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1

Selected vehicle emission assessment issues in passenger transport services

Pryciński Piotr, Wawryszczuk Róża, Korzeb Jarosław, Pielecha Piotr, Murawski Jakub

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

14--22

EN

The paper presents an analytical method for determining the pollutant emission of transport modes, based on emission indicators for various vehicle types and statistical data. The method developed enables the determination of the emission of various vehicle types without the need to carry out tests on real vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to compare the vehicle emission results obtained using the developed analytical method with the real-world results obtained in RDE tests based on a case study, i.e. an analysis of the emission of passenger transport modes in Warsaw. The paper contains a summary of the results of measurements and calculations, as well as an analysis of potential areas of application for the developed analytical method.

2

Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

Rymaniak Łukasz, Merkisz Jerzy, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Weymann Sylwester

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

605--611

EN

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

3

Operational determinants of gaseous air pollutants emissions from coal-fired district heating sources

Zwierzchowski Ryszard, Różycka-Wrońska Ewelina

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 3

108--119

EN

This study describes the correlation between emission of gaseous pollutants to the atmosphere and the combustion parameters of a coal-fired 25 MW heating capacity water boiler with mechanical grate (boiler type WR-25) in unstable working conditions: start-up, shutdown and loads below the technical minimum. Whereas measurements were made for a specific type and size of coal-fired water boiler with mechanical grate, the measurements and calculations are applicable to WR boilers with a different heating power as well as OR type steam boilers, which have a practically identical design. In sum, there are more than 1,000 coal-fired water and steam boilers of these types in Poland. In addition, the analysis reported in this paper highlights the important role played by boilers operating in unstable conditions in terms of emission of gaseous pollutants to the atmosphere. The conclusions are relevant for other boilers fi red with gas, oil or biomass operating under conditions such as start-up, shutdown and loads below the technical minimum. This article fi lls a gap in air protection engineering practice and the literature with regard to indicators and emission standards, drawing on measurements of pollutant concentrations in the exhaust gases from unstable WR boiler working conditions. The measurements can be used to assess the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere in such boiler working conditions and their impact on air quality. The analyses presented were based on the authors’ own measurements in WR-25 boiler technical installations using portable gas analyser GASMET DX-4000, which uses the FT-IR measurement method for compounds such as SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, NH3, CH4, and CO. Concentrations of CO, NOx and SO2 in exhaust gases were determined with multiple regression with the STATISTICA statistical software and with linear regression complemented by the “smart” package in the MATLAB environment. The study provides computational models to identify pollutant concentrations in the exhaust gases in any working conditions of WR-25 boilers.

PL

Prezentowana praca badawcza opisuje korelację między emisją gazowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza do atmosfery, a parametrami spalania dla wodnego kotła rusztowego opalanego węglem typu WR-25, o mocy cieplnej 25 MW w niestabilnych warunkach pracy, takich jak: rozruch, odstawianie z ruchu i praca przy obciążenia poniżej minimum technicznego. Przedstawione analizy opierały się na własnych pomiarach autorów wykonanych dla kotłów rusztowych typu WR zasilających w ciepło miejskie systemy ciepłownicze oraz na wynikach z symulacji komputerowych wykorzystujących uzyskane dane pomiarowe. Autorzy prezentują, wskaźniki emisji zanieczyszczeń gazowych do atmosfery, w oparciu o pomiary tych emisji w niestabilnych warunkach pracy kotła typu WR, a których to wskaźników aktualnie brakuje zarówno w literaturze jak i praktyce inżynierii ochrony atmosfery. Wskaźniki te pozwolą na rzeczywiste oszacowanie wielkości emisji gazowych zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery w takich niestabilnych warunkach pracy kotła, jak również ich wpływ na jakość powietrza w otoczeniu. Prezentowana praca dostarcza modele obliczeniowe do identyfikacji obciążenia emisyjnego zanieczyszczeniami gazowymi do atmosfery w jakichkolwiek, a przede wszystkim w niestabilnych warunkach pracy kotłów typu WR-25.

4

Comparison of pollutant emission indicators during Virginia mallow pellets and wood pellets combustion – a case study

Szyszlak-Bargłowicz J.

