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1

Modeling and numerical simulation of eddy current sensors for electromagnetic characterization of fluids

Miloudi Khaled, Moulai Hocine, Azizi Hakim

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 10

88--92

EN

This work aims to model a device enabling a useful and accurate electromagnetic characterization of fluids. The device developed is based on a non destructive testing (NDT) control technique evolving the eddy currents induced in the fluid to be characterized. The finite element method was used in the modeling to determine the conductivity of the fluid from the induced eddy current. In addition, an experimental device has been built. It consists of an absolute probe where the fluid control is made by determining its electrical conductivity by measuring the variations of the fluid impedance as a function of the applied voltage frequency. Good agreements are found between modeling results and experimental measurements. An inverse model that converges after only 7 iterations has been also proposed for the determination of the conductivity of fluids by the use of theoretical and experimental measurements.

PL

Niniejsza praca ma na celu zamodelowanie urządzenia umożliwiającego użyteczną i dokładną charakterystykę elektromagnetyczną płynów. Opracowane urządzenie opiera się na technice kontroli badań nieniszczących (NDT), która rozwija prądy wirowe indukowane w scharakteryzowanym płynie. W modelowaniu wykorzystano metodę elementów skończonych do wyznaczenia przewodności płynu z indukowanych prądów wirowych. Ponadto zbudowano eksperymentalne urządzenie. Składa się z sondy absolutnej, w której kontrola płynu odbywa się poprzez określenie jego przewodności elektrycznej poprzez pomiar zmian impedancji płynu w funkcji przyłożonej częstotliwości napięcia. Stwierdzono dobrą zgodność między wynikami modelowania a pomiarami eksperymentalnymi. Zaproponowano również model odwrotny, który zbiega się już po 7 iteracjach, do wyznaczania przewodnictwa płynów za pomocą pomiarów teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych.

2

Electromagnetic properties of cement paste after microwave pretreatment

Li Yue, Liu Yunze, Jin Caiyun

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e185, 2023

EN

In this paper, the effect of microwave pretreatment on the electromagnetic properties of cement paste was investigated. Four different durations of microwave pretreatment were carried out after the standard conditioning of cement paste specimens for 3 days. Subsequently, the electromagnetic properties of the cement paste were tested, the electromagnetic losses of the specimens were calculated and the changes in the dielectric constants were analyzed. Finally, the mechanism by which microwave pretreatment affects the electromagnetic properties was analyzed based on the pore characteristics and hydration results. The results show that microwave pretreatment can improve the electromagnetic loss as well as the dielectric constant of cement paste specimens, but has no significant effect on the magnetic permeability. With the increase of microwave pretreatment time, the reflection loss, absorption loss, and total loss of electromagnetic waves increase significantly, and the multiple reflection loss decreases. The real part of the dielectric constant, imaginary part, and loss angle tangent all increased. There are two main reasons for the increase in electromagnetic loss and dielectric properties of the specimens after microwave pretreatment. One is the significant increase in the percentage of micropores less than 50 nm in the specimen, which increases the reflection loss and absorption loss of electromagnetic waves. On the other hand, microwave pretreatment significantly increased the degree of hydration of the specimen, making the specimen intermediate electrical properties of the larger proportion of the material phase (such as gel), which in turn increased the electromagnetic loss.In this paper, the effect of microwave pretreatment on the electromagnetic properties of cement paste was investigated. Four different durations of microwave pretreatment were carried out after the standard conditioning of cement paste specimens for 3 days. Subsequently, the electromagnetic properties of the cement paste were tested, the electromagnetic losses of the specimens were calculated and the changes in the dielectric constants were analyzed. Finally, the mechanism by which microwave pretreatment affects the electromagnetic properties was analyzed based on the pore characteristics and hydration results. The results show that microwave pretreatment can improve the electromagnetic loss as well as the dielectric constant of cement paste specimens, but has no significant effect on the magnetic permeability. With the increase of microwave pretreatment time, the reflection loss, absorption loss, and total loss of electromagnetic waves increase significantly, and the multiple reflection loss decreases. The real part of the dielectric constant, imaginary part, and loss angle tangent all increased. There are two main reasons for the increase in electromagnetic loss and dielectric properties of the specimens after microwave pretreatment. One is the significant increase in the percentage of micropores less than 50 nm in the specimen, which increases the reflection loss and absorption loss of electromagnetic waves. On the other hand, microwave pretreatment significantly increased the degree of hydration of the specimen, making the specimen intermediate electrical properties of the larger proportion of the material phase (such as gel), which in turn increased the electromagnetic loss.

