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1

Effect of pretreatment of Bacillus subtilis biomass on biosorption and its real time application

Chintalapudi Vinay Kumar, Kanamarlapudi Ramya Krishna S.L., Mallu Useni Reddy, Muddada Sudhamani

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2021

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Vol. 23, nr 1

16--24

EN

The research study investigated the biosorption behavior of Pb(II) ions by treated and untreated biomass of B. subtilis. At initial biosorption conditions, the biosorption efficiency was found to be 36.75%. At the optimized experimental conditions, control biomass showed maximum biosorption efficiency of 58.04% where the biomass was treated with different chemicals. The biomass treated with formaldehyde showed the highest efficiency of 80.9% which was further optimized and attained maximum efficiency of 89.8% for Pb(II) ions. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDX (Energy dispersive X- ray) analysis evaluates the structural and elemental changes that occurred as a result of biosorption. Functional groups that are involved in biosorption were revealed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). Kinetic data showed the best fit with the pseudo second-order model. Effective removal of lead ions from industrial contaminated water sources by pretreatment biomass of B. subtilis elucidates its potential use as biosorbent for metal remediation.

2

Economic, social and environmental impacts attained by the use of the effluents generated within a small-scale biorefinery concept

Lopes Tiago F., Łukasik Rafał M.

Acta Innovations

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2020

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no. 36

57--63

EN

Biorefineries are emerging as the proper route to defeat climate change and other social, socio-economic and environmental concerns. So far, no residual lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries have been yet industrially implemented, mainly due to its economic viability. This article exposes some elements that may help overcome the bottlenecks associated to its social, economic and environmental sustainability: small-scale approaches, biomass valorisation through added-value products and near-zero effluent.

3

Monitoring of Organic Micropollutants in Effluents as Crucial Tool in Sustainable Development

Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria, Wiśniowska Ewa, Popenda Agnieszka

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2018

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Vol. 13, nr 2

191--198

EN

Water resources are crucial issues in sustainable development. From an economic perspective lack of clean water leads to long-lasting effects on human capital and growth. The key problem is to what extent can we give up on the economic growth to preserve the natural resources for future generations. Progress in monitoring will be critical in ensure to achieving sustainable development goals. However monitoring of the status quo is not the only strategy. The better one is monitoring of pollutants discharging in order to prevent or at least to limit their amounts. At present, the afore mentioned monitoring is not carried out with respect to municipal effluents despite the fact that these contaminants are found in the treated wastewater and should be monitored to avoid pollution of surface waters. The types of micropollutants that should be monitored have to be chosen individually for each wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) depending to local conditions that allows to fullfill the tasks in sustainable development. Recent changes in Polish legislations relying on which organic micropollutants are considered when classification of surface and underground water is made, are the proper directions.

PL

Zasoby wodne są kluczowym elementem zrównoważonego rozwoju. Z punktu widzenia ekonomii brak czystej wody prowadzi do długofalowych skutków dla rozwoju i wzrostu ludzkości. Kluczowym pytaniem jest co można zrobić, aby rozwój ekonomiczny odbywał się w sposób pozwalający na zachowanie zasobów naturalnych dla przyszłych pokoleń? Postęp w sposobie monitorowania będzie krytyczny dla sprawdzenia i oceny stopnia realizacji celów zrównoważonego rozwoju. Monitorowanie stanu istniejącego nie jest odpowiednio skuteczną metodą. Lepszą strategią jest monitorowanie zrzutów zanieczyszczeń, tak aby można było im zapobiegać lub je ograniczać. Obecnie tego rodzaju monitoring nie jest stosowany w odniesieniu do odpływów z oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych pomimo tego, że wyniki badań wskazują, że organiczne mikrozanieczyszczenia występują powszechnie w oczyszczonych ściekach. Z tego względu należałoby wprowadzić obowiązek monitorowania stężeń wybranych mikrozanieczyszczeń w ściekach oczyszczonych. Zakres monitoringu powinien być dobrany indywidualnie dla każdej oczyszczalni ścieków w zależności od lokalnych czynników, co pozwoli na realizację zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju. Dobrym kierunkiem jest natomiast wprowadzony w Polsce obowiązek monitorowania wybranych organicznych mikrozanieczyszczeń w wodach powierzchniowych i podziemnych.

