Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Effect of overflowing by seawater on the power of a ship’s photovoltaic panels under extensive sea waves

Zeńczak Wojciech, Zapałowicz Zbigniew

Polish Maritime Research

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2024

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nr 2

83--91

EN

Since the International Maritime Organization has paved the way towards zero emissions, more frequent applications of transition fuels in newly constructed ships have been observed. Fuels such as LNG or methanol are characterised by lower emissions when burned in engines. In order to diminish fuel consumption, and hence the rate of emission, suport for the performance of a ship’s engines with energy from renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) installations is increasingly common. The efficiency of PV panels decreases with an increase in temperature, and it is therefore important to cool them. However, the cooling systems for PV panels impose additional financial outlays as well as a higher demand for electric power, which is needed to run the circulating pumps. A natural cooling process can occur in some vessels via high sea waves, when the ship’s decks are flooded by outboard water, although such cooling has an accidental and periodic character, as it results from weather conditions. Despite this, its potential demands a closer examination. This paper presents experimental research carried out with an experimental setup that allowed us to simulate the process of flooding of a PV panel with water waves of various frequencies, resulting from choppy periods at sea. Depending on the weather conditions and the character of flooding, our results indicate that an increase in the power of the PV module of about 18% is obtainable. Our research shows that when the intervals between flooding are longer, the periodic character of the temperature changes obtained by flooding the front surface of a PV panel with water is more distinctive.

2

The use of the GEST method to estimate greenhouse gases uptake or emissions in the absence of data for a raised bog

Cieśliński Roman

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

59--64

EN

The paper is designed to present a method to estimate greenhouse gases (GHG) uptake or emissions in the absence of data for peat bog areas (GEST method). The paper presents the research results produced by a project on “Limiting CO2 emissions via the renaturalisation of peat bogs on the Eastern and Central European Plain”. The study area consisted of three peat bogs: Kluki, Ciemińskie Błota, and Wielkie Bagno (Słowiński National Park). The GEST method relies on the estimation of gas emissions on the basis of vegetation and water levels and greenhouse gas coefficients for each given habitat type provided in the research literature. The greenhouse gas balance was calculated for a baseline scenario assuming the lack of human impact and for a scenario taking into account human impact in the form of peat bog preservation. Initial research results indicate that there is a total of 41 GESTs in the studied bog areas and that a reduction in CO2 emissions of approximately 12% will occur following what is known as renaturalisation by raising the groundwater level, felling of trees across the bog, and making changes in habitats.

3

The Influence of Using Biodiesel Prepared from Cresson Oil on Emissions and Performance of CI Engines

Imran Murtdha S., Saleh Fouad Alwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

84--98

EN

The experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of using Cresson oil biodiesel on CI engine emissions and performance. This research aimed to examine how using innovative biodiesel blend formulations made from Cresson oil affected the performance and emissions of CI engines. The proportion of Cresson oil biodiesel added to conventional Iraqi diesel fuel into volume amounted to 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The engine compression ratio was set to 18, and the fuel injection timing was set at 23º bTDC. The experiments show that this biodiesel reduces the thermal efficiency, heat release, delay time, and cylinder pressure of the engine while increasing the exhaust temperature (EGT) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). There has been an increase in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to a reduction in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).

4

Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Seafood Processing Facility

Nhi Nguyen Thi Yen, Giao Nguyen Thanh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

93--102

EN

At the end of COP26, Vietnam has developed many institutions and policies to fulfill its commitment to bring net emissions to “zero” by 2050 and reduce methane (CH4) to at least 30% below the 2020 levels by 2030. In order to gradually achieve the above goal, an inventory of facilities with greenhouse gas emissions plays a very important role. This study was conducted to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions at a seafood export processing factory. The study was carried out based on the method of collecting data from different emission sources and calculating emissions based on the activity data and emission factors from reliable sources. The research results show that, during the study period from March 2022 to March 2023, the total emissions at the facility were 19,144.14 tons of CO2eq, of which the indirect emissions from waste and electricity accounted for the high rate of about 60.37% and 36.55% of the total CO2eq, respectively. Research results also show that CO2 is the most emitted gas into the environment and is present in most of the waste sources, in which electricity consumption and CO2 emissions are the most significant, indirectly emitting 7,102.85 tons of CO2/year (accounting for 98.51% of total waste sources). For daily waste, landfilling indirectly releases into the atmosphere an amount of methane (CH4) approximately 410 tons/year, accounting for more than 95% of the total emissions. In addition, in the process of using fuel (gasoline and DO) at the facility, a large amount of N2O gas enters the atmosphere (nearly 70% of emissions from DO and 30% from gasoline). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions at the facility could be achieved by saving water, reducing wastewater and using clean energy.

