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1
Content available The usage of smart sprinkler system in smart home
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this publication is to present the usage of smart sprinkler system in smart homes. Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic. Findings: The integration of a Smart Sprinkler System within the context of a Smart Home represents a groundbreaking convergence of technology and water management, reshaping conventional approaches to lawn care and irrigation. This innovative system epitomizes a seamless fusion of convenience, efficiency, and sustainability in the modern landscape of home automation. Operating on real-time data and intelligent algorithms, the Smart Sprinkler System ensures precise water usage by dynamically adapting to environmental changes, avoiding over-watering or under-watering, and aligning with conservation efforts. The publication emphasizes the system's connectivity, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote control and integration into smart home ecosystems. Notable features include energy efficiency, aesthetics enhancement, and integration with other devices. While the advantages are evident, the accompanying tables comprehensively detail key features, advantages, and potential challenges, providing a nuanced perspective for homeowners and highlighting the ongoing evolution of these systems in advancing sustainable, efficient, and connected living experiences. Originality/Value: Detailed analysis of all subjects related to the problems connected with the usage of smart sprinkler system in smart home.
2
Content available The usage of smart locks in smart home
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this publication is to present the usage of smart doorbells in smart locks. Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic. Findings: The integration of smart locks into the fabric of smart homes represents a groundbreaking advancement, reshaping the dynamics of security and convenience. These intelligent locks have surpassed traditional mechanisms, ushering in an era where digital authentication and advanced features redefine how individuals secure and engage with their living spaces. Smart locks empower homeowners with unparalleled control and accessibility, eliminating the need for physical keys and introducing heightened security through encryption and biometric identification. Emphasizing their pivotal role in smart homes, the publication highlights the ability of smart locks to remotely monitor and control access, providing unprecedented flexibility, especially in scenarios involving trusted individuals. The seamless integration of smart locks within the broader smart home ecosystem fosters an interconnected environment, enabling holistic automation and enhancing user experience and energy efficiency. While acknowledging challenges such as vulnerabilities and power dependency, the publication underscores the vast advantages of smart locks, ranging from enhanced security to increased home resale value. Tables 1, 2, and 3 provide a comprehensive overview of key features, advantages, and challenges, serving as a valuable guide for navigating the evolving landscape of smart home security. As technology advances, smart locks continue to shape the future of residential living, fortifying the boundaries between physical and digital security. Originality/Value: Detailed analysis of all subjects related to the problems connected with the usage of smart locks in smart home.
PL
Problem dostępu do czystej wody na świecie staje się coraz bardziej poważny. Rozwój nowych zasobów wodnych jest kluczowy dla zapewnienia wystarczającej ilości wody pitnej dla ludzi i zwierząt, a także do zaspokojenia potrzeb przemysłowych, rolniczych i innych sektorów gospodarki. Istnieje wiele innowacyjnych rozwiązań, które mogą pomóc w rozwiązaniu tego problemu. Destylacja membranowa (ang. membrane distillation, MD) to obiecująca technologia odsalania wody morskiej ze względu na zdolność przetwarzania wód o wysokim zasoleniu i możliwość wykorzystania ciepła odpadowego lub alternatywnych źródeł energii. Jednakże, praktyczne zastosowania membran do MD są ograniczone przez niski przepływ pary wodnej i problem z porastaniem i zanieczyszczeniami na membranie. Z tego powodu, w ostatnim czasie wzrosło zainteresowanie opracowywaniem nowych materiałów membranowych o zwiększonej hydrofobowości w celu poprawy wydajności odsalania. Niniejsza praca, przedstawia przegląd danych literaturowych dotyczących destylacji membranowej, możliwości jej zastosowania i szans na jej transformację zgodnie z zasadami zielonej chemii i zrównoważonego rozwoju.
PL
W artykule omówiono planowane kierunki zmian sektora energetycznego wskazywane przez politykę klimatyczną Unii Europejskiej i ich wpływ na sektor budownictwa. Przedstawiono rolę efektywności energetycznej, bezemisyjnych technologii energetycznych oraz współpracy transportu, energetyki i budownictwa na rzecz neutralności klimatycznej UE.