3

Measuring Exposure to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Experienced by a Helicopter Crew During Flight

Michałowska Joanna, Puzio Łukasz, Tofil Arkadiusz, Pytka Jarosław

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2022

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Nr 1 (266)

59--65

EN

High-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) can have a negative effect on both the human body and electronic devices. Monitoring and measurement of the electromagnetic field generated by devices is important from the point of view of environmental protection, the human body and electromagnetic compatibility. In this study, we tested the value of the electromagnetic field strength determined by the NHT3DL by Microrad with measurement probes during flights in the Robinson R44 helicopter. The reference point for the results obtained were the normative limits of the electromagnetic field permitted to affect the crew and passengers during flight. The maximum RMS values recorded during the measurements were E = 4.399 V/m in the 100 kHz-6.5 GHz frequency band and for the magnetic component H = 2.829 A/m in the 300 kHz-30 MHz frequency band. These results were passed to the Statistica 13.3 software for a detailed stochastic analysis of the values tested.

4

An adaptive neuro-fuzzy based methodology for harmonic analysis of a power transformer

Urooj Shabana, Amir Mohammad, Khan Aiman, Tariq Mohd

Journal of Power Technologies

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2021

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Vol. 101, nr 1

1--10

EN

The interfering nature of harmonics always causes various power quality issues that impacts on both efficiency, and expected transformer life. Optimal analysis of the three-phase core power transformers using harmonic spectrum can limit these power quality issues. This paper designs the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based model for the estimation of losses. Further optimal parameters selection of three-phase power transformer using iron and ferrite core materials. This paper demonstrates factors that deteriorate the power quality, responsible for harmonics distortions and inefficiency in power transformers. The proposed ANFIS based analysis provides an optimal solution to harmonic reduction and improves overall efficiency. Also, providing a comparative study of various core parameters that will be suitable for a three-phase core transformer. The proposed parameters are demonstrated for improving the overall transformer efficiency using iron and ferrite core material. ANSYS Maxwell simulation estimates the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and enhances THD in contributing to the optimal core material. The design of a three-phase power transformer and the performance evaluation of the proposed methodology performed in MATLAB simulation environment.

5

The Analytical and Artificial Intelligence Methods to Investigate the Effects of Aperture Dimension Ratio on Electrical Shielding Effectiveness

Basyigit Ibrahim Bahadir, Dogan Habib

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2019

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Vol. 65, No. 3

359--365

EN

This paper presents that the effect of single aperture size of metallic enclosure on electrical shielding effectiveness (ESE) at 0 – 1 GHz frequency range has been investigated by using both Robinson’s analytical formulation and artificial neural networks (ANN) methods that are multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). All results including measurement have been compared each other in terms of aperture geometry of metallic enclosure. The geometry of single aperture varies from square to rectangular shape while the open area of aperture is fixed. It has been observed that network structure of MLP 3-40-1 in modeling with ANN modeled with fewer neurons in the sense of overlapping of faults and data and modeled accordingly. In contrast, the RBFNN 3-150-1 is the other detection that the network structure is modeled with more neurons and more. It can be seen from the same network-structured MLP and RBFNN that the MLP modeled better. In this paper, the impact of dimension of rectangular aperture on shielding performance by using RBFNN and MLP network model with ANN has been studied, as a novelty.