5

Emission Models for Selected Harmful Substances Emitted During Low-Temperature Combustion of Wood Pellets

Ciupek Bartosz, Urbaniak Rafał, Nocoń Adam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

267--273

EN

The aim of the research was to develop mathematical models describing the emission of selected pollutants correlated with the residual oxygen content in the flue gas. The correlation was made for low-temperature combustion of wood pellets in biomass boilers and furnaces. The developed models can be used in modern control systems of boilers, furnaces or for precise calculation of emission factors for the discussed group of heating devices. The description was made for devices with a stationary wood pellet combustion process with a heat output range from 12 kW to 30 kW. The obtained models, not currently used in this group of devices, will allow controlling the operation of heating boilers in a sustainable and ecological way, taking into account the environmental burden.

6

Analysis of the Environmental Parameters of the GTM 400 Turbojet Engine During the Co-Combustion of JET A-1 Jet Oil with Hydrogen

Ciupek Bartosz, Brodzik Łukasz, Semkło Łukasz, Prokopowicz Wojciech, Sielicki Piotr W.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

205--211

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of co-combustion of conventional aviation fuel (JET A-1 jet fuel) with hydrogen (H2). The tested miniature turbojet engine was adapted to co-combust of both fuels. The results obtained from the research provide a positive premise for the application and implementation of hydrogen co-combustion (or combustion) technology in aircraft turbojet engines, which has not yet found industrial application. Observations and research show that co-combustion of jet fuel with hydrogen helps reduce the carbon footprint of the use of turbojet aircraft engines and also reduces other harmful substances (e.g. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides or solid particles). During the tests, no deterioration of the engine’s operating parameters was observed and the set operating parameters were maintained. To summarize, the technology of co-combustion or hydrogen combustion in miniature turbojet engines is an indicated direction in the development of pro-ecological aircraft engines.

7

Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Biodiesel Blends and Methanol on Emissions and Performance in a Semi-Industrial Boiler

Allawi Mohammed Kadhim, Saleh Fouad Alwan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

115--126

EN

Recently, there has been a growing interest in biodiesel due to its utilization of renewable resources, which is particularly significant given the increasing depletion of fossil fuel stocks. The utilization of Cresson weed in biodiesel fuel production is a pioneering application of botanical herbs within the biodiesel industry. This study compares the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel B10, B20, B40, B60, and D80B10M10 blends with petroleum diesel. This analysis examined the combustion process across various equivalence ratios in semi-industrial boilers. The study examined the combustion efficiency, flue gas emissions (CO, CO2, T exhaust, and HC), as well as flame length. The obtained findings show that adding more biodiesel fuel to diesel fuel increases its combustion efficiency above and beyond what is possible with regular diesel fuel at high energy levels. In addition, blends like B60 and other mixtures like D80B10M10 emit lower levels of pollutants, such as CO, than diesel as well as increase T exhaust and CO2, which indicates the completion of combustion.

8

The problem of emission of total particulate matter and heavy metals from tribological systems in vehicles

Laskowski Piotr, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 3

13--19

EN

The article presents the problem of particulate matter and heavy metal emissions from the tribological systems (road abrasion, brake and tyre wear) road of cars equipped with internal combustion engines (ICEs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrids and plug-in vehicles (PHEVs). The results of mathematical modelling carried out for obtaining of the emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, resulting from road abrasion, brakes and tyre wear, are presented. Emissions are shown depending on the average speed and type of traffic (traffic in the city (urban), outside the city (rural) and on the highway) and the type of vehicle.

9

Comparison of pollutant emissions from various types of vehicles

Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena, Laskowski Piotr

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

139--145

EN

This article compares the equivalent emissions from battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with those of internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid vehicles (HV). The considerations focused on the dependence of the equivalent emission from electric cars on the official/national Polish energy mix (which is still mainly based on hard coal). The results of mathematical simulations of the impact of the fuel type on pollutants’ emissions are presented. The article also focuses on the effects of the fuel used in internal combustion engines vehicles (LPG, CNG, petrol, diesel, hydrogen) and the official/national Polish energy mix for battery electric vehicles on carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions.

