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Ekotony w krajobrazie i krajobraz ekotonów: nowe wyzwania dla uznanej koncepcji

Chmielewski T. J., Kułak A.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2016

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nr 31

25--42

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd wiodących koncepcji dotyczących ekotonów krajobrazowych w ujęciu fizycznogeograficznym, ekologiczno-krajobrazowym i architektoniczno-krajobrazowym; określono główne współczesne wyzwania i perspektywy badawcze w tym zakresie oraz możliwości zastosowania nowych elementów teorii ekotonów krajobrazowych w praktyce ochrony i kształtowania krajobrazów kulturowych. Na kilku praktycznych przykładach wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem skali przestrzennej studiów i poziomu organizacji systemów krajobrazowych, oprócz struktur typu ekotonu krajobrazowego, w coraz większym zakresie możemy mieć do czynienia z krajobrazami ekotonowymi obejmującymi całe fizjocenozy, lub nawet ich lokalne kompleksy. Można również przyjąć, że udział powierzchniowy obu w/w form układów ekotonowych może być jednym ze wskaźników przyrodniczej i fizjonomicznej spójności systemów krajobrazowych. Analizując procesy przekształceń fizjonomii terenu w czasie i przestrzeni, można wyznaczać „migrujące ekotony”: osie i fronty postępujących przemian wyglądu i stylu krajobrazu.

EN

The article presents a review of the leading concepts of the landscape ecotones, using the physiographic, landscape-ecological and landscape-architectural approach; the authors have also identified the major contemporary challenges and research perspectives in this field, as well as a possibilities of implementation a new elements of the landscape ecotones theory in the practice of cultural landscapes conservation and design. It has been shown – on several practical examples – that together with increasing a spatial scale of studies as well as a level of landscape systems organization, besides of landscape ecotones, in an increasing extent we have to deal with a ecotonal landscapes, covering the whole physiocoenoses or even their local complexes. It can also be accepted, that the surface share of both these two ecotonal forms may be one of the indicators of environmental and physiognomic connectivity of landscape systems. Analyzing the processes of the landscape physiognomy transformation in the time and space, can be define a “migrating ecotones”: axes and fronts of progressive changes of the landscape appearance and style.

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GIS analysis of ecotone variability

Pechanec V., Kilianova H., Vozenilek V.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2008

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T. 6, z. 2

55-64

EN

The term ecotone has larger sense: it comprises the transitional zone between two biomes (taiga - tundra), meadow-forest border and differentiation of forest edge (Falińska, 1996), but ecotones are also generally border zones between adjoining diverse societies. From a spatial perspective, an ecotone is characterized by space and time, which reflects the powers of interaction between boundary elements (ecosystems). Ecotones, like spatial elements, have a diverse inner structure and construction, spatial attributes and other properties conditioned abiotically and biotically (contrast, inner differentiation, width, and shape). Simultaneously, they have properties conditioned by time, development and function: permeability, stability and elasticity (Hansen et al., 1988). To analyze the spatial relation of landscape parts means to identify its components and also systems and the relationships between these parts. In order to understand the landscape and landscape parts, ecotones will be analyzed and typologically distinguished using the concepts of spatial bonds, heterogeneity, elasticity (influence), physical-geographic conditions and spatio-temporal stability.

PL

Termin ekoton posiada szerokie znacznie: jest równocześnie strefą przejściową pomiędzy dwoma biomami (tajga - tundra), granicą pomiędzy lasem a łąką i rozróżnieniem krawędzi lasu (Falińska, 1996), jednakże ekotony są również ogólnie strefami granicznymi pomiędzy rozmaitymi sąsiadującymi społeczeństwami. Z perspektywy przestrzennej, ekoton opisany jest przez przestrzeń i czas, co odzwierciedla siły oddziaływania pomiędzy elementami granicznymi (ekosystemami). Ekotony, jako że są elementami przestrzennymi, mają zróżnicowaną strukturę wewnętrzną oraz budowę, atrybuty i inne właściwości uwarunkowane abiotycznie i biotycznie (kontrast, rozróżnienie wewnętrzne, szerokość i kształt). Jednocześnie posiadają właściwości uwarunkowane przez czas, rozwój oraz funkcję: przepuszczalność, trwałość i elastyczność (Hansen i in., 1988). Analizowanie relacji przestrzennej części krajobrazu jest identyfikowaniem jego składników oraz systemów i związków pomiędzy tymi częściami. Ażeby zrozumieć krajobraz i jego części, ekotony będą analizowane i rozróżniane topologicznie za pomocą pojęć granic przestrzennych, różnorodności, elastyczno.ci (oddziaływania), warunków fizyczno-geograficznych oraz trwałości czaso-przestrzennej.

