Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Numerical Modelling as a Tool for Investigating Hydrogen Explosions

Pasculescu Vlad Mihai, Ghicioi Emilian, Vlasin Nicolae Ioan, Suvar Marius Cornel, Morar Marius Simion

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

71--76

EN

Currently, the burning of fossil fuels in industry or for transportation has a major negative impact on the environment. Most countries are concerned with environmental security and pollution regulation, motivating researchers around the world to find alternative solutions. An alternative solution may be the large-scale use of hydrogen. Applications of hydrogen in industry or for transportation face challenging conditions. Among other things, we are talking about pressures of up to 1000 bar, extreme temperatures starting from -253 °C (for liquefied hydrogen) and up to 650 °C - 950 °C (in the case of solid oxide electrolytic cells), as well as the imminent risk of explosion. This is because H2 has an extremely low ignition energy, with much wider flammability limits compared to other fuels such as methane or propane. Hydrogen is a highly reactive and explosive gas. Therefore, explosion protection is essential for all processes involving the use of hydrogen in one form or another. The same principles that are applied to natural gas can be applied. Hydrogen behaves similarly to methane in terms of explosion risk, meaning in principle that explosion protection works similarly for both gases. However, there are still many unknowns regarding the phenomenon of initiation and propagation of explosions caused by air-hydrogen mixtures. Taking into account the multiple aspects related to security techniques that must be taken into account for the use of hydrogen in industry or for transport, the current paper focuses on aspects with regard to the use of modern numerical modelling tools for increasing the occupational health and safety level in technological processes endangered by the occurrence of explosive atmospheres generated by air-hydrogen mixtures. It presents a review on the main research activities to be carried out within a the H2Model research project implemented between 2023 – 2026, project which focuses on numerical modelling on the ignition and propagation of explosions caused by air-hydrogen mixtures.

2

Evaluation of airport buildings against terrorist attacks in the context of architecture and planning criteria: five case study

Saricioglu Pelin, Yildiz Asli, Soyluk Asena

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2024

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Vol. 17, no. 2

33--46

EN

Terrorist attacks are increasing worldwide with the impact of developing technologies and war tactics. One of the most common types of structures where these attacks are carried out is airport structures due to their international visibility and intense human circulation. Necessary precautions should be taken against possible terrorist attacks both in the planning and utilization process of airports. In this study, planning and architectural design criteria that can be taken against terrorist attacks are determined by utilizing literature data. Within the scope of these criteria, five airports were analyzed: Istanbul New Airport (IGA), Ankara Esenboga Airport, istanbul Sabiha Gokçen Airport, Antalya Airport, and Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport. In the selection of the buildings, the buildings with the largest passenger capacity in our country were preferred. As a result of the evaluations, the strengths, and weaknesses of the structures against terrorist attacks are presented in a table. According to the findings of the study, most of the airports are located in dense urban areas as a result of inaccurate predictions of urban growth and development. This makes these structures vulnerable to terrorist attacks. It was also found that perimeter walls do not provide sufficient visual and physical barriers at airports. Instead of concrete shear walls, most of the structures are secured with wire fences between concrete pillars. In conclusion, the planning and design of airports against possible explosions and terrorist attacks should be considered as a whole with its surroundings. Buildings should be evaluated as a whole with their land, and planning should be realized by taking into account the direction of urban growth and development.

3

Method and tool for drilling and explosion well expansion in hard rocks

Antonchik Volodymyr, Hankevich Valentyn, Minieiev Sergyi, Pashchenko Oleksandr, Buketov Valentyn

Mining Machines

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2023

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vol. 41, iss. 3

158--167

EN

The paper represents the problem of expanding wells in hard and especially hard rocks. The general direction of solving this problem, theprevious methods of solving it and their shortcomings are shown. Anew method of drilling and blasting expansion of wells in strong and especially hard rocks is presented, using the energy of a directed explosion of low power to create a three-dimensional network of cracks in the rock mass around the well. The drawings ofthe tool for drilling and blasting expansion of wells in strong and especially hard rocks at the level of a draft design are given, and the calculation of the explosion energy of a single charge of explosives is carried out, and their mass necessary for such an explosion is determined.