6

Analiza rozkładu strat mocy oraz temperatury w rozdzielnicy niskiego napięcia – analiza sprzężona EM + CFD w oprogramowaniu ANSYS

Kądziołka T., Kryś M., Wiertek A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 1

49--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę termiczną rozdzielnicy nN zawierającą moduł z wyłącznikiem głównym. Zaprezentowano podejście do analizy sprzężonej składającej się z dwóch etapów tj. wyznaczenia strat przy wykorzystaniu analizy elektromagnetycznej, a następnie przeniesieniu ich do analizy CFD. Obliczone straty ciepła Joule’a (szynoprzewody miedziane, straty indukowane w obudowie) wykorzystano jako dane wejściowe do analizy termicznej, która zawiera rozwiązanie promieniowania oraz konwekcji naturalnej. Wyniki otrzymane w symulacji numerycznej porównano z rzeczywistym testem termicznym wykonanym w laboratorium Rockwell Automation zgodnie z normą IEC 61439-1.

EN

Paper presents thermal analysis of low voltage motor control center column which contain the main unit with air circuit breaker. Described is two-stage simulation approach which includes electromagnetic and CFD analysis coupled together. The output of electromagnetic simulation is heat loss generated as the results of Joule heating and induction of eddy current on sheet metal parts of the enclosure. Heat loss in an input for further CFD simulation. CFD simulation is used to calculate radiation and natural convection. Results of performed simulation were compared to the real thermal test rain in Rockwell Automation laboratory according to IEC 61439-1 standard.

7

Rotation, initial stress, gravity and electromagnetic field effect on P wave reflection from stress-free surface elastic half-space with voids under three thermoelastic models

Abo-Dahab S. M., Rida S. Z., Mohamed R. A., Kilany A. A.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 22, nr 1

313--328

EN

The present paper is devoted to investigate the influence of the rotation, thermal field, initial stress, gravity field, electromagnetic and voids on the reflection of P wave under three models of generalized thermoelasticity: Classical and Dynamical coupled model (CD), Lord-Shulman model (LS), Green-Lindsay model (GL), The boundary conditions at stress-free thermally insulated surface are satisfied to obtain Algebraic system of four equations in the reflection coefficients of various reflected waves. It is shown that there exist four plane waves; P1, P2, P3 and P4. In addition, the reflection coefficients from insulated and isothermal stress-free surface for the incident P wave are obtained. Finally, numerical values of the complex modulus of the reflection coefficients are visualized graphically to display the effects of the rotation, initial stress, gravity field magnetic field, thermal relaxation times and voids parameters.

8

Design and Optimization of Rectangular Waveguide Filter based on Direct Coupled Resonators

Damou M., Nouri K., Feham M., Chetioui M.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 4

375--380

EN

The waveguide filter structure is treated by two softwares (HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) and CST (Computer Simulation Technology)). Numerical example is given in this article to demonstrate, step by step, the application of the approach to the design of resonator, direct coupled waveguide and microstrip filters based on electromagnetic (EM) simulations. For this design procedure, the filter structure is simulated by successively adding one resonator at a time. To continue the work illustrates how to design a fourth order coupled resonator based rectangular waveguide circuit in the traditional way. With a large number of variables, such tuning work consumes a lot of time and the convergence of the final result is not guaranteed. A fourth order X-band bandpass filter with a center frequency of 11 GHz and a fractional bandwidth FBW = 0,0273 is designed using this procedure and presented here as an example. The simulated results by CST are presented and compared withthe results simulated by a high-frequency structure simulator. Good agreement between the simulated HFSSand simulated results by CST is observed.

9

Issues of signaling systems application in the tramway infrastructure – a case study

Szeląg A., Patoka M.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2015

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R. 22, nr 10

102--105, CD

EN

The application of state of the art track circuits is getting more and more popular on the Polish tramway infrastructure. The electromagnetic interference between traction return current and track circuits has become significant not only in the railways. The paper describes implementation of modern track circuits in the Polish tramway infrastructure and related electromagnetic issues. The on-site survey and proper measurements were performed to identify the electromagnetic interference problems. Authors conducted the analysis concerning the track circuit application in the tramway infrastructure, presenting its weaknesses that influence safety and reliability of the system.

10

Disturbing impact of ac railway power supply with a scott transformer on a supplying grid - laboratory tests

Jefimowski W., Burak-Romanowski R.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2015

|

R. 22, nr 10

59--64, CD

EN

The paper presents investigation of the influence of the AC autotransformer power supply system on the energy quality in a public grid. The research includes construction of a laboratory model of AC autotransformer railway power supply system. The model consists of a power substation with a Scott transformer, overhead catenary system with the inductances of the contact wire, parallel feeder and running rails, autotransformers and two trains. The first one with the inverter-asynchronous drive and the second with the diode rectifier and DC motor drive. The influence of the AC autotransformer system on the public grid considering all types of the disturbing influence including voltage unbalance, voltage harmonic generation and power fluctuation in aggregated.