3

Riparian zones : where biogeochemistry meets biodiversity in management practice

Décamps H., Pinay G., Naiman R. J., Petts G. E., McClain M. E., Hillbricht-Ilkowska A., Hanley T. A., Holmes R. M., Quinn J., Gibert J., Planty Tabacchi A.-M., Schiemer F., Tabacchi E., Zalewski M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 1

3-18

EN

Riparian zones are well known for their inherent ecological properties related to biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and catchment management. The international MAB/UNESCO programme which was running between 1988 and 1998 was related to the land/water ecotones, mainly riparian zones. This article, inspired by this programme - seeks to highlight the role of riparian processes on biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity under different climatic conditions. Their role is investigated by focusing on: 1) the lateral ecotone between land and water systems, 2) their longitudinal corridor structure and, 3) the drywet cycles. This information is then used to suggest the value of riparian zones in landscape management. We emphasize the key roles of the ecotonal structure, longitudinal connectivity and timing of the occurrence of wet-dry cycles for riparian zones to process nitrate fluxes and to maintain high levels of biodiversity at the landscape scale. In the context of the worldwide transformations of flow regimes, the deterioration of water quality and loss of biodiversity, restoring riparian zones is both a key objective and a formidable challenge that implies envisioning the consequence of management actions on the long term, considering entire river basins, and paying attention to the other environmental, regional and global changes.

4

Selected physical and chemical factors in the ecotone zones of lakes of different trophy in the region of Polesie Lubelskie (Eastern Poland)

Radwan S., Stępień B., Bojar W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

155-161

EN

The studies were carried out in the littoral zone of six lakes differing in trophic and biotic diversity. These were: L. Piaseczno - the mesotrophic lake with the well developed psammolittoral, L. Uściwierz - the slightly eutrophic lake with the psammolittoral and phytolittoral, the hypertrophic lake L. Głębokie Uścimowskie with the psammolittoral, L. Bikcze and L. Łukie - both the eutrophic lakes with phytolittoral, and the dystrophic L. Moszne - with peatbog phytolittoral. During the spring and the summer-autumn seasons in 1996-1997 the physical and chemical composition (temperature, electrolytic conductivity, O2, pH, total water hardness, nitrogen compounds and phosphorus compounds) of water were investigated in the littoral zone in these lakes.

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Influence of land-lake ecotone on mineral and organic compounds in groundwater and lake water

Misztal M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

129-136

EN

Lake and ground water in the catchment areas of Piaseczno (mesotrophic), Łukie (eutrophic) and Moszne (dystrophic) lakes located in the Polesie Region (South-Eastern Poland) were studied in 1996-1997. Ground water were sampled from the wells installed on the lake shores (several metres from the shoreline) and lake water from the littoral zone next to the wells. EC, pH, concentration of Ca, Mg, K, Na, N-NH4, N-NO3, P-PO4 as well as DOC and its fractions were determined. Mineralisation of ground water was higher and pH lower than that of the littoral lake water. The amount of fulvic acids both in lake and ground water was higher than the amount of humic acids.

6

Effect of land-water ecotone on changes in heavy metal content in waters of agricultural area

Szpakowska B., Karlik B., Gołdyn H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

137-142

EN

Concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead in ionic forms and in forms bound to humic substances isolated from ground and surface waters of drainage catchment were analysed. Higher total concentrations of examined metals were found in ground waters as opposed to surface waters. Particularly clear difference was observed in case of cadmium. Mean concentrations of cadmium in ground waters amounted to 0.92mig l^-1, whereas in surface waters 0.50 mig l^-1. Similar tendency of higher heavy metals concentrations in ground waters as compared to surface waters was also observed in case of their ionic forms. Due to strong complexing properties organic matter can bind large amounts of metals and therefore influence bioavailability of the metals for aquatic organisms. Moreover the distribution of metals in aquatic environment depends on the presence of such biogeochemical barrier like belt of meadow, which can modify metals migration.

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Chan ges of land-use boundaries over forty years (1952-92) : the case of 11 catchment basins of lakes in the Polesie Lubelskie region (eastern Poland)

Chmielewski T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

117-128

EN

Intense changes in the land use of lake catchment basins in the Polesie Lubelskie region (E. Poland), observed over the last decades, have a strong, significant effect on the functioning of lakes and wetlands in the landscape. One of the methods of investigating these changes in analysis of the network of land use boundaries. The studies included 11 basins of lakes located in 3 neighboring river valleys. Basing on the analysis of air photographs from the years 1952 through 1992, 55 types of land use boundaries (transitional zones) had been identified inmthat region. The changes, which had taken place during this period, related to the features like: character of the transitional zones, density of their network and size of the patches were also examined. Most stable and most transformed areas were pointed out. Suggestions concerning directions and methods of environmental protection in that region were formulated.