4

Kinetics of photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using N, S co-doped TiO2 nano-crystallite decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode

Cui Y., Deng X., Ma Q., Zhang H., Cheng X., Li X., Xie M., Cheng Q., Li B.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 2

117-130

EN

As a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, was commonly used as analgesic, antiarthritic and antirheumatic, and has frequently been detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) effluents and demonstrated to be potentially environmental risk on human beings. In the present study, N, S co-doped TiO2 nano-crystallites decorated TiO2 nano-tube arrays (N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs) photoelectrode was used to degrade diclofenac containing wastewater. In addition, the effects of some critical parameters including initial pH, external positive potential, sodium sulfate concentration and initial diclofenac concentration on the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of diclofenac containing wastewater and dynamic characteristics were investigated systematically. Results showed that N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs photoelectrode exhibited high PEC efficiency for the degradation of diclofenac, in which the PEC processes fitted well with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model. Furthermore, external additional anions such as Cl–, ClO– and NO3 – played an important role in inhibiting the degradation of diclofenac. Also, the N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs photoelectrode possessed good stability for consecutive applications for degradation of diclofenac, which could potentially be utilized in wastewater treatment.

5

Failure of the side-stream deammonification process. Risk of violation of the WWTP effluent quality

Janiak J., Miodoński S., Muszyński-Huhajło M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 2

169--179

EN

Stable and efficient nitrogen removal is one of main goals of wastewater treatment. Applying deammonification, beyond many advantages, results in the risk of the WWTP effluent quality violation in case of the failure of the process. Then nitrogen load to activated sludge is increasing rapidly which could therefore lead to quality violation in activated sludge effluent. Simulation studies have been presented on the effect of deammonification failure on nitrogen removal performance in the case of a typical, medium sized WWTP (ca. 115 000 PE). The studies were based on the calibrated ASMI model of real WWTP and a fictional scenario of implementing deammonification and subsequent failure. Implementing deammonification enables SR T optimization of the sludge retention time (SRT) in its main line thanks to lower nitrogen load. Two scenarios have been shown, considering or not optimization of the SRT in WWTP. The results show that SRT optimization leads to decrease in nitrifier mass and raises difficult issues in appropriate nitrogen concentration in the effluent.

6

Effect of the two-stage thermal disintegration and anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge on the COD fractions

Ciaciuch A., Gaca J., Lelewer K.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2017

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Vol. 19, nr 3

130--135

EN

The research presents the changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractions during the two-stage thermal disintegration and anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Four COD fractions have been separated taking into account the solubility of substrates and their susceptibility to biodegradation: inert soluble organic matter SI, readily biodegradable substrate SS, slowly biodegradable substrates XS and inert particulate organic material XI. The results showed that readily biodegradable substrates SS (46.8% of total COD) and slowly biodegradable substrates XS (36.1% of total COD) were dominant in the raw sludge effluents. In sewage effluents after two-stage thermal disintegration, the percentage of SS fraction increased to 90% of total COD and percentage of XS fraction decreased to 8% of total COD. After AD, percentage of SS fraction in total COD decreased to 64%, whereas the percentage of other fractions in effluents increased.

7

Upgrading the effluent quality of an aerated lagoon with horizontal roughing filtration

Nabizadeh R., Naddafi K., Khazaei M., Fard R. F., Izanloo H., Yavari Z.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 3

121--136

EN

Removal of suspended solids and microorganisms from an aerated lagoon effluent with a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) was investigated. The aerated lagoon receives Qom municipal wastewater. The HRF was operated at three filtration rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m3/(m2·h) during four month operation period. The measured values of turbidity, TSS, COD, pH, temperature and flow rate of HRF at the former filtration rate were 79±12 NTU, 100±11 mg/dm3, 190±12 mg/dm3, 7±0.1 °C, 17±8 °C and 0.82 dm3/min, respectively. The differences between inlet and outlet values of pH and temperature were not significant (P > 0.05). Measures turbidity, TSS and COD in HRF final effluent were 15±13.7 NTU, 37±295 mg/dm3, 64±39.7 mg/dm3, respectively, which corresponds to 81.1%, 63% and 66.3% removal efficiencies, respectively. A decrease of removal efficiency was observed upon increasing filtration rates. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the head-loss and removal efficiencies ranged from 0.578 to 0.968 pointing to a direct relationship. Results of modeling approach revealed appropriate compliance between the values of the observed and predicted TSS for higher filtration rates.

