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Distribution model of LNG in the southern part of the Baltic Sea on the example of container ships

Chłopińska E.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

2016

R. 17, nr 12

1536--1540

Article characterizes the methods of adaption to the requirements of the Directive 2012/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the reduction of emissions of sulphur dioxide by container vessels. It presents alternative using LNG fuel on example container ships. Methods bunkering LNG ships in the southern part of the Baltic Sea was presented.

Reduction of environmental pollution by improvement of sulphate technology of titanium dioxide production

Jabłoński M., Przepiera A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

2001

Vol. 3, nr 3

1-2

In the sulphate technology of titanium dioxide production titania raw materials as titania slag or ilmenite are digested by the reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid. This batch process occurs at high temperature and leads to intensive emission of water vapour, sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide. Large fluctuations of the stream of emitted gases are the reasons of difficulties with the reduction of sulphur dioxide emission in this technology. The forming and emission of sulphur dioxide is a result of reducing properties of titania slag containing titanium (III) oxide. The high temperature of the reaction and reducing the proprieties of titanium slag are the reasons of high emission of sulphur dioxide. A much lower emission of sulphur dioxide occurs in the reaction of ilmenite with sulphuric acid, however, a smaller content of titania in this material needs greater quantity of feedstock in comparison to titanium slag. This paper shows the possibility of reducing the emission of sulphur dioxide by the digestion of the mixture of titania slag and ilmenite.

Critical price of sulphur dioxide emission allowances

Sowiński J.

Control and Cybernetics

2001

Vol. 30, no 2

191-201

The paper presents a decision-making model of environmental modernization in a power plant. The goal of the model is to analyse strategies implemented by power producers trying to comply with environmental regulations. Detailed analysis is related to the sulphur dioxide emission. Tradable emission allowances might be a new economic tool in fighting environmental problems in Poland. The model applies the real options approach. The approach is appropriate to model investments that are irreversible and an investor can afford to wait rather than invest immediately. The model assumes price uncertainty. The investment rule takes the form of a critical value optimal for immediate investment. The critical value of the project is calculated using dynamic programming. The project value follows a geometric Brownian motion. The results presented demonstrate that it is possible to calculate a critical price of emission allowances.