10

Ocena możliwości zastosowania popiołów ze spalania węgla brunatnego w technologii wytwarzania autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego

Górecka Ewelina, Łaskawiec Katarzyna, Gębarowski Piotr

Budownictwo, Technologie, Architektura

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2024

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nr 1

60--61

PL

W wyniku wieloletnich badań i doświadczeń produkcyjnych zrealizowano w Polsce i na świecie szereg kierunków utylizacji surowców (odpadów) z energetyki. Technologie utylizacji były opracowane w zasadzie dla odpadów powstających przy tradycyjnym spalaniu węgla w kotłach pyłowych. Do wytwarzania ABK stosowane są głównie popioły lotne krzemionkowe i/lub popioły fluidalne. Dotychczas popioły lotne wapienne, czyli popioły z dużą zawartością związków wapna powstające podczas spalania węgli brunatnych, a także w procesach suchego odsiarczania spalin w paleniskach konwencjonalnych nie były stosowane do wytwarzania ABK. Popiół lotny pochodzący ze spalania węgla brunatnego w klasycznym palenisku pyłowym charakteryzuje się złożonym składem mineralnym. Dominuje piasek kwarcowy, ale również anhydryt, tlenek magnezu i zwiększone ilości węglanu i tlenku wapnia w stosunku do tradycyjnych popiołów krzemionkowych. Skład ten może być powodem powstawania niekontrolowanych zmian objętości zachodzących podczas hydratacji. Zastosowanie popiołu lotnego wapiennego w technologii ABK daje korzyści ekonomiczne, ekologiczne i techniczne. Związane to jest ze zmniejszeniem ilości wapna w recepturze wyjściowej ABK (w porównaniu do receptury na tradycyjnym popiele krzemionkowym) i wynikającą z tego redukcją emisji CO2. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań prób technologicznych zastosowania popiołów wapiennych z Elektrowni Bełchatów. Zweryfikowano możliwość zastosowania ich jako surowiec do wytwarzania autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego.

EN

As a result of many years of research and production experience, a number of directions for the utilisation of raw materials (waste) from the power industry have been realised in Poland and worldwide. Utilisation technologies were basically developed for wastes arising from traditional coal combustion in pulverised coal boilers. Silica fly ash and/or fluidised bed fly ash are mainly used to produce AAC. Lime fly ash with a high content of lime compounds generated during the combustion of lignite coals and in dry flue gas desulphurisation processes in conventional furnaces, has not been used to produce AAC. Fly ash from the combustion of lignite in a classic pulverised coal furnace is characterised by a complex mineral composition. Quartz sand predominates, but also anhydrite, magnesium oxide and increased amounts of carbonate and calcium oxide compared to traditional silica ash. This composition may be the reason for uncontrolled volume changes occurring during hydration. The use of lime fly ash in AAC technology offers economic, environmental and technical advantages. This is related to the reduction in the amount of lime in the AAC formulation (compared to the formulation on traditional silica ash) and the resulting reduction in CO2 emissions. The article presents the results of technological tests on the use of limestone ashes from the Bełchatów Power Plant in autoclaved aerated concrete technology. The possibility of using them as a raw material for the production of AAC was verified.

11

Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

Singh Ashish Kumar, Pali Harveer Singh, Khan Mohammad Mohsin

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2024

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Vol. 45, no 1

109--118

EN

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

12

Modeling and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Powered Hybrid Bike

Gurunathan Manoj Kumar, Hynes N. Rajesh Jesudoss, Bartoszuk Marian, Sujana Angela J., Al-Khashman Omar

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 3

360--368

EN

One of the most straightforward and affordable ways to produce hydrogen is by alkaline water electrolysis. In order to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, an electrolyser is often subjected to current levels of 1.23V. The electrodes in an electrolytic cell are the primary structural component. The cathode electrode type is the one where hydrogen is created via the reduction reaction between the two types of electrodes. LPG is combined with hydrogen at a 4:1 ratio to lower the combustion energy because hydrogen cannot be used directly in a traditional SI engine due to its higher energy production during combustion. With the aid of a vaporizer unit, the hydrogen and LPG are combined in the necessary ratio. Through the bypass line created on the input manifold before the carburettor, where air is also mixed with the hydrogen-LPG fuel with the A/F ratio of 17:1 (stoichiometric ratio) for complete combustion, the fuel mixture is transported to the engine's combustion chamber. Due to the usage of LPG and hydrogen, full combustion may occur as a result of the production of a blue flame during combustion. Better mixing of the fuel and air can be achieved since the fuel mixture is conveyed in va-por state instead of semi-liquid form as in a conventional SI engine. This approach of using mix fuel (LPG+H2) for con-ventional SI engines can lower nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon values in the exhaust gas more effectively.

