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2 2024

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Dobór i zakup transformatora dla stacji wnętrzowej SN/nn w elektrowni fotowoltaicznej. Jak zminimalizować ryzyko awarii transformatora?

Schwann Mirosław, Schwann Maciej

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

2024

R. 92, nr 5

14--23

W ostatnich latach miały miejsce liczne awarie transformatorów w stacjach wnętrzowych SN/nn w elektrowniach fotowoltaicznych. Awarie obejmowały spalenie uzwojeń, rozszczelnienie kadzi transformatora, aż po spektakularne wybuchy. Awarie przyczyniają się do przestojów elektrowni fotowoltaicznych, co prowadzi do utraty korzyści i w konsekwencji do nieplanowanego zmniejszenia stopy zwrotu z nakładów. W artykule omówiono wybrane błędy projektowe, szczególnie w zakresie doboru transformatora oraz w zakresie doboru nastaw zabezpieczeń. Przedstawiono także wybrane błędy popełniane w procesie zakupowym transformatora oraz w procesie wykonawstwa, w tym błędy podczas przeprowadzania pomiarów odbiorczych i nieprawidłowości w zakresie eksploatacji elektrowni fotowoltaicznych. Zamieszczono również wskazówki, jak zminimalizować ryzyko awarii transformatora w elektrowni fotowoltaicznej.

In recent years, there have been numerous transformer failures in indoor MV/LV substations in photovoltaic power plants. The failures have included burning of windings, leakage of the transformer tank, and even spectacular explosions. The failures contribute to downtime of photovoltaic power plants, which leads to loss of profits and, as a consequence, to an unplanned decrease in the rate of return on investment. The article discusses selected design errors, in particular in the selection of transformers and in the selection of protection settings. It also discusses selected errors made in the transformer procurement process. It also discusses errors in the construction process, including errors during acceptance measurements, and irregularities in the operation of photovoltaic power plants. Tips on how to minimize the risk of transformer failure in a photovoltaic power plant are also included.

Optimization of the conditions of cooperation of hybrid solutions of wind farms and solar farms for the area of Poland

Twaróg Bernard

Technical Transactions

2024

Vol. 121, iss. 1

art. no. e2024009

With the increase in the share, with variable production of renewable energy sources in power systems, many studies and expert opinions have appeared in scientific research and the energy market to determine their optimal technological and locational cooperation. Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) has often been applied in this context. However, some key aspects important in energy planning have not been included in these analyses. This article presents the use of the Markowitz model (Modern Portfolio Theory) in analyzing the hybrid co-option of selected energy sources, assuming two approaches that take into account gross potential and constraints imposed by technological capabilities. The goal is to determine the optimal value of the participation rate of wind farms and solar farms in the energy production co-op assuming the minimization of risk. The value of risk here is determined by a measure of dispersion for the delivery of a certain amount of energy. The results of the analysis are the determination of a map of optimal values of participation factors between the components of the hybrid energy complex for the area of Poland. Analyses were made for gross potential, showing the possibilities of maximum energy production, and for potential limited by technological possibilities. The study used data characterizing the potential of wind energy and solar energy and temperature. The data used in the analyses are publicly available for research purposes. The analyses were supported by graphs and commentary.