11

Microstructure and electromagnetic properties of microwave sintered CoCuZn ferrites

Patankar K. K.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 1

1-8

EN

Co-Cu-Zn ferrite material has been extensively used in multilayer chip inductors because of their good electromagnetic properties at higher frequencies and low sintering temperatures. In this research work, a comparative study on Co-Cu-Zn ferrite prepared from two different routes is reported. The two different routes are conventional ceramic sintering method (CS) and is microwave sintered (MS) method. The former route is most commonly used while the latter one is now gaining popularity in sintering processes. The work highlights that the sintering temperature and time were significantly reduced from 4 h and 1250 °C for the CS process to 20 min and 900 °C for MS process. Moreover, microwave sintering also improves the physical and electromagnetic properties of ferrite.

12

Generalized Stokes parameters of random electromagnetic quasi-homogeneous beams on propagation

Chen J, Xin Y, Chen Y, Chen F, Zhao Q

Optica Applicata

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2013

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Vol. 43, nr 2

s. 205--216

EN

The expressions for the elements of the on-axis and transverse generalized Stokes parameters of random electromagnetic quasi-homogeneous beams on propagation are presented and are used to study the polarization properties of the beams. Some typical numerical calculations of the on-axis and transverse Stokes parameters, polarization properties of the beams on propagation are illustrated. The results show that for different sources all the on-axis parameters are identical in the near field and keep fixed values in the far field. But the transverse parameters are affected greatly by the properties of the source even in the near field. We have also found that the spatial profiles of the transverse parameters remain unchanged upon propagation.

13

Wykorzystanie metody elementów skończonych do badań symulacyjnych procesu elektromagnetycznego tłoczenia blachy

Zimniak Z., Franz J.

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2009

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nr 10

17-21

PL

Praca dotyczy numerycznej symulacji procesu elektromagnetycznego tłoczenia blachy. Przy wykorzystaniu osiowosymetrycznego modelu z elementów skończonych przedstawiono sposób opisu pól elektromagnetycznych oraz oddziaływania na odkształcaną blachę zmiennych w czasie sił Lorentza. Opisano algorytm transferu danych (sił i przemieszczeń węzłowych) pomiędzy modułami do obliczeń elektromagnetycznych i strukturalnych w środowisku ANSYS Multiphysics oraz sposób aktualizowania sieci MES. Prezentowane w pracy symulacje mogą być pomocne w zrozumieniu zjawisk zachodzących przy elektromagnetycznym tłoczeniu oraz w pracach nad konstrukcją nowych urządzeń przemysłowych.

EN

The paper presents simulation of electromagnetic sheet-metal forming process. Finite element axially-symmetric model was applied to electromagnetic fields description and influence of changeable in time Lorentz forces on deformed sheet of metal. Algorithm of data transfer (forces and nodal displacements) between modules assigned for electromagnetic and structural calculations in ANSYS Multiphysics was described as well as method of FEM network actualization. Simulations presented in the paper could be helpful in understanding of phenomena taking place during electromagnetic forming and in designing process of new industrial devices.

14

Numeryczna symulacja procesu elektromagnetycznego tłoczenia blachy

Zimniak Z., Franz J., Radkiewicz G.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Mechanika

|

2009

|

z. 226

157-164

PL

Artykuł prezentuje numeryczną symulację procesu elektromagnetycznego tłoczenia blachy. Przy wykorzystaniu osiowosymetrycznego modelu z elementów skończonych przedstawiono sposób opisu pól elektromagnetycznych oraz oddziaływania na odkształcaną blachę zmiennych w czasie sił Lorentza. Opisano algorytm transferu danych (sił i przemieszczeń węzłowych) pomiędzy modułami do obliczeń elektromagnetycznych i strukturalnych w środowisku ANSYS Multiphysics oraz sposób aktualizowania sieci MES. Przedstawione symulacje mogą być pomocne w zrozumieniu zjawisk zachodzących przy elektromagnetycznym tłoczeniu oraz w pracach nad stworzeniem rzeczywistego stanowiska badawczego.

