable polymers GAP and polyGLYN. The explosion properties were tested by impact sensitivity (IS), friction sensitivity (FS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) equipment. The results revealed GNAP to be insensitive towards friction and electrostatic discharge, less sensitive towards impact (40 J) and a decomposition temperature (170 °C) in the range of polyGLYN.

3

Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Polymers Based on Cellulose

Betzler F. M., Klapötke T. M., Sproll S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2011

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Vol. 8, nr 3

157-171

EN

New nitrogen-rich polymers, based on cellulose, were synthesized using common procedures. The point of interest was the introduction of tetrazole and nitramine moieties. The polymers were characterized by elemental analysis and vibrational spectroscopy (IR). The energetic properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and bomb calorimetric measurements. Several detonation parameters, such as the detonation pressure, velocity, energy and temperature were computed using the EXPLO5 code. In addition, the sensitivities towards impact and friction were tested using the BAM drophammer as well as a friction tester.