EN
The article discusses the planned directions of changes in the energy sector indicated by the European Union’s climate policy and their impact on the construction sector. The role of energy efficiency, emission-free energy technologies and cooperation between transport, energy and construction for the EU’s climate neutrality was presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy ekonomicznej działań koniecznych do wdrożenia w celu spełnienia wymagań wynikających z aktualizacji programu budownictwa socjalnego i komunalnego (BSK). Wymagania te dotyczą pożądanego standardu energetycznego dla którego wartość wskaźnika rocznego zapotrzebowania na nieodnawialną energię pierwotną EP nie może przekraczać 52 kWh/(m2rok). Przeanalizowano łącznie 25 wariantów technicznych, w tym jeden pierwotnie zaprojektowany, z czego sześć w zakresie architektonicznym, osiem w zakresie instalacji sanitarnych oraz dziesięć w zakresie instalacji pozyskujących energię odnawialną. Najkorzystniejszymi rozwiązaniami ze względu na koszty eksploatacyjne zmienne i stałe są rozwiązania bazujące na wykorzystaniu pomp ciepła typu powietrze-woda oraz pomp ciepłą typu glikol-woda wsparte instalacją fotowoltaiczną o mocy 33,78 kWp pokrywająca całą dostępną powierzchnią dachu w przedmiotowym budynku. Roczne całkowite koszty eksploatacyjne dla tych rozwiązań są niższe od rozwiązania bazowego o odpowiednio 76,80% i 81,57%. Znaczące środki finansowe, które można uzyskać w ramach przedmiotowego programu przy uwzględnieniu dodatkowych środków w postaci uzyskania grantu OZE powoduje, że warianty bazujące na wykorzystaniu rozwiązań alternatywnych finalnie stają się tańsze o ok. 35,0% całkowitych kosztów inwestycyjnych od rozwiązania bazowego. Ta stymulacja powinna ukierunkować decydentów w kierunku podjęcia decyzji o budowie budynków energooszczędnych zgodnie z wytycznymi programu wsparcia.
EN
The article presents the results of the economic analysis of the measures necessary to implement in order to meet the requirements resulting from the update of the social and municipal housing program (BSK). These requirements apply to the desired energy standard for which the value of the annual demand for non-renewable primary energy EP cannot exceed 52 kWh/(m2year). A total of 25 technical variants were analysed, including one originally designed, of which six architectural variants, eight sanitary installations and ten renewable energy installations. The most advantageous solutions in terms of variable and fixed operating costs are solutions based on the use of air-water heat pumps and glycol-water heat pumps supported by a photovoltaic installation with a capacity of 33.78 kWp covering the entire available roof area in the building. The annual total operating costs for these solutions are lower than the base solution by 76.80% and 81.57%, accordingly. Significant financial resources that can be obtained under the program in question, taking into account additional funds in the form of obtaining a RES grant, make the variants based on the use of alternative solutions ultimately cheaper by approx. 35.0% of the total investment costs than the base solution. This stimulation should direct decision-makers towards making decisions on the construction of energy-efficient buildings in accordance with the guidelines of the support programme.
PL
Pompy ciepła to wynalazek jeszcze z XIX roku. Musiało upłynąć z górą półtora wieku, by doczekał się on szerokiej popularności, stając się hitem rynku energetycznego i nadzieją na to, by czysto i efektywnie pozyskiwać ciepło.