4

Explosive crystallisation of metal glasses based on Fe-B during pulsed laser heating. Experiment and modelling

Smolyakov O.V., Girzhon V.V., Mudry S.I., Nykyruy Y.S.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 119, nr 2

49--55

EN

Purpose: The structure evolution of amorphous metallic alloys during different kinds of thermal effects is an important problem of disordered systems physics. A precise evolutional model would allow predicting the formation of such a structural state, providing the necessary physical and mechanical alloy properties. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is devoted to the problem of modelling the explosive crystallisation process in metal glasses induced by laser, supplemented by experimental results. Findings: A theoretical model of laser-induced explosive crystallisation in metal glasses is proposed. A pulse laser heating method for the surface processing was developed, making it possible to obtain two-layer structures with an adjustable thickness of the amorphous crystalline layer. Research limitations/implications: The proposed model is assumed to test and optimes for metal glasses of other chemical compositions. Practical implications: A theoretical model of laser-induced explosive crystallisation in metal glasses allows for predicting and controlling structure changes to obtain the desired properties. Originality/value: The investigation of structure changes at rapid heating of amorphous alloys by experimental methods is very limited in obtaining data and their interpretation. For that reason, combining the modelling with experimental measurements is proposed. The results of this work have value for a scientist in material science, physics and engineering, which use nonequilibrium physical processes to obtain new materials, including nanoscale systems.

5

Possible Options in Identifying an Explosion on Board an Aircraft Based on The Characteristics of Scattered Remains

Konieczka Robert, Zastawny Jakub

Safety & Defense

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2022

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2

46--52

EN

This article attempts to determine the possibility of identifying an explosion on board an aircraft based on the scattered remains. To reach this goal, a detailed analysis of reports on aviation accidents was performed in the context of the scattering of remains at various crash sites. Moreover, explosions cause an emission of large amounts of hot gases at supersonic speeds, which is the main source of destruction. The destruction is quite characteristic and depends on the material subjected to damage. It allows for the unequivocal identification of an explosion. The performed analysis and conclusions confirmed the thesis set forth in the article that, by means of analyzing the scattered remains after a plane crash, it is possible to determine, with high probability, whether an explosion occurred on board during the flight, which could be the cause of the event. This way of initially determining the causes of accidents would allow for targeting further accident investigation methodology and improving the workflows for teams investigating plane crashes.

6

3D Finite element model of a blast load in a tunnel

Leonardi Giovanni, Palamara Rocco, Suraci Federica

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 67, nr 4

91--105

EN

This paper presents a 3D finite element analysis of the effect caused by a blast inside a reinforced concrete tunnel. The simulated explosion was caused by the crash of a heavy vehicle transporting inflammable material (LPG). The finite element technique was used to analyze the structural problems on the tunnel reinforced concrete structure considering the fire action and the subsequent explosion (blast) effect, incorporating appropriate material models. Through FEM software the tunnel behavior was described with regard to structural safety. Indeed, tunnels must be designed to withstand damage factors, so it is desirable that if such an explosion did occur, the tunnel should be able to return to service in safety as soon as possible with minor repairs. Therefore, following the presented analysis, the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and the damage of the structure could be identified. The simulation involved aspects of thermal analysis and structural problems and the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature caused by the fire and by the blast overpressure were analyzed. Following this approach, the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and damage of structure can be identified and appropriate preventive measures can be designated.

7

Zabezpieczenia transformatorów olejowych przed wybuchem

Jobczyk Michael T.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2020

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R. 88, nr 9

10--13

PL

Transformator to urządzenie służące do przemieszczania energii elektrycznej pomiędzy obwodami. Ponieważ do jego chłodzenia używa się oleju transformatorowego, który jest substancją łatwopalną, w przypadku awarii może być bardzo niebezpieczny. Odpowiedzią na pytanie, czy istnieje skuteczny sposób na zabezpieczenia transformatora, tak aby nie stwarzał zagrożenia - jest Sergi Transformer Protector – najnowocześniejszy system bezpieczeństwa tego typu na rynku.