13

Determining the Environmental Impact of Cradle to Gate in Coal-Fired Power Generation

Triatmojo Pramudita, Hadinata Febrian, Sari Tuti Indah

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 5

195--205

EN

The analysis of environmental impacts throughout the entire process of coal-fired power plants is imperative to implement effective measures for controlling and reducing pollutant emissions. However, there is still limited research focusing on the cradle-to-gate stage in the life cycle of coal-fired power plants and their environmental impact. This study employs a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental impacts of coal-fired power plants in South Sumatra. The primary environmental impact categories of primary emissions include CO2, SO2, NOx, and CH4. The most significant environmental impacts arise from CO2 emissions, notably 98.46% from land clearing and preparation and 86.74% from overburden removal and coal extraction. These stages primarily contribute to global warming throughout the cradle-to-gate process. Sulfur dioxide emissions from land clearing activities are the main contributor to acid rain, followed by overburden removal and coal extraction (96.51%) and coal stockpiling (1.48%), which also play a role. The release of NOx from land clearing and preparation, overburden removal, and coal stockpiling contributes to the potential for eutrophication. Land clearing and preparation have a significant impact on global warming during the coal mining and distribution stages. Practical measures such as enhancing emission reduction facilities and increasing pollutant emission standards for each process are necessary to promote environmentally friendly coal-fired power plants.

14

High quality multi-zone and 3d CFD model of combustion in marine diesel engine cylinder

Cuper-Przybylska Dominika, Nguyen Van Nhanh, Cao Dao Nam, Kowalski Jerzy

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 2

61--67

EN

The paper presents a 3D model of the processes taking place in the cylinder of a large 4-stroke marine engine. The model is based on CFD calculations performed on the moving mesh. The modelling range includes the full duty cycle (720° crankshaft position) and the complete geometry of the cylinder with inlet and exhaust ducts. The input data, boundary conditions and validation data were obtained by direct measurements on the real object. Fuel injection characteristics were obtained by Mie scattering measurements in a fixed-volume chamber. The modelling results have been validated in terms of the pressure characteristics of the engine’s cylinder within the entire range of its loads. The mean error did not exceed 1.42% for the maximum combustion pressure and 1.13% for the MIP (Mean Indicated Pressure). The model was also positively validated in terms of the O2 and NOx content of the exhaust gas. The mean error in this case was 1.2% for NOx fractions in the exhaust gas and 0.4% for O2 fractions. The complete model data has been made available in the research data repository on an open access basis.

15

The Role of Organic Sulfur in the Formation of Methane Emissions on the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal

Yusuf Maulana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

192--201

EN

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a phenomenon that often occurs in open coal mining activities, especially strip mining and open pit mining systems which are detrimental to mining companies, the economy, the environment, and society. This phenomenon causes coal mining activities to contribute to CH4 gas emissions in global warming by 11% of total global emission. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of organic sulfur in the formation of CH4 gas emissions in the spontaneous combustion of coal in the TAL area. The approach is based on a literature review and field survey. The literature review was intended to examine the influence of geological factors, maceral analysis, and depositional environment on the rank and form of coal sulfur, while the field survey was conducted by measuring CH4 gas emissions in 36 samples of spontaneous combustion hotspots. Literature review shows that coal in the TAL area belongs to low rank (sub-bituminous/sub-bituminous B) which has high organic sulfur content in the form of thiother bonds (C-S), especially carbon disulfide (CS2). The average CH4 emission measurement in the field is 6,989 mg/m3, which is still within the limits set by other researchers, between 3,700–34,098 mg/m3. The role of organic sulfur from C–S bonds especially CS2 in the formation of CH4 gas emissions, is very dominant at 93.10% or 6,507 mg/m3 of the total coal sulfur in the TAL area. The emission of CH4 gas in the spontaneous combustion of coal is strongly influenced by geological factors, maceral analysis, and the depositional environment related to the rank and form of coal sulfur. Further, detailed, and comprehensive research on the form of organic sulfur needs to be carried out to mitigate CH4 gas emissions in the spontaneous combustion of coal in the TAL area.

