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Empirical Studies on Software Product Maintainability Prediction: A Systematic Mapping and Review

Elmidaoui Sara, Cheikhi Laila, Idri Ali, Abran Alain

e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal

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2019

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Vol. 13, nr 1

141--202

EN

Background: Software product maintainability prediction (SPMP) is an important task to control software maintenance activity, and many SPMP techniques for improving software maintainability have been proposed. In this study, we performed a systematic mapping and review on SPMP studies to analyze and summarize the empirical evidence on the prediction accuracy of SPMP techniques in current research. Objective: The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to classify SPMP studies reported in the literature using the following criteria: publication year, publication source, research type, empirical approach, software application type, datasets, independent variables used as predictors, dependent variables (e.g. how maintainability is expressed in terms of the variable to be predicted), tools used to gather the predictors, the successful predictors and SPMP techniques, (2) to analyze these studies from three perspectives: prediction accuracy, techniques reported to be superior in comparative studies and accuracy comparison of these techniques. Methodology: We performed a systematic mapping and review of the SPMP empirical studies published from 2000 up to 2018 based on an automated search of nine electronic databases. Results: We identified 82 primary studies and classified them according to the above criteria. The mapping study revealed that most studies were solution proposals using a history-based empirical evaluation approach, the datasets most used were historical using object-oriented software applications, maintainability in terms of the independent variable to be predicted was most frequently expressed in terms of the number of changes made to the source code, maintainability predictors most used were those provided by Chidamber and Kemerer (C&K), Li and Henry (L&H) and source code size measures, while the most used techniques were ML techniques, in particular artificial neural networks. Detailed analysis revealed that fuzzy & neuro fuzzy (FNF), artificial neural network (ANN) showed good prediction for the change topic, while multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), and group method of data handling (GMDH) techniques presented greater accuracy prediction in comparative studies. Based on our findings SPMP is still limited. Developing more accurate techniques may facilitate their use in industry and well-formed, generalizable results be obtained. We also provide guidelines for improving the maintainability of software.

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Method for assessing the technical condition of marine diesel engine driving the synchronous generator

Kniaziewicz Tomasz, Zacharewicz Marcin

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

139--144

EN

The paper presents an innovative method for assessing technical condition of a marine diesel engine that drives synchronous genera-tor. It is based on the measurement and analysis of generator's phase-to-phase voltage. Additionally, it requires the measurement of a pseudoperiodic signal [3] with a period equal to duration of engine's working cycle. The basis for developing method was the assumption that rotational speed fluctuations of an engine’s crankshaft (and also the generator) depend on a course of a working process carried out in it. The generator's phase-to-phase voltage is directly dependent on a rotational speed fluctuation of its rotor. It must therefore be possible to assess a course of a working process of an engine based on a voltage waveform of a synchronous generator that cooperates together.

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An investigation of planning practices in select companies

Wyrozębski P., Spałek S.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2014

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Vol. 5, No. 2

78--87

EN

The aim of the article is to answer two research questions concerning the influence of organizational factors and shape of project portfolio on the content and scope, as well as on the stakeholders engagement in project planning. The research strategy included a questionnairebased method. The respondents were representatives of the chosen companies located in Poland, from varied types of industries. The key research finding is that most frequently addressed areas of project planning are those of the iron-triangle of project constraints. There is still lack of understanding for communication, risk and quality planning in projects, which is consonant with recent studies of maturity in project management areas. There are significant differences between industries in terms of areas of project planning. Power engineering seems to be more mature in terms of more frequent practices of planning the project schedule, resources and risk. The research showed a number of significant correlations between components of project planning and both organizational and project portfolio factors, which justifies the statement that those factors can be seen as determinants of project planning practices.

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Academic empirical tracks versus Polish research experience in the evaluation of public resources

Joachimczak E.

Problemy Eksploatacji

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2013

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nr 4

171--178

EN

This article is an attempt to deal with the assessment of the situation that exists between the theoretical plane of discourse (or rather its lack) regarding the social research, especially the evaluation, and social, primarily institutional arguments driving and supporting this type of sociological or research practice. An outline of these two areas seems to be quite important, because the evaluation studies have been retracted to the outskirts of the science. There seems to be a kind of disagreement in the academic world and even an invisibility of such practices. The existing weaknesses of these studies in the academic debate over the terms of their theoretical and practical functions are also perceived. Therefore, the question arises: Is this lack of debate and the presence of the evaluation practice "disgraced" by the alleged theoretical deficiencies somehow defended by institutional advantage or social need, or are there any major reasons behind the few theoretical debates and attempts to marginalize evaluation practices? Attempting to describe theoretical and practical dimensions seems to be quite important. The intention of the author, using her own ideal concept of science, is to deter detached and external ratings that ignore the social context of purposes and cognitive tasks, in which the theory and research practice fit together in a confrontation with the need conditioned by the current situation in the country, which includes the functioning in the structures of the European Union.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą zmierzenia się z oceną sytuacji istniejącej pomiędzy teoretyczną płaszczyzną dyskursu (a raczej jej braku) dotyczącą badań społecznych typu ewaluacyjnego a społecznymi, w tym głównie instytucjonalnymi, racjami napędzającymi i podtrzymującymi ten typ badawczej czy socjologicznej praktyki. Zarys tych dwóch dziedzin wydaje się o tyle ważny, że badania ewaluacyjne zostały odsunięte na pozycję przedpola nauki. W środowiskach akademickich daje się zauważyć swoistą niezgodę, a nawet niezauważalność tego rodzaju praktyk. Dopatrzeć się też można istniejącego niedowładu tychże badań w dyskusji akademickiej nad warunkiem ich teoretycznego i praktycznego funkcjonowania. Rodzi się zatem pytanie, czy ów niedostatek dyskusji oraz trwanie „skompromitowanej” poprzez rzekome teoretyczne braki praktyk ewaluacyjnych da się je jakoś obronić, na przykład instytucjonalną przewagą, potrzebą społeczną? Czy też za niezbyt dużą ilością teoretycznych debat i prób zepchnięcia na margines tychże stoją racje poważniejsze? Podjęcie próby opisu tych (teoretycznych i praktycznych) całości wydaje się dość ważne. Zamiarem autorki jest zniechęcenie do ocen oderwanych i zewnętrznych, ignorujących – w imię własnego ideału nauki – społeczny kontekst celów i zadań poznawczych, w których teoria i praktyka badawcza dopasowują się do siebie w konfrontacji z potrzebą warunkowaną przez aktualną sytuacją kraju – funkcjonowaniem w strukturach Unii Europejskiej.

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Cele i źródła informacji w działalności innowacyjnej polskich przedsiębiorstw

Baruk J.

Problemy Jakości

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2000

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R. 32, nr 4

18-24

PL

W artykule omówiono wyniki badań empirycznych obejmujących dwie ważne kwestie dla działalności innowacyjnej. Są to: 1. wybór celów o podstawowym znaczeniu dla działalności innowacyjnej, ich strukturę i powszechność występowania, 2. wybór źródeł informacji warunkujących sprawność procesów innowacyjnych, ich strukturę oraz powszechność występowania.

EN

In the article are discussed the results of empirical studies, including two important questions in innovative activities: 1. choice of goals of innovative activities, which have basic significance for enterprises, structure of these goals and commonness of their occuronce, 2. choice of the sources of the information, which are a requisite of the efficiency for innovative processes, their structure and commonness of their occurence as well. It demonstrates that enterprises realize 6-7 basic goals in innovative activities, using internal and external information sources. The presentation of these approaches and the discussion of results obtained, form the context of the publication.