EN

A transformer is a device used to move electricity between circuits. As transformer oil, which is a flammable, is used to cool it, it can be very dangerous in the event of a failure. Is there an effective way to protect the transformer so that it does not pose a threat? The answer is Sergi Transformer Protector – the most modern safety system of its kind on the market.

8

Trudna akcja ratownicza po eksplozji w Bejrucie

Feltynowski Mariusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 9

1269--1272

9

Katastrofa w Bejrucie a zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa publicznego w Polsce wynikające z produkcji i stosowania azotanu(V) amonu

Biskupski Andrzej, Borowik Mieczysław

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 9

1265--1268

10

Application of explosion treatment methods for production Items of powder materials

Dragobetskii Volodymyr, Zagirnyak Valentyna, Shlyk Sergii, Shapoval Aleksandr, Naumova Olena

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

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R. 95, nr 5

39--42

EN

The article gives the peculiarities of the compaction of the sintered powder blanks at a high impact energy effect by the hot isostatic pressing, intensive plastic deformation twist extrusion and explosion pressing. The ways of increase of the mechanical properties of powder parts are shown. The results of the experimental researches on the explosive compacting from the tested powder blanks after preliminary sintering are given.

PL

W artykule podano specyfikę zagęszczania spiekanych półfabrykatów proszkowych przy silnym wpływie energii uderzenia przez gorące prasowanie izostatyczne, intensywne odkształcenie plastyczne, wytłaczanie skrętne i wytłaczanie eksplozyjne. Pokazano sposoby zwiększania mechanicznych właściwości części proszkowych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych zagęszczania eksplozyjnego badanych półfabrykatów proszkowych po wstępnym spiekaniu.

11

Zagrożenie zniszczenia infrastruktury miejskiej na skutek możliwej przypadkowej eksplozji podczas poszukiwań „złotego pociągu”

Lidner M., Sobczyk K.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2018

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R. 89, nr 11

51--54

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nieopisany w mediach kontekst poszukiwań „złotego pociągu” w odniesieniu do aspektów zagrożeń okolicznej infrastruktury miejskiej w sytuacji ewentualnej przypadkowej eksplozji materiałów wybuchowych. Rozważono uwarunkowania społeczno-historyczno-wojskowe, które skutkowały przyjęciem konkretnych założeń analiz inżynierskich. Zidentyfikowano układy konstrukcyjne okolicznych obiektów budowlanych i określono, jakie skutki dla tych obiektów może wywołać ewentualny wybuch wewnątrz tunelu.

EN

The paper presents the context of search for the „gold train” in relation to the aspects of a threat for the surrounding urban infrastructure in the event of an accidental explosion of explosive materials. This topic so far has not been described in the media. The article examines the socio-historical and military conditions which constituted the basis for specific assumptions of engineering analyses. The paper also identifies constructional systems of surrounding building facilities and determines the effects which a possible explosion inside the tunnel may cause for these facilities.

12

Risk assessment screening study for fire, explosion and toxicity effects of hydrocarbons stored in a sphere and bullet

Behari N., Noga M.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

47--57

EN

A fast and economical approach was used to assess impact of fires, explosions and toxicity for a LPG gas storage facility using Fire Explosion and Chemical (FEC) Indices, the TNT and TNO multi energy methods, which are part of a process hazard analysis study. The assessment identified high consequence events for radiation, toxicity and overpressure due to catastrophic rupture of spheres and bullets holding LPG. The FEC Indices indicated that further investigation was needed to determine the extent of blast overpressure whereas toxicity was not identified as a high consequence. The TNO method was used to assess overpressure for congested volumes and unconfined vapour cloud explosions for a bullet, whereas the TNT method was used to predict overpressure occurring on a sphere with no congestion. The FEC indices can be used to screen for high consequence events in order to save time and identify the level of risk complexity needed for process equipment, whereas the TNO method can be easily applied when determining safety distances from LPG facilities for various building constructions provided that the degree of congestion is known.