16

Carbon Footprint Analysis of Cocoa Product Indonesia Using Life Cycle Assessment Methods

Dianawati, Indrasti Nastiti S., Ismayana Andes, Yuliasi Indah, Djatna Taufik

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

187--197

EN

The production of cocoa beans in Indonesia into chocolate and other cocoa-derived products produces emissions that pollute the environment. This research aimed to calculate the carbon footprint of the cocoa agroindustry using the Life Cycle Assessment approach in Lampung, Indonesia. The LCA under study is within the scope of Cradle to Grave, starting from nurseries_cocoa plantations_dry cocoa beans_chocolate production_retail, and consumers with emission function units per 1 kg of product. The method refers to the ISO 14040:2006 life cycle assessment standard, with the stages of determining objectives and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation of recommendations. Primary data was analyzed using Simapro 9.4.0.2 Software. Secondary data was collected through a literature study. Data analysis shows the highest environmental impact after normalization resulting from four activities: packaging, transportation from industry to marketing office, and transportation from marketing office to retail. The highest environmental impact is generated by industrial activities, with a total emission of 2.57E-10 per kg of dark chocolate. In this study, GWP 100a emissions from cocoa agroforestry and agroindustry activities within the scope of the Cradle to Grave study were 7.31E+01 kg CO2-eq per kg dark chocolate. In addition, selecting the type of packaging is an indicator that must be considered. Using a combination of aluminum foil, paper, and cardboard as packaging causes the second highest emission in the packaging sub-process after transportation from industry to marketing office in industrial activities. It is the 4th highest of all activities. One of the reasons for the high emissions produced in the final product or cocoa consumed by consumers is no longer in doubt. On the basis of normalization activities, the highest environmental impacts were generated by industrial activities, with a total emission of 2.57E-10. The use of packaging in packaging and fuel activities in transportation from industry to marketing office activities, industrial activities also use quite a large amount of electrical energy, namely 421.91 kWh. Recommendations for improvement can be identified to reduce the GHG impact and increase energy efficiency. Energy-saving sustainablemethods constitute a challenge for the cocoa agroindustry because they positively impact the reduction of the global warming potential.

17

Niezawodność uszczelek PTFE w instalacjach biopaliwowych - badania i prognozy

Romanik Grzegorz, Struś Mieczysław, Jaszak Przemysław, Sierpowski Korneliusz

Instal

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2023

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nr 12

26--31

PL

Biopaliwa zaliczane są do grona odnawialnych źródeł energii. Produkcja biopaliw do celów wykorzystania w silnikach spalinowych może zapewnić ich rozwój technologiczny oraz mieć wpływ ekonomiczny na sektor OZE i przemysł rolniczy, jednak ich wykorzystanie nadal stanowi istotny problem w eksploatacji tych silników. W artykule zbadano interakcję wybranych biopaliw z uszczelkami. Badane biopaliwa wyprodukowano z surowców odpadowych przemysłu spożywczego - tłuszczów i olejów. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ biopaliw na uszczelki złączy kołnierzowych, podczas badań trwałościowych. Materiał uszczelek (PTFE) został przetestowany zgodnie z normami DIN 28090-3:2014-11 i DIN28091-2. W czasie 1000 godzin badań w temperaturze 353 K mierzono ubytek masy biopaliwa oraz zmianę wydłużenia (naprężenia rozciągającego) śrub kołnierzowych. Określono stopień wycieku paliwa. Po badaniach sprawdzono uszczelkę i nie stwierdzono rozwarstwień. Wartość emisji lotnych biopaliw oraz stopień wycieku paliwa po 1000 godzinach odpowiadały normom DIN. Stwierdzono, że badane materiały uszczelniające mogą mieć kontakt z mieszaniną benzyna - etanol oraz mieszaniną oleju napędowego i estrów metylowych i etylowych.

EN

The biofuels are concerned as one of the Renewable Sources of Energy. Production of biofuels for transportation purposes may provide additional technological development and economical impact on agricultural industry, but their usage is still a vital problem for vehicle exploitation. In this paper an interaction between chosen biofuels and gaskets was researched. Tested biofuels were produced using waste materials from food industry - fats and oils. Biofuels influence on pipes and especially gaskets and its materials during durability tests are shown in this paper. PTFE gasket materials were tested in accordance with DIN 28090-3: 2014-11 and DIN28091-2. During 1000 hours of tests at 353 K, the weight loss of the biofuel and the change in elongation (tensile stress) of the flange bolts were measured. Fuel leakage rate was determined. After tests the gasket was checked and no delamination was observed. The value of volatile biofuels emission and fuel leakage rate after 1000 hours met the DIN standards. It was concluded that researched gasket materials may be allowed for contact with gasoline - ethanol mixture and mixture of diesel and methyl and ethyl esters.