EN
Increasing energy efficiency will be essential to achieving the climate goals laid out in Euro-pean Union directives. This is particularly true for industries, whose share of heat and energy consumption, using Poland as an example, is about one-third of the total. This challenge has implications both in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, but also for main-taining the competitiveness of EU countries' industries in the global market. Implementation in industrial processes of energy management systems - EMS, monitoring energy key perfor-mance indicators - KPI, is a tool for making informed investment decisions, in increasing en-ergy efficiency of enterprises and industrial processes. There is the Industrial Energy Manage-ment System (IEMS), which focuses on energy efficiency in industrial processes, the Building Energy Management System (BEMS) for buildings, such as commercial buildings, and the Home Energy Management System (HEMS), which is becoming increasingly popular for residential users and small properties. The concept of measuring, or rather calculating, the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) of a man-ufacturing process is derived from the broader concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in general. The PCF is expressed in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) equivalent units, or CO2-eq. The essence of the PCF calculation is a multi-faceted approach to addressing the sources of GHG emis-sions, from the acquisition of raw materials, their processing with tools and the energy supplied to the process, through the supply chain and transport to the customer. Each of these stages generates a cost in the form of greenhouse gas equivalent (GHG) emissions to the environ-ment, and the sum of these costs is the present carbon footprint (PCF). Typically, the majority of a product's PCF comes from the extraction and pre-processing of the raw material itself.
8
Content available remote Elektromobilność 7M, 6M, 68
PL
W erze nieustannego postępu technologicznego elektromobilność staje się jednym z najbardziej fascynujących obszarów transformacji. To nie tylko sposób na redukcję emisji i troskę o środowisko, lecz prawdziwa rewolucja w sposobie myślenia o przyszłości mobilności. Elektromobilność nie oznacza wyłącznie zmiany źródła napędu pojazdów, to przejście na nowy etap transportu, oparty na zrównoważonym rozwoju, efektywności energetycznej i innowacyjności, eliminując tradycyjne paliwa kopalne. Obserwujemy jej znaczny wzrost w liczbie samochodów elektrycznych zarówno na polskich drogach, jak i na całym świecie, co potwierdza dynamiczny rozwój tego sektora. Coraz więcej osób decyduje się także na elektryczne rowery.
10
Content available remote Potencjał dekarbonizacji zabytkowej kamienicy w Warszawie
PL
Konieczność zmniejszenia udziału budownictwa w ogólnym zapotrzebowaniu na nieodnawialną energię pierwotną i minimalizacji emisji dwutlenku węgla na etapie eksploatacji budynków wymusza opracowanie planu termomodernizacji i dekarbonizacji budynków. Proces ten wymaga jednak szczególnego planowania w przypadku obiektów zabytkowych. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę stanu istniejącego i opracowano dwa warianty termomodernizacji jednej z przedwojennych, zabytkowych kamienic warszawskich przy ulicy Kopernika 23. Sprawdzono, jak zmiany w budynku mogą wpłynąć na jego efektywność energetyczną oraz emisję CO2 i innych szkodliwych substancji, a także poprawę komfortu użytkowania budynków. Głównym założeniem było zmniejszenie zapotrzebowania na nieodnawialną energię pierwotną oraz zminimalizowanie emisji CO2. W przedstawionych propozycjach wzięto również pod uwagę architekturę budynku i jego otoczenie.
EN
The need to reduce the share of construction in the overall demand for non-renewable primary energy and to minimize carbon dioxide emissions during the operation stage of buildings requires the development of a plan for renovation and decarbonization of buildings. However, this process requires special planning for historic buildings. The article analyzes the existing state and develops two variants of renovation of one of Warsaw's pre-war historic apartment buildings at 23 Kopernika St. It examines how changes to the building can affect its energy efficiency and emissions of CO2 and other pollutants, as well as improve indoor comfort. The main goal was to reduce the demand for non-renewable primary energy and minimize CO2 emissions. The proposed solutions also took into account buildings architecture and surroundings.