13

Numerical analysis of the risk of neck injuries caused by IED explosion under the vehicle in military environments

Mackiewicz A., Będziński R., Sławiński G., Niezgoda T.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 4

258--264

EN

As a result of an explosion under a military vehicle, the risk of threat to life and health of the crew increases. Examination of this event in terms of the security of soldiers comes down to a complex analysis of the mutual interaction of the body of a soldier, seating and structural elements of the vehicle. As a result, shock wave impacts can cause tremor resulting from the construction of the vehicle and acceleration of the passenger's body. This study attempts to analyze the impact of an explosion of an improvised explosive device (IED) under the military vehicle with the risk of cervical spine injuries of soldiers. The analysis was carried out using numerical methods in the LS-DYNA program and was carried out taking into account the variable displacement values and acceleration recorded during the\ explosion. The study used a model of the body of a soldier in the form of a Hybrid III 50th Male Dummy.

14

Reducing the effects of an explosion with using of various bottom structures

Droppa P., Halgaš P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2015

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z. 3/103

47--51

EN

The article is oriented to the problems of anti mine security. It focuses on the external protection system of vehicles. This system includes mainly a reflection of pressure wave and absorbs the bulk of the energy applied to the vehicle. It also prevents the penetration of the pressure and fragments into the interior of the vehicle. The article deals with the possibilities of using different vehicle bottom structures for increased blast protection. These ways of protection are simulated by using software LS-DYNA. The software works based on the finite element method. The article offer summarized results for various construction solutions and evaluation of their use for older versions of military vehicles, which are still in use.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia do problemy ochrony przed wybuchem miny. Koncentruję się na zewnętrznym systemie ochrony pojazdów. System ten obejmuje przede wszystkim odbicie fali uderzeniowej oraz pochłanianie znacznej części energii skierowanej w głąb pojazdu. Zapobiega to także przedostawaniu się ciśnienia i fragmentów do wnętrza pojazdu. Artykuł dotyczy możliwości wykorzystania różnych struktur podłogi pojazdu w celu zwiększenia ochrony przed wybuchem. Przedstawione sposoby ochrony były symulowane przy użyciu oprogramowania LS-DYNA, .bazując na metodzie elementów skończonych. Podsumowując artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań dla różnych rozwiązań 51 konstrukcyjnych i ocenę ich zastosowania do starszych wersji pojazdów wojskowych, które są nadal w użyciu.

15

Tłumienie wybuchów w przemyśle chemicznym

Porowski R., Wnęk W.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 4

605-607

PL

Przedstawiono opis działania systemów tłumienia wybuchów w przemyśle chemicznym wraz z krótką charakterystyką poszczególnych elementów tych systemów. Dokonano przeglądu dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy w tym zakresie i wyników badań doświadczalnych, jak również wskazano na najważniejsze zasady projektowania systemów tłumienia wybuchów.

EN

A brief review, with 9 refs., of methods and devices used for suppresion of gas and dust explosions.

16

Zastosowanie systemu ochrony przeciwwybuchowej Transformer Protector na przykładzie realizacji projektu budowy zespołu transformatorów TOBNLa 156000/240 i TONRLa 6000/13,8

Kulik A., Maternik-Demontoux M., Wilk M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2015

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R. 91, nr 10

82-88

PL

W referacie, na przykładzie realizacji produkcji zespołu transformatorów TOBNLa 156000/240 i TONRLa 6000/13,8 przez EthosEnergy Poland S.A. dla Elektrowni Szczytowo-Pompowej Porąbka-Żar, przedstawiono implementację i techniczną realizację systemu ochrony przeciwwybuchowej TRANSFORMER PROTECTOR (TP) firmy SERGI. Przedstawiono ideę i sposób działania systemu TP oraz poszczególne fazy realizacji projektu, od procesu uzgodnień technicznych poprzez montaż, testy, do procesu uruchomienia transformatorów z zainstalowanym systemem przeciwwybuchowym w jego pierwszej instalacji w Polsce.

EN

This paper presents implementation and technical realization, by EthosEnergy Poland S.A., of the anti-explosion technology TRANSFORMER PROTECTOR (TP) produced by SERGI France, on the example of the TOBNLa 156000/240 and TONRLa 6000/13,8 transformers unit. Conception and modes of work of the TP as well as all the phases of the project, from technical discussions with the client, trough assembly, tests to commissioning of the transformers with the first SERGI technology were described.