18

Gases in the near-surface zone of the reclaimed Barycz municipal waste landfill – a case study from southern Poland

Kopera Paulina A., Sechman Henryk, Twaróg Anna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 2

101--121

EN

The formation of biogas at municipal landfills and the significant emission of greenhouse gases from these facilities into the environment were the main reasons for analyzing the molecular composition of soil gas in the near-surface zone at the reclaimed part of the Barycz municipal waste landfill. The relations between the studied components (methane, carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon components) and impact of the magnitude of recorded concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide on their emission to the atmosphere were evaluated. Two profiles were determined, along which 41 soil and landfill gas samples were taken at 20-meter intervals. At the same time, emissions were measured at each sampling point using a static chamber with a portable fluxometer. Chromatographic analysis showed that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide fluctuated in the ranges: 2.1 ppm – 76 vol% and 0.04 ppm – 11 vol%, respectively. Relatively high concentrations of these gases were determined at many of the measurement points, and this was particularly evident at the A-A’ profile, indicating stronger biochemical processes in this part of the landfill, or lateral migration of methane from the neighbouring stage II of the landfill, where biogas extraction is currently taking place. In addition, significant correlations between methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen were demonstrated, indicating ongoing methane fermentation processes. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the southern part of the A-A’ profile is an optimal place to locate a degassing well from which biogas production could be used. However, the research is only preliminary and, it will be necessary to extend the soil gas tests before the final decision on the location of the well is made. Moreover, it has been shown that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide measured at points located outside the landfill were low. This means that generated biogas probably does not migrate beyond the boundaries of reclaimed waste landfill, but this will need to be confirmed by performing additional soil gas tests inside and outside the landfill area. The preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the reclamation carried out was confirmed by the negligible values of the measured methane and carbon dioxide emissions on the surface.

19

Landfill Gas Prospect as a Renewable Energy Source at Talang Gulo Jambi City, Indonesia

Syarifuddin Hutwan, Wibowo Yudha Gusti, Devitriano Dodi, Afdali M., Jalius

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

311--320

EN

The landfill is a place used for landfill that can have a negative impact on the environment such as, causing greenhouse gas emissions, soil contamination, and groundwater pollution. Landfill gas content of CH4, CO2 and non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) is the cause of the greenhouse effect and Global warming potential (GWP). The concentration of CH4 in landfill gas is relatively low, but CH4 causes a greenhouse effect 21 times greater than CO2 . The research was conducted at the Talang Gulo landfill in Jambi City. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the production and amount of CH4 gas concentration emitted into the atmosphere and assess methane gas emissions as an energy source. The Application to estimate gas using models was with LandGEM-v302 soft-ware. The results of LandGEM-v302 simulation of landfill gas show a peak in 2023 of 3,194×104 Mg·year-1 for total landfill gas, methane emissions A6 (8,530×103 Mg·year-1), carbon dioxide (2,341×104 Mg year-1) and NMOC (3,667×102 Mg·year-1). The potential of methane gas as a source of fuel energy is 11,403,693.84 kg·year-1 and electrical energy is 182,862.08 kWh.

20

Fuel consumption and CO2 emission analysis of hybrid and conventional vehicles in urban driving conditions

Skuza Adriana, Szumska Emilia, Jurecki Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

48--55

EN

Hybrid vehicles are a good solution for a smooth transition towards electromobility. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between route parameters and fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust components of vehicles with a conventional and hybrid drive system. As a result of simulation tests, values for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for HEV and ICEV vehicles were obtained in 28 trips in urban conditions. The average fuel consumption achieved by the hybrid was 53% lower than that of a conventional vehicle. When analysing the average value of CO2 emissions, the hybrid showed a 54% lower value than a conventional vehicle. Using statistical methods, the relationship between the route parameters and the operational parameters of the vehicle was determined. It has been shown that the route parameters strongly correlate with the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a conventional vehicle. In the case of hybrid vehicles, there was a weaker relationship between these parameters.