EN

Numerical analysis is used in research of sheet metal electromagnetic forming process. Electromagnetic field and alternating magnetic pressure which acts on sheet metal is described by means of axisymmetric FE Model. Data transfer (forces and nodal displacements) between separate physicals environments (electromagnetic and structural) is performed in ANSYS Multiphysics. The simulation is useful for designing of real electromagnetic forming process and for better understanding of its principles.

15

Detection of ferromagnetic objects in local magnetic anomaly of the Baaltic Sea

Wołoszyn M.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2008

|

nr 2

77-82

EN

In geological researches several kinds of methods are applied to discovering the natural resources. Planes, helicopters and UAVs (UnmAnned Vehicle) are used in researches in large areas. The gravity, electromagnetic and magnetic methods, which are used in geological researches, are presented in this paper. The special attention was paid to magnetic systems installed on mobile platforms. The magnetic field of the Earth obtained from mathematical model was compared to the real magnetic field in the selected part of the Baltic Sea. The results of the calculations showed that the mathematical model of the Earth’s magnetic field does not consider local magnetic anomalies. The strong local magnetic anomalies cause serious problems with detection of underwater objects. Special problems appear in the magnetic system on a helicopter, which are presented in this paper.

16

Detection of landfill´s leakages using airborne geophysics

Lohva J., Jokinen T., Vironmaki J.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2008

|

Vol. 24

105-110

EN

Since 1972 the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has carried out low altitude geophysical surveys and today systematic survey data cover the majority of Finland. The survey was conducted using geophysically instrumented aircraft with GTK’s Three-In-One airborne system (i.e. simultaneous measurements of the earth´s magnetic field, radioactivity and electrical conductivity). The survey started as a geological mapping for mineral exploration, but in recent years airborne data have been used successfully especially in environmental applications related to landfill, groundwater and soil contamination. The paper presents two studies where GTK´s airborne data have been successfully applied for environmental purposes. The first example is from Ämmässuo, south Finland, where GTK has carried out landfill monitoring using airborne geophysics. The airborne measurements conducted four times over the Ämmässuo municipal landfill. The second example is from Mäntyvaara landfill, north Finland. An increased electrical conductivity outside the landfill was discovered during routine mapping flights. GTK’s three-in-one airborne system is efficient and fast method to locate possibly leakages at landfills. It helps to focus the more detailed investigations (i.e. ground geophysics, sampling and chemical analyses) to the most suitable locations. Interpretation of bedrock linear features using airborne total magnetic field maps is useful tool for detecting possible path of leakages. The electromagnetic out-of-phase component is the most sensitive parameter to observe slight changes in conductivity, but also other measured parameters can utilized.

PL

Od 1972 roku Służba Geologiczna Finlandii podejmuje badania geofizyczne na niskich wysokościach i obecnie systematyczne dane obejmują większość obszaru Finlandii. Prace badawcze prowadzone były z użyciem samolotu wyposażonego w instrumenty geofizyczne z systemem GTK Trzy-w-jednym (tzn. jednoczesne pomiary pola magnetycznego Ziemi, radioaktywności i przewodności elektrycznej). Badania rozpoczęte zostały jako kartowanie geologiczne w celu poszukiwania złóż, przy czym obecnie dane lotnicze używane są z powodzeniem w zastosowaniach środowiskowych w odniesieniu do składowisk, wód podziemnych i kontaminacji gleb. Praca prezentuje dwa przykłady pozytywnego zastosowania danych lotniczych GTK do celów środowiskowych. Pierwszy przykład pochodzi z Ämmässuo, na południu Finlandii, gdzie GTK przeprowadzało monitoring składowiska przy użyciu powietrznej geofizyki. Pomiary przeprowadzano czterokrotnie nad miejskim składowiskiem Ämmässuo. Drugi przykład pochodzi ze składowiska Mäntyvaara, na północy Finlandii. W trakcie rutynowych lotów kartograficznych wykryto podwyższoną przewodność elektryczną na zewnątrz składowiska. System GTK jest wydajną i szybką metodą lokalizowania możliwych przecieków na składowiskach. Pozwala ukierunkować szczegółowe badania w najbardziej istotnych miejscach (tzn. geofizyka gruntu, opróbowanie i analizy chemiczne). Interpretacja struktur liniowych podłoża przy użyciu powietrznych map całkowitego pola magnetycznego jest użytecznym narzędziem śledzenia potencjalnych ścieżek wycieków. Elektromagnetyczna składowa pozafazowa jest najczulszym parametrem obserwacji niewielkich zmian przewodności, ale mogą być użyte również i inne parametry.