17

Validation of the pressure wave model in the aspect of special structures endurance

Barnat W.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

707--716

EN

The article presents results of the research on the validation of impact wave in the aspect of special structures’ endurance. Impact waves have been examined according to numerical and analytical methods. In order to verify the results obtained, a workstation for experimental research had been prepared. Before conducting the experiment, approximate pressure value had been checked empirically. The pressure had been measured using sensors for free wave measurements. The topic of the paper is empirical examination of the phenomenon of explosion in the aspect of the free wave pressure. Due to a difficulty of the issue, it was necessary to conduct complex examination of the phenomenon for various charges. The paper examines cases of spherical charge explosions with a balanced mass of 1 kg TNT.

18

A parametric study on the mechanical performance of buried X65 steel pipelines under subsurface detonation

Mokhtari M., Alavi Nia A.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, no. 3

668--679

EN

Existing studies on the response of buried steel pipelines to explosion generally concern finding safe distance of explosion where pipeline does not undergo plastic deformation while intentional explosions impose intense deformations on steel pipelines. In order to address this gap, the present investigation is carried out numerically dealing with the response of buried API 5L grade X65 pipelines to a nearby sever explosion due to sabotage or war. Furthermore, the effects of the pipeline diameter-to-thickness ratio and internal pressure on this response were investigated numerically. A combined Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method was adopted to develop a full-coupled 3D finite element model. Employing simplified Johnson-Cook material model to simulate mechanical behavior of steel pipelines and considering air in the model increased the simulation accuracy. The results from present study were compared with those of recent investigations and good agreements were observed. The results show that, the amount of deformation and consequently the value of maximum equivalent strain of pipelines decrease with either increase in operating pressure or decrease in diameter-to-thickness ratio; however, the effect of pipeline internal pressure was far more than diameter-to-thickness ratio. The results obtained from the present study can be used for improvement in protective design of steel pipelines.

19

Zabezpieczenie transformatorów olejowych przed wybuchem: eksperymenty i symulacje

Landis B., Muller S., Perigaud G., Petrovan-Boiarciuc M., Ahmed O. K., Yoon S.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2013

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R. 59, nr 2

176--182

PL

Eksplozje transformatorów olejowych są powodowane przez łuk elektryczy. W przeciągu milisekund łuk doprowadza do odparowania otaczającego go oleju a wygenerowany gaz znajduje się pod ciśnieniem ponieważ inercja oleju zapobiega jego ekspansji. To doprowadza do niebezpiecznych eksplozji, kosztownych awarii i ewentualnego zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Podczas gdy mury ochronne otaczające transformator mogą zahamować eksplozje a tryskacze zagasić wywołany pożar niniejszy dokument przedstawia strategię, która zapobiega eksplozji kadzi transformatora.

EN

Oil-filled transformer explosions are caused by electrical arc occurring in transformer tanks. Within milliseconds, arc vaporizes the surrounding oil and the generated gas is pressurized as the liquid inertia prevents its expansion. The pressure difference between the gas bubble and the surrounding oil generates pressure waves, which propagate and interact with the tank. The reflections of the pressure waves build up the static pressure, which rises and leads to the tank rupture since tanks are not designed to withstand such levels of static pressure. This results in dangerous explosions, expensive damages and possible environmental pollution. The current paper presents a strategy to prevent the transformer tank rupture. Once an electrical fault occurs, the fast depressurization of the tank is induced by quick oil evacuation to a reservoir in order to prevent the tank explosion. To evaluate the efficiency of this strategy, experiments and computer simulations are used. The experiments were performed on large scale transformers equipped with the protection. They confirmed that the protection prevents the explosion. Besides, simulations of the consequences of an electrical arc occurring in a 200 MVA transformer geometry were run and again, they confirmed that the static pressure increase can be prevented by a quick oil evacuation triggered by the first dynamic pressure peak generated by the electrical arc.

