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1

Plant diversity along an elevation gradient in hyrcanian forest of Northern Iran

Ataei Eshagh, Kazemnezhad Farid, Eshaghnimvari Majid, Sheykholeslami Ali

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2-3

69--78

EN

Species diversity is one of the most important and fundamental issues in ecology. The present study was conducted to evaluate effects of elevation gradient on biodiversity in a temperate mountainous forest. For collection of trees' diversity data, 44 sample plots 20 × 20 m2 were set up every 50 m of the elevation interval at the altitude ranging from 100 m to 2250 m a.s.l. Also for collection of data on herbaceous vegetation, five microplots (1 × 2 m) were established (one microplot in the center and four microplots in the four corners of the plot). Species diversity values were analyzed using Simpson and modified Shannon Wiener indices. Also, species richness was calculated using Margalef and Smith-Wilson indices for each plot. The results from Simpson and modified Shannon Wiener biodiversity indices imply approximately bell-shaped diversity curves with the greatest species richness at medium elevations (800–1300 m a.s.l). However, if ecotones (gradual changes between two communities) are excluded, one can conclude that species biodiversity decreases with increasing elevation. The lowland community has the least richness that can be the result of the anthropogenic pressure. The evenness indices for the forest sites along the elevation gradient detected no trend with increasing elevation.

2

Strefa hyporeiczna: znaczenie i zarządzanie

Ciszewski D.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2017

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Nr 10

318--324

PL

Wymiana wód rzecznych i gruntowych w aluwiach piaszczystych i żwirowych tworzy ekoton nazywany strefą hyporeiczną. Jej znaczenie jest znacznie większe niż wynikałoby ze stosunkowo małych rozmiarów ograniczonych morfologią dna doliny i jej spadkiem oraz miąższością, a także granulometrią aluwiów. Strefa ta stanowi miejsce bytowania wielu organizmów oraz ich refugium w czasie wezbrań. Jest miejscem intensywnej bakteryjnej transformacji zanieczyszczeń płynących rzeką. W obszarach użytkowanych przez człowieka strefa ta jest jednak znacząco zmieniona wskutek regulacji rzek, działalności górnictwa, rolnictwa, rozbudowy miast oraz działalności przemysłowej. Przykładem jest silnie zanieczyszczona rzeka – Przemsza, w której została ona ograniczona wskutek regulacji do pojedynczych niewielkich łach piaszczystych stanowiących miejsce intensywnej bakteryjnej transformacji związków azotu, żelaza i siarczanów. Efektem działalności bakterii jest redukcja ilości tych związków w wodzie rzecznej. Brak świadomości znaczenia tej strefy aż do niedawna przyczyniał się do nieuwzględniania jej w zarządzaniu rzekami. Współcześnie coraz częściej podejmuje się działania zmierzające do jej utrzymania lub odtworzenia; również projekty regulacji nie powinny ograniczać możliwości napływu wód rzecznych w aluwia.

EN

Hyporheic zone is a dynamic ecotone created by active exchange of river and ground waters in sandy and gravelly alluvia. Its importance is much higher than its relatively small dimensions would suggest, limited by the valley bottom morphology and gradient, as well as the thickness and the grain size of the alluvia. The hyporheic zone is a habitat of many organisms and their refuge during floods. It is a place where intensive bacteria transformation of contaminants flowing down the river occurs. In intensively anthropologically changed areas this zone is heavily affected as a result of channelization, mining, agriculture, urbanization and industrial activity. The Przemsza River is an example of a strongly contaminated river with the hyporheic zone confined to small sand bars sparsely dispersed over the riverbed, where intensive bacterial transformation of nitrates, iron compounds and sulphates takes place. Bacterial activity contributes to reduction of these compounds in the river water. Lack of awareness of the role of this zone has until recently been the reason for neglecting it in the river management policy. At present, the activities oriented towards maintenance and rehabilitation of this zone are the more and more frequent