8

Comparison of effectiveness of advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by sorption and nanofiltration. Separate processes and integrated systems

Bohdziewicz J., Kamińska G., Pawlyta M., Łukowiec D.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 2

119--132

EN

The feasibility of effluent treatment in separate processes and in integrated systems has been compared. In the sorption process, carbon nanotubes were used in a pressure installation, enabling execution of the process of sorption with nanofiltration in a cross-flow system. Evaluation of treatment effects based on the measurement of typical pollution parameters (COD, TOC, phenolic index, forms of nitrogen and phosphorus) and concentration of bisphenol A. The results show poor feasibility of sorption as a process for advanced treatment of municipal effluent. Effluent polishing in integrated sorption-nanofiltration systems, however, guaranteed high removal rates of organic and inorganic pollutants.

9

Pollution discharge Scenario of Oil and Surfactants Manufacturing Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

Singare P. U., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

32-39

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to oil and surfactants manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The maximum concentration of majority of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Fe were recorded as 13.48, 3.90, 13.30, 1.75 and 15.89 ppm respectively, which were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The maximum pH and conductivity values of the industrial waste water effluent were recorded as 10.05 and 27800 μmhos/cm respectively. The majority of physico-chemical parameters like chloride, cyanide, phosphate and total solid content were found to be maximum in the month of March having the respective values of 2340, 0.09, 35.2 and 8755 ppm. The effluent samples collected in the month of May was found to have low DO content of 3.33 ppm and high BOD content of 643 ppm. The alkalinity and COD values were reported to be maximum of 1988 and 4410 ppm respectively in the month of February. The hardness and salinity content was reported maximum of 131 and 5.76 ppm during the month of December and June respectively. The results of present research work indicates that time has come to move towards ecosystem specific discharge standards to maintain the health and productivity of natural resources on which the majority of Indians are dependent.

10

Batch and Column Adsorption of BOD and COD in vegetable oil industry effluents Using Activated Carbon from Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia, Occidentalis. Hook. F) Seed Shell

Wirnkor V. A., Amonia B.O., Ngozi V. E.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 20, iss. 1

64--77

EN

The use of waste to reduce pollution has been advocated by many researchers. In this study five samples of physically prepared fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbons (PFACs) prepared elsewhere were successfully used in reducing Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vegetable oil industry effluents (VOIE). BOD readings of effluent were measured using the Lovibon BOD IR Sensomat while COD was determined by use of PCcheckit COD Vario (Lovibond) consisting of PCcheckit COD Vario photometer and COD reactor ET 108 model. Batch adsorption had better performance (BOD and COD removal of 52 % to 83 %) over column adsorption (BOD5 and COD removal of 35 % to 86 %). Batch adsorption gave better BOD and COD reduction. Though BOD and COD removal varied widely with carbon dose, pH, temperature and contact time the effects of theses factors investigated in the reduction of BOD and COD were complex and difficult to streamlined.

11

Improving the operation of the full scale wastewater treatment plant with use of a complex activated sludge model

Liwarska-Bizukojc E., Biernacki R., Gendaszewska D., Ledakowicz S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 1

183--195

EN

A complex activated sludge model implemented in BioWin software has been implemented to assure its predictability and improve the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment in the full-scale plant in Poland. The influence of temperature and sludge retention time (SRT) on the quality of the effluent was also studied. The calibration was successfully performed according to the Good Modelling Practice Unified (GMP) protocol. Five parameters at a steady state and ten under dynamic conditions were calibrated. It occurred that in the studied wastewater treatment plant SRT should be kept at the low level sufficient to sustain nitrification.

12

History, structure and deterioration of sewerage system in Wroclaw

Kutyłowska M., Hotloś H.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 38, nr 3

145--157

EN

The sewerage system is a vital component of all wastewater disposal structures. The architecture of buried municipal networks differs significantly depending on the considered city, local subsurface conditions and terrain configuration. History and characterization of sewerage system in Wroclaw which is gravitational with pressure elements (pumping stations, pressure sewers) has been presented. The total length of gravitational sewers equals to ca. 1700 km, including 1300 km combined and separate sanitary sewers as well as 400 km storm water sewers under administration of Wroclaw Municipal Water and Sewerage Systems Company only since 2010. The data about amount of wastewater and recorded failures of gravitational sewers in 2006-2008 have been collated and analyzed. The amount of wastes gathering by combined and separate sanitary sewers was equal to 43-47 million m3per year, and the average indicator of sewage effluent recalculated per one citizen of Wroclaw agglomeration equaled ca. 0.178 m3 per one day. On average per one month, the number of sewers' damages was in the range 7.3-8.3, and the average failure rate per one year and one kilometer of network length (without storm water sewers) equaled 0.07.

