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Adaptation of selected ectomycorrhizal fungi to increased concentration of cadmium and lead

Bandurska K., Krupa P., Berdowska A., Marczak M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

2016

Vol. 23, nr 3

483--491

Plants together with water and minerals actively take from the soil heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. The negative role of ions of these metals on plant growth and development depends not only on their concentration in the soil, but also on a number of factors that may affect the transport of minerals from the soil to the roots. The harmful effects of xenobiotics getting from the soil to the plants are limited by the organic compounds contained in the soil, soil structure and pH. Particularly noteworthy are biotic factors, such as bacteria and fungi which greatly limit the translocation of heavy metals. Stream of new scientific reports show that the symbiotic combination of fungi with plant roots so called mycorrhizae is a factor that may be important in reducing the impact of soil contamination by heavy metals. Mycorrhiza by filtering solutions of water and mineral salts stop a considerable amount of heavy metals in the internal mycelium or on its surface. It was proved that plants with properly formed mycorrhiza grow better in hard to renew lands, such as salty, sterile soils contaminated with industrial waste. Questions to which answer was sought in this study are: 1) whether mycorrhizal fungi for many years growing in the contaminated areas have managed to adapt to these adverse conditions and 2) do the same species derived from clean areas are less resistant to contamination by heavy metals? Stated problems tried to be solved based on the fruiting bodies of fungi collected from ectomycorrhizal fungi picked from the areas contaminated by industrial emissions and areas free of contamination. The interaction of cadmium and lead ions on the growth of mycelium was examined by plate method and binding of heavy metals in fruiting structures of fungi were done by colorimetric method with use of methylene blue. It has been shown that the fungal resistance, even of the same species, to high concentration of heavy metals varies depending on the origin of symbiont. Isolated fungi from contaminated areas are better adapted to high concentrations of xenobiotics. Ability to bind cadmium and lead to fruiting bodies of fungi varies.

Wykorzystanie kompostowanego osadu ściekowego i ektopróchnicy leśnej do wzbogacania gleb w uprawie szkółkarskiej lipy drobnolistnej (Tilia cordata Mill.)

Klimek A., Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Długosz J., Musiał M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2013

Tom 15, cz. 3

2811--2828

The influence of fertilization with the compost prepared from treated sewage sludge with bark additive and mulching with the fresh forest ectohumus on the soil conditions, chosen parameters of two- and three-year old littleleaf linden seedlings growth as well as the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) was investigated in the paper. The experiments were carried out in 2009–2010 at forest nursery Białe Błota (Forest District Bydgoszcz) on the rusty soil. The whole area of the experiment was irrigated with the use of stationary sprinkling machine. The soil was characterized by the alkaline reaction (pH in H2O was in the range 7.2–7.4), the low content of available potassium and available phosphorus as well as the content of C-org from 35.7 to 38.4 g kg-1),. The C:N ratio ranged from 14.3 to 14.9. Two- and three-year old seedlings of littleleaf linden grown on plots fertilized with the compost were higher than those cultivated on plots with mineral fertilizer and they were also characterized by the higher number of leaves and the higher leaf area. Mulching – which was carried out in September of the first growing season – did not influence significantly on the growth parameters of two-year old seedlings (with the exception of the decrease in a leaf area). In the third growing season the mulching significantly influenced on all the seedling growth parameters tested, and – furthermore – there was also a significant interaction between the both studied treatments in shaping of the all growth parameters (with the exception of the plant height) of littleleaf linden seedlings. The density of mites in the soil was distinctly increased after the mulch-ing treatment , and it was many fold higher as compared to the control plot MC. On the base of the analysis it was found that the mulching and the fertilization with compost prepared from municipal sewage sludge influenced positively on the abundance of mites, especially oribatid mites as well as on their species diversity. Tectocepheus velatus was the most abundant species among the oribatid mites on all the stands of littleleaf linden cultivation. Abundance dynamics of this oribatid species in the two-years period of the study, especially on the variant with mulching and organic fertilization, indicates the upward trend in the number of its population.