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Evaluation of policies to reduce transportation pollution using system dynamics

Manohar G., Devi S. P., Rao K. S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 4

143--153

EN

Pollution caused by road transportation is the major factor affecting human health and adversely affecting the global warming. In the study, a system dynamics model has been applied to forecast vehicle emissions from road transport to evaluate policies in the transportation management. The proposed model was applied to evaluate and compare three transportation policy scenarios including road expansion, public transit incentive and enforcement of quality norms for vehicles. The pollution emission data is taken in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The pollution in the study area will increase substantially if no management plans are implemented. The impact of population increase on transportation pollution has also been considered. It was found that among the proposed policies, implementation of the transit incentive policy to adopt public transports and the implementation of Bharat Stage IV norms for vehicles proved to be efficient in reducing the transport pollution to a great extent.

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Wpływ emisji komunikacyjnej na stężenie dwóch form węgla i rozkład ich masy względem wielkości cząstek w aerozolu atmosferycznym obszaru miejskiego

Rogula-Kozłowska W., Rogula-Kopiec P., Klejnowski K., Błaszczyk J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1623--1644

EN

Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a component of the natural environment and a certain number of particles that varies with time, having many different properties which also change over time, is constantly present in the air. It can be assumed that the scope of environmental effects of PM is the broadest among all air pollutants: it affects the human health, climate, ecological conditions and visibility. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are the two most important components of suspended dust. The continuously increasing road traffic intensity is highly correlated with increasing concentrations of both of these components in the air of urbanized areas all over the world. In spite of this, the amount of data on OC and EC concentrations in Poland is still insufficient, especially in the case of areas located close to busy roads. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of vehicular traffic on ambient concentrations of PM-related OC and EC, and their mass size distribution in a typical urban area of the Upper Silesia. PM samples were collected simultaneously at two sites located in the Katowice city. One of the selected measurement points was situated in the city centre and characterized so-called urban background. The second measurement point, located near the A4 motorway, was in the area directly exposed to the influence of traffic emission. Dust was sampled during two measurement periods (2–10 August and 15–22 September 2011) using thirteen-stage impactors – DEKATI Ltd. (DLPI, Dekati Low Pressure Impactor). Analysis for the content of OC and EC in the collected dust samples was carried out by means of a thermo-optical method with the use of a Sunset Laboratory OC/EC carbon analyzer. During the entire measurement program strict adherence to the rigorous requirements for quality control of the obtained results was ensured. Concentrations of PM1-, PM2.5- and PM10-related OC and EC in Katowice, near the A4 motorway, were close to values obtained in other parts of the world in different measurement periods, at traffic sites of similar characteristics. Also values of the concentration ratio of OC bound to PM10 and PM2,5 (or PM2,5) were similar to quantities determined in different locations. In Katowice, due to municipal emission and poor quality of vehicles travelling the roads, also the coarse fraction of dust was enriched in EC. This situation is unusual in comparison to other regions. The effect of emission from engines of the cars travelling the motorway manifested itself mainly by elevated EC concentrations compared to the urban background site. For TSP the EC concentration was higher, five times in the beginning of August and two times in the second half of September. The largest differences between EC concentrations in the location near the motorway and in the urban background area were observed for the PM0.06–0.108, PM0.108–0.17 and PM0.17–0.26 fractions. In both measurement periods, at the traffic site in Katowice, the maxima of mass size distribution of EC were in the diameter range characteristic for soot emitted from Diesel engines (0.108–0.26µm). The fact that the influence of exhaust emission from vehicles travelling the motorway on EC concentrations was more pronounced in the second half of September than in the first half of August, was caused by larger EC emission from various sources in Katowice during the period following summer holidays. Concentrations of organic carbon bound to TSP in both measurement periods in Katowice was only 10% higher in the urban traffic site than in the urban background site. The largest differences between OC concentrations near the motorway and in the urban background are observed in the ranges 0.06–0.17 and 1.0–2.5 µm. Maxima of the mass size distribution of PM-related OC, both at the urban traffic site and at the background site, were similar in both measurement periods. It was inferred that the small differences between OC concentrations in the traffic and the background site are caused by the process of secondary aerosol formation, less intensive near the motorway than in the urban site.

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Akumulacja metali ciężkich w mchach Pleurozium schreberi eksponowanych w pobliżu toru wyścigów samochodowych w Kamieniu Śląskim

Rajfur M., Kłos A., Gawlik D., Hyšplerova L., Wacławek M.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2010

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Vol. 4, No. 2

477--482

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań biomonitoringowych dotyczących emisji metali ciężkich: Ni, Cd i Pb, wywołanej wyścigami samochodowymi. Badania prowadzono na terenie lotniska w Kamieniu Śląskim (PL). W badaniach wykorzystano epigeiczne mchy Pleurozium schreberi eksponowane wzdłuż trasy wyścigów samochodowych zlokalizowanej na płycie lotniska. Mchy eksponowano dwukrotnie: przez okres 25 dni przed wyścigiem oraz przez okres 25 dni podczas i po wyścigu. Wyniki umożliwiły wyznaczenie względnego współczynnika akumulacji (Relative Accumulation Factors - RAF), który pokazał przyrost stężeń analitów po okresie ekspozycji. Wyniki badań wykazały znaczący przyrost badanych metali w mchach eksponowanych podczas i po wyścigach.

EN

The results of biomonitoring research of heavy metals Ni, Cd and Pb emissions caused by street racing were presented. The study was conducted at the airport in Kamien Slaski (PL). In the study epigeic mosses Pleurozium schreberi exposed along the racing route, located on the apron, were used. Mosses were exposed twice for 25 days before the race and for a period of 25 days during and after the race. The results were interpreted using the computed relative accumulation factors (RAF), indicating the increase in concentration of analytes after the exposure. The results showed significant increase in the studied metals concentrations in the mosses exposed during and after the races.

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Oszacowanie wielkości emisji komunikacyjnej na wybranym odcinku sieci drogowej Krakowa

Brzeżański M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika

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1998

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R. 95, z. 6-M

246-256

PL

W artykule omówione zostały wyniki badań emisji toksycznych składników spalin pochodzących z pojazdów poruszających się powybranym odcinku sieci drogowej Krakowa. Przeprowadzono liczenie pojazdów na wybranym odcinku z uwzględnieniem struktury ruchu wg systemu "Copert". Do obliczeń emisji zastosowano współczynniki emisji wg metodologii "Corinair". Obliczone wyniki zestawiono z wynikami pomiarów pochodzących z automatycznej stacji monitoringu powietrza.

EN

The article discusses the invertigation on toxic components of exhaust emission from vehicles in the chosen road section. Vehicles in this section were counted considering traffic structure accordind to the "Copert" system. For emission calculation coefficient of emission according to "Corinair" method were applied. The investigation results were compared with measurement results from the automatic air monitoring station.