13

Pilot study on chemical industrial wastewater in tertiary treatment with biofilm for washing belts

Liu J.-M., Xu Y., Zhu Z.-R., Qiao S.-Y.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 37, nr 1

93-104

EN

The biochemical characteristics of chemical secondary effluent of the wastewater treatment plant of Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation have higher residual concentration of CODcr and NH3-N, and lower residual concentration of BOD5 and alkalinity. These biochemical characteristics of chemical secondary effluent in tertiary treatment were studied with a pilot system of biological contact aerators (BCAs) to meet national discharged limits and requirements for washing belts, particularly to meet national limits of ammonia and benzene substances, etc. in the air of a workshop. The highest removal efficiency was obtained in the BCAs system and a scientific basis of reference was provided for reforming the system of pulse flocculated clarifier which can constitute a new approach in tertiary wastewater treatment for washing belts.

14

Zastosowanie metod pogłębionego utleniania do degradacji związków ligniny zawartych w ściekach z przemysłu celulozowo-papierniczego

Michniewicz M., Jagiełła A., Ledakowicz S.

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2007

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R. 63, nr 8

483-486

PL

Ścieki z zakładów celulozowo-papierniczych mogą stanowić poważne źródło zanieczyszczenia wód. Wody poprocesowe, tzw. ścieki surowe, przed oczyszczeniem charakteryzują się wysokim wskaźnikiem chemicznego zapotrzebowania tlenu (ChZT) a także zawierają związki toksyczne dla organizmów wodnych. Znaczną część zawartego w ściekach celulozowo-papierniczych materiału organicznego, odpowiedzialnego za wysokie ChZT, stanowią tzw. związki ligninowe. Pozytywne efekty badań, dotyczące zastosowania ozonu i innych metod pogłębionego utleniania do ich degradacji wskazują na możliwość skutecznego usuwania tych związków ze ścieków.

EN

Effluents from pulp and paper production processes can make a serious pollution source for water receivers. They often have high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and contain compounds which are toxic for water organisms. Lignin compounds are mainly responsible for high COD and naturally occurring wood extractives are responsible for toxicity. In the present study the degradation of lignin compounds by means of ozonation and UV radiation has been investigated.

15

Wpływ składowiska odpadów komunalnych w Jaworkach na jakość wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych

Twardy S., Jaguś A

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2001

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T. 1, z. 1

159--171

PL

Badano oddziaływanie składowiska odpadów komunalnych dla gminy Szczawnica na skład chemiczny wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Składowisko zlokalizowane jest w Jaworkach, w niezamieszkałej dolinie Potoku Starego. Stwierdzono, że skład chemiczny wód powierzchniowych w Potoku Starym jest podobny zarówno w przekroju przed, jak i za składowiskiem, natomiast wód podziemnych zróżnicowany w zależności od usytuowania piezometrów względem składowiska i układu warstw geologicznych. Wody podziemne wykazywały lokalnie antropogeniczne zanieczyszczenie.

EN

The studies were performed in the hydrologic years of 1998–1999. They dealt with the impact of municipal waste dump on quality of surface and ground waters. The dumping ground is localised in an uninhabited mountain valley, near tourist and Szczawnica spa municipality. During the research, the site had no structural facilities, which isolated wastes from the contact with soil and water environment. Recognized hydrogeological conditions indicated the possibility of contaminants spreading. Chemical analyses were made of surface waters of a stream flowing in the vicinity of the site as well as of ground waters collected from piezometers localised around the dumping place. The pH and content of N–NH4, N–NO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl-, SO42- were determined. Precipitation was measured during the studies to estimate the size of effluents. Unfavourable impact of waste dump on aquatic environment was found to be restricted to the pollution of ground waters in piezometers located in the zone of stream bed. This was a resultant of morphological and geological conditions determining migration of the effluents. The magnitude of contamination did not correspond to the variability of hydrometeorological conditions in the watershed. No negative impact of waste dump on surface waters was found. In the control sections upstream and downstream of the dumping place their quality, in the range of conducted works, met requirements of 1st purity class.