20

Matematičeskoe modelirovanie naprâžennogo sostoâniâ šahtnoj vzryvoustojčivoj peremyčki

Ageyev V. G., Mariychuk I. Ph.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

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2013

|

Nr 3

33--39

EN

Objective: Determination of the principal technical characteristic of the explosion-stable mine stopping with embrasure pipes, i.e. thickness, depending on mechanical characteristics of the material, cross-sectional area and disposition depth of a mine working and external loads. Methods: The theoretical method of investigation of the stress state of the explosion-stable mine stopping being erected by the mine rescuers from gypsum with the use of one of the basic numerical methods of the solution of the boundary problems of the elasticity theory, i.e. the variation method, is applied. Results: The mathematical model of the deflected mode of the explosion-stable mine stopping with embrasure pipes represented in the form of a thick plate with a radius of curvature changing according to the parabolic dependence under the influence of the normal and pressure load, and its three edges are fixed and the fourth one is free, is worked out; the distributions of the tensions in the stopping according to the relative coordinates depending on its thickness, mechanical characteristics of gypsum, acting loads, cross-section area and disposition depth of the mine working are received; the strength of the stopping with one embrasure pipe of 0.8 m radius is ensured in the mine working with the cross-section area from 4...30 m2 and with such two tubes - in the mine working with the cross-section area of 8 m2; the values of the stopping thicknesses received by the use of the mathematical model worked out are by 14 per cent lower on average than the values adduced in normative documents. Conclusions: The mathematical model of the deflected mode of the explosion-stable mine stopping worked out allowed the scientific substantiation of its principal technical characteristic, i.e. thickness, depending on mechanical characteristics of the material, loading conditions, cross-section area and disposition depth of the mine working, what will guarantee the safe operation of the mine rescuers and cost reduction by erection of the stoppings as a result of accident elimination by the explosions in the coal mines.

PL

Cel: Określenie podstawowej charakterystyki technicznej, stosowanej w kopalniach tamy przeciwwybuchowej z rurami wentylacyjnymi tj. grubości przy uwzględnieniu mechanicznych właściwości materiału, przekroju powierzchni i głębokości wyrobisk oraz oddziaływania sił zewnętrznych. Metody: Metoda teoretyczna badania stanu naprężania i odkształcenia, stosowanej w kopalniach przeciwwybuchowej tamy wentylacyjnej wznoszonej przez ratowników górniczych z gipsu, została zastosowana z użyciem jednej z podstawowych metod numerycznych – rozwiązania zadań brzegowych w teorii sprężystości – metody wariacyjnej. Wyniki: Opracowano model matematyczny stanu naprężenia i odkształcenia przeciwwybuchowej tamy z rurami wentylacyjnymi. Model przedstawia tamę w formie grubej płyty o promieniu krzywizny zmieniającym się według parabolicznej zależności, pod wpływem przyłożonych sił normalnych i naprężenia. Trzy końce tamy są sztywno umocowane, czwarty zaś luźno. W wyniku analizy otrzymano rozłożenie naprężenia w tamie w zależności od jej grubości, mechanicznych właściwości gipsu, sił oddziałujących, powierzchni i głębokości wyrobisk. Wytrzymałość tamy wentylacyjnej z jedną rurą o średnicy 0,8 m jest zapewniona w wyrobisku o przekroju powierzchni od 4 do 30 m2, a przy dwóch rurach – o powierzchni 8m2. Wartości opisujące grubość tam, otrzymane przy wykorzystaniu opracowanego modelu matematycznego, są w przybliżeniu o 14% niższe od wartości podanych w dokumentach normatywnych. Wnioski: Opracowany model matematyczny stanu naprężenia i odkształcenia, stosowanej w kopalniach odpornej na wybuchy tamy pozwolił na naukowe uzasadnienie jej podstawowej technicznej charakterystyki – wartości niezbędnej grubości w zależności od mechanicznych charakterystyk materiału, warunków obciążenia, przekroju powierzchni i głębokości rozmieszczenia wyrobiska, jaka umożliwi bezpieczną pracę ratowników górniczych i redukcję kosztów przy stawianiu tam wentylacyjnych w celu likwidacji awarii przy eksplozjach w kopalniach węgla.