Agricultural Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 19, No. 4

121--128

EN

Ecological aspects and environmental threats indicate that wood pallets should be used mainly in low-power furnaces for heating households. Because burners and fuel feeding systems were adjusted to wood pellets, pellets from other types of biomass, including the waste biomass in systems which enable a controlled process, should be considered. Taking into consideration the possibility of use of Virginia mallow pellets for supply of low-power furnaces as alternative fuel to wood pellets, the objective of the research was to determine and compare indicators of emission of CO, NOx, SO2, 16 WWA including B(a)P, TOC and dust during combustion of these two biofuels. Emission indicators were referred to the mass of combusted biofuel and the amount of the obtained energy. Installation used in the research was a typical installation used for heating of one-family houses and designed for combustion of pellets. CO and dust emission indicators for Virginia mallow pellets were considerably higher in comparison to the indicators for wood pellets. Emission indicators of the remaining pollutions (SO2, NOx, TOC, dust, WWA, B(a)P) were similar to both tested biofuels.

PL

Aspekty ekologiczne i zagrożenia zanieczyszczeniem środowiska wskazują, że pelety drzewne powinny być wykorzystywane przede wszystkim w kotłach małej mocy do ogrzewania gospodarstw domowych. Ze względu na dostosowanie palników i układów podających paliwo do peletów drzewnych, należy rozważyć spalanie peletów z innych rodzajów biomasy, w tym odpadowej w systemach umożliwiających prowadzenie tego procesu w sposób kontrolowany. Mając na uwadze możliwość wykorzystywania peletów ze ślazowca pensylwańskiego do zasilania kotłów grzewczych małej mocy, jako paliwa alternatywnego w stosunku do peletów drzewnych, za cel badań postawiono wyznaczenie i porównanie wskaźników emisji CO, NOx, SO2, 16 WWA w tym B(a)P, TOC i pyłu podczas spalania tych dwóch biopaliw. Wskaźniki emisji odniesiono do masy spalanego paliwa i ilości uzyskanej energii. Instalacja zastosowana w badaniach była typową instalacją wykorzystywaną do ogrzewania domów jednorodzinnych przeznaczoną do spalania peletów. Wskaźniki emisji CO i pyłu dla peletów ze ślazowca pensylwańskiego były znacznie wyższe w porównaniu do wskaźników dla peletów drzewnych. Wskaźniki emisji pozostałych zanieczyszczeń (SO2, NOx, TOC, pył, WWA, B(a)P były zbliżone dla obu badanych biopaliw.

5

Metodyka oszacowania wskaźników uwolnień niektórych zanieczyszczeń PRTR dla odlewnictwa

Głodek E., Sładeczek F., Werszler A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 11, iss. 3 spec.

61--66

PL

Zgodnie z Wytycznymi KE odnośnie wymaganych raportowaniem rodzajów uwolnień do powietrza dla branży produkcja i obróbka metali rekomendowano 40 zanieczyszczeń. Nie wszystkie z rekomendowanych uwolnień PRTR są objęte normami europejskimi czy krajowymi. Opolski Oddział Instytutu ICiMB jest obecnie na etapie opracowywania metodyki pomiaru wybranych zanieczyszczeń z rekomendowanej listy PRTR.. Do substancji tych należą N2O, HCN, benzen, metan, amoniak, które mogą być mierzone referencyjnymi analizatorami gazów oraz antracen, naftalen, diftalan (DEHP), PCB, WWA, NMVOC określane metodą poboru próbek i analizy laboratoryjnej. Określenie wskaźników uwolnień wszystkich wymienionych substancji jest wymagane również w branży odlewniczej.

EN

EC Guidance Document refers to implementation of the European PRTR system have recommended some releases to the air (esp. organic compounds), which were not considered up to now. In case of manufacture and processing of metals process PRTR considers 40 pollutants. Institute ICiMB Division IMPiS in Opole is at the stage of testing measurement methods for some releases from PRTR list in order to determine emission factors for individual installations. These pollutans embrace such compounds as N2O, HCN, benzene, methane, ammonia, which could be measured by gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4000 and anthracene, naphtalene, diphtalane (DEHP), PCB, WWA, NMVOC determined by sampling and usage of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.