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Endotoxins in the air of objects of waste and wastewater management infrastructure. Review of the applied methodology and obtained results of the study

Jadczyk Piotr

Environment Protection Engineering

2021

Vol. 47, nr 2

49--58

The paper analyses the variability of the methodology of collecting samples of endotoxins from the air in the premises and the vicinity of objects of waste management and wastewater treatment infrastructure, methods of their preparation, determination of endotoxin content, and results of research to date. The high sensitivity of analytical methods enables the analysis of the concentration of endotoxins in air samples with a small volume. After freezing, they can be stored for a long time. The effectiveness of extraction of endotoxins from bioaerosol samples can be improved by adding Tween 20 or Tween 80 to water. So far, factors determining the variability of concentrations of endotoxins in the air in the premises and the vicinity of objects of waste management infrastructure were determined. Further research in the scope is necessary. This will allow the determination of acceptable levels of endotoxin in the future. The impact of endotoxins on human health and the specificity of sewage and waste management must also be taken into account.

Sepsa - zagrożenia, etiologia i terapia

Futoma-Kołoch B.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

2008

nr 12

36--39

Sepsa (posocznica) jest uogólnioną reakcją organizmu na zakażenia bakteryjne, grzybicze lub wirusowe. Może wystąpić u osób w każdym wieku, zupełnie zdrowych, jak i cierpiących na choroby przewlekłe. Czynnikami ryzyka zwiększającymi zapadalność na posocznicę są zabiegi operacyjne, wiek, oparzenia, urazy, leczenie sterydami, lekami immunosupresyjnymi oraz współistniejące choroby przewlekłe. Zakażenia przybierające postać sepsy są najczęściej wywoływane przez bakterie Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae i Haemophilus influenzae.

Sepsis is a general body reaction to bacterial, mycotic or viral infections. No matter the age, sepsis can affect all people, both young and old, healthy or suffering from chronic diseases. Operations, age, burns, injuries, steroidal and immunosuppressive therapies and coexisting chronic diseases increase the Iikelihood of the incidence rate of sepsis. lnfections which take on the form of sepsis are often caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

Struktura chemiczna, swoistość antygenowa i znaczenie w chorobotwórczości lipopolisacharydu (LPS, endotoksyna) na przykładzie bakterii Proteus vulgaris

Różalski A., Torzewska A., Bartodziejska B., Babicka D., Kwil I., Perepelov A.V., Kondakova A.N., Senchenkova S.N., Knirel Y., Vinogradov Evgeny V.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2002

[Z] 56, 7-8

585-604

Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Proteus from the family Enterobacteriaceae are opportunistic pathogens, which cause mainly wounds and urinary tract infections (UTI), the latter leading to severe complications, such as acute or chronic pyelonephrithis and formation of bladder and kidney stones. Virulence factors and properties of Proteus sp. mediating infectious process are swarming phenomenon, adherence due to the fimbriae or glycocalyx, flagella, invasiveness, urease, amino acids deaminases, proteases, hemolysins, capsular polysaccharide (CPS), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is an integral component of cell wall of bacteria. It also represents the endotoxin which, after being released from bacterial cells, causes a broad spectrum of pathological effects leading in severe cases to the septic shock. Lipopolysaccharide consists of three parts - O- specific chain (O-antigen), core and lipid A; all of them have been studied in Proteus LPS. It has been documented that Proteus is an antigenically heterogeneous genus, principally because of structural differences in its O-specific polysaccharide chain of LPS. The serological classification of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris shares 60 serogroups : 22 described for P. vulgaris, 33 characteristic for P. mirabilis and 5 common for both P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. Serological classification of Proteus penneri still remains to be completed. Proteus O-antigens are branched or linear polysaccharides, built up of oligosaccharide repeating units, varying from a trisaccharide to a hexasaccharide. Acidic O-specific polysaccharides represent the majority of Proteus O-antigens; it was found that 80% of Proteus O-antigens were acidic. Uronic acids and amino sugars usually determine the serological specificity of Proteus O-antigens. Amino sugars in Proteus O-antigens are usually N-acetylated. In many O-antigens, sugars constituents carry an O-acetyl groups. Hexuronic acids either have free carboxyl group or are amidated with the a-amino group of amino acids - lysine, serine, alanine or threonine. Chemical and serological studies have been undertaken with the aim to understand on the molecular level the immunospecificity of Proteus LPS and its potential role during infection of bacteria. The O-antigens and O-antisera against Proteus with defined epitope specificity can be used for serodiagnosis and epidemiological studies. It was found that O-specific polysaccharide Proteus bacteria is involved in creation of glycocalyx which allows bacteria to grow in microcolony or in biofilm. Biofilm protects bacteria against action of antimicrobial agents and leukocytes, and it is also a organic gel-like surrounding contributing to stone formation. LPS from the S form of bacteria, containing all three regions also contributes to their resistance against bactericidal action of serum. The present review is mainly focused on the structure, specificity and biological function of Proteus vulgaris LPS.