17

Wiener Filtering Applied to Conducted EMI Estimation in Soft Switching Inverter

Musznicki P., Chrzan P. J., Mandrek S.

Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Journal

|

2008

|

Vol. 14, iss. 2

25--28

EN

This paper presents an estimation method of the conducted electromagnetic interference EMI emissions in soft switching inverters. Estimation process is carried out by a number of Wiener filters, which represent different operation conditions as reflected through subsequent power converter states determined by initial commutation event conditions and propagation paths layout. Filters are fed by a semiconductor power switch voltage or current waveforms regarded as sources of perturbation. The EMI emissions are measured on the line impedance stabilization network LISN terminals. Optimal filter adaptation is effected in the frequency domain by measuring input and cross power signal spectra. Analysis of parallel quasi resonant dc link voltage inverter PQRDCLI is outlined to distinguish filters assigned for inverter operation and those for an external DC/DC converter interaction. Experimental results are given to illustrate the Wiener filtering estimation quality. Possibility of detailed decomposition of the LISN-EMI waveforms is depicted in both time and frequency domain. Comparative analysis of frequency responses for PQRDCLI link voltage changes is given.

18

Method of Selection of dv/dt for EMI Current Ringing Attenuation

Kempski A., Smolenski R.

Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Journal

|

2008

|

Vol. 14, iss. 2

19--24

EN

In this paper the method of the selection of dv/dt for EMI current ringing attenuation has been presented. The mechanism for the attenuation is first identified using the theoretical approach. It is shown that the attenuation occurs for rise time of the voltage equal to the inverse of the frequency of current ringing. The concept has been experimentally verified in DC chopper and frequency converter arrangements. The proposed method of ringing attenuation can be applied in power converters with flexible gate control and can be also utilized in a wide area of electronic circuits with a trapezoidal excitation for a signal integrity improvement.

19

Metody pomiarowe stosowane na platformach powietrznych w badaniach geologicznych

Wołoszyn M.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

|

2008

|

Vol. 57, nr 2

205-215

PL

W pracy przedstawiono metody pomiarowe stosowane w pomiarach geologicznych z zastosowaniem platform powietrznych, takich jak samoloty, śmigłowce i bezpilotowe pojazdy (UVA). W wykrywaniu różnego rodzaju złóż bogactw mineralnych stosowana jest metoda magnetometryczna, elektromagnetyczna oraz grawimetryczna.

EN

The measurement methods applied in the geology using airplatforms like planes, helicopters and UAV are presented in this paper. The magnetometric, electromagnetic and gravity methods are used for mineral exploration.

20

A comparison of measuring capabilities of elbow, Coriolis and electromagnetic flow meters

Rup K., Walczak S.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2008

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Vol. 29, no. 4

141-152

EN

Having access to 3 different flow meters, it was attempted to assess their measuring capabilities using water and liquid having complex rheological properties. To do so, a hydraulic system was performed, in which 3 flow meters, namely elbow, Coriolis and electromagnetic flow meters were connected in series. Measuring the pressure difference on the secant of the elbow flow meter was conducted using a liquid manometer and a PTD 0.1 type differential pressure transducer, together with the MPC 101 converter. At first the flow of water flux was measured and a great compatibility of results of all flow meters was achieved. The maximum relative deviation did not exceed 2%. Next a 0.5% water solution of methylcellulose with an addition of 0.5 % powdered chalk - with regard to the mass of the solution. The liquid was a suspension of powdered chalk in the water solution of methylcellulose.