PL
Europejski Zielony Ład z pakietem Fit for 55 i nowymi regulacjami w zakresie transportu samochodowego zmierzają do osiągnięcia przez UE neutralności klimatycznej do 2050 r. W artykule omówiono realne szanse dokonania w tym czasie transformacji energetycznej w Polsce, uwzględniając konieczność transformacji również innych dziedzin gospodarki, całkowicie eliminującej paliwa kopalne. Oszacowano zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną (e.e.) również innych użytkowników, tj. transportu i ciepłownictwa, po transformacji. Zbudowanie w Polsce źródeł odnawialnych (OZE) o największych możliwych do osiągnięcia mocach lądowych farm wiatrowych (80 GW), morskich farm wiatrowych (20 GW) i farm fotowoltaicznych (92,5 GW), nawet wsparte magazynami energii o wielkich pojemnościach (3500-4000 GW) i elektrowniami jądrowymi o mocach 15-20 GW, może nie sprostać zapotrzebowaniu. Konieczne będzie radykalne ograniczenie ilości e.e. pobieranej z sieci poprzez znaczny wzrost efektywności energetycznej procesów produkcyjnych i eksploatacyjnych w całej gospodarce oraz powszechne instalowanie i eksploatowanie przez wszystkich użytkowników rozproszonych OZE, wykorzystujących energię wiatru, słońca i wody oraz energię geotermalną. Należy także znacznie ograniczyć marnotrawienie wielkich ilości e.e. i ciepła.
EN
The European Green Deal with the Fit for 55 package and new regulations in the field of road transport aim to achieve climate neutrality by the EU by 2050. The article discusses the real chances of achieving the power engineering transformation in Poland at that time, taking into account the need to also transform other areas of economy that completely eliminates fossil fuels. The demand for electricity of the entire economy was estimated, including: transport and heating, after transformation. Building renewable energy sources (RES) in Poland with the highest possible capacities of onshore wind farms (80 GW), offshore wind farms (20 GW) and photovoltaic farms (92,5 GW), even supported by energy storage facilities with large capacities (3500-4000 GW) and nuclear power plants with a capacity of 15-20 GW, may not meet the demand. It will be necessary to radically reduce the amount of electricity collected from the network by a significant increase in the energy efficiency of production and operational processes throughout the economy and the widespread installation and operation of distributed RES using wind, solar, water and geothermal energy by all users. The waste of large amounts of electricity and heat should also be significantly reduced.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości ograniczenia strat w rdzeniach transformatorów rozdzielczych.
EN
The article discusses issues related to the possibility of reducing of energy losses in the cores of distribution transformers.
EN
This study investigates the use of a thermopressor to achieve highly dispersed liquid atomization, with a primary focus on its application in enhancing contact cooling systems of the cyclic air for gas turbines. The use of a thermopressor results in a substantial reduction in the average droplet diameter, specifically to less than 25 μm, within the dispersed flow. Due to practically instantaneous evaporation of highly atomized liquid droplets in accelerated superheated air the pressure drop is reduced to minimum. A further increase of the air pressure takes place in diffuser. In its turn, this allows for the compensation of hydraulic pressure losses in the air path, thereby reducing compressive work. Experimental data uncover a significant decrease in the average droplet diameter, with reductions ranging from 20 to 30 µm within the thermopressor due to increased flow turbulence and intense evaporation. The minimum achievable droplet diameter is as low as 15 µm and accompanied by a notable increase in the fraction of small droplets (less than 25 µm) to 40–60%. Furthermore, the droplet distribution becomes more uniform, with the absence of large droplets exceeding 70 µm in diameter. Increasing the water flow during injection has a positive impact on the number of smaller droplets, particularly those around 25 μm, which is advantageous for contact cooling. The use of the thermopressor method for cooling cyclic air provides maximum protection to blade surfaces against drop-impact erosion, primarily due to the larger number of droplets with diameters below 25 μm. These findings underline the potential of a properly configured thermopressor to improve the efficiency of contact cooling systems in gas turbines, resulting in improved performance and reliability in power generation applications. The hydrodynamic principles explored in this study may have wide applications in marine and stationary power plants based on gas and steam turbines, gas and internal combustion engines.
15
Content available Introduction to the "Theory of Compensation"
EN
In this article, we systematize and emphasize the information elements that are the starting point for step-by-step actions related to the improvement of technological maps in accordance with the “energy model” to ensure sustainable sanitary and hygienic standards throughout the life cycle of buildings. In particular, we draw attention to the lack of analytical methodologies to visually or technically incorporate optimization measures to achieve the final building outcome in accordance with energy models A, B and C throughout the life cycle of buildings. These findings serve as a basis for research aimed at improving the analytical methods and ensuring their compliance with the established legal standards.
EN
To maintain indoor comfort, buildings and the construction sector in general consume 30-40% of the World’s total energy. This is mainly due to air conditioning, ventilation, and heating. The least effective and weakest elements of the building envelope are windows and glazed surfaces. So far, several technological solutions have been designed to reduce heat losses and eliminate excessive heat gains through transparent surfaces. In recent decades, aerogel has attracted attention, mainly known for its excellent thermotechnical properties and transparent structure. As a result, it is considered one of the most promising thermal insulation materials for building applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of aerogel glazing systems, their properties and future potential in the construction industry (especially in the energy efficiency of buildings).
EN
Purpose: The research objective of the work is to quantify the levels of profitability of a photovoltaic installation for a company from the clothing industry. The authors of the article answer the question of where and under what boundary conditions in Poland there is already economic justification for the construction of photovoltaic power plants producing energy for the needs of their own business activity. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted using the methods of models of economic measures. These methods allowed the authors to calculate the market value of the investment with the assumed boundary criteria and to determine the economic efficiency of the investment. In addition, the authors made an analysis of the energy consumption of the company's implementation of individual manufacturing processes. The research was carried out in the period 2020-2022 on the example of a real PV installation. Findings: Installing a photovoltaic system in production plants brings many benefits. It should be noted that each kWh produced in a PV installation makes the investor independent of the grid distributor, reduces the consumption of energy from conventional sources, minimizes the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and favors economic development. In addition, investment in this type of installation allows for obtaining income from the sale of surplus energy produced. Practical implications: The presented models have shown that the project of their implementation is fully economically justified and will allow investors to make a rational investment decision. Originality/value: The contribution of this work is to obtain data that allowed the authors to indicate directions for improvement that may contribute to a more reliable assessment of the profitability of the tested installations. The proposed research can improve the planning of new industrial plants in terms of PV Installations as well as the redesign of existing ones.
EN
Roller blinds are devices that are retracted and wrapped in a box above the window opening and are used to protect against the solar radiation. Those are the well-known devices with distinct advantages over the fixed external dimming elements. The influence of external blinds on the internal thermal environment in climatic conditions in the Republic of Serbia, the city of Kragujevac, was considered in this research. An external blind was installed in the test room and its influence on the internal temperature was compared with the internal temperature of the room without the blind. Real-time monitoring was carried out in February and August 2023. The results presented in this paper show that the blind reduces the temperature in summer by 3.57ºC and increases it in winter by 1.76ºC. The cooling load can be reduced by about 20%, and the heat load by about 15%.
EN
Emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of fuels in the energy production process and road traffic intensity are a key determinants of poor air quality in cities and the creation of an unfriendly environment for people to live in, which has a significant impact on their safety and health. The first step to reducing emissions is to reduce energy consumption. The ecological effect resulting from the thermal modernization of existing residential building stock was estimated. Nature-based solutions were proposed to compensate for the lost green areas in favor of gray infrastructure in the form of green roofs and walls. The possibility of improving environmental conditions by introducing this type of solutions into the urban tissue was assessed. Depending on the type of vegetation, one m2 of green cover is able to absorb an average of 2.3 kg of CO2 and 0.2 kg of particulate matter from the air per year. Renewable energy sources are an important element of green buildings. Heat pump may be the most advantageous solution in minimizing emissions combined with low operating costs. Obtaining energy from geothermal sources would be equally beneficial in terms of reducing emissions, but there are risks changes in groundwater levels or soil damage. Solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy sources, especially in hot water installations, where it is possible to reduce energy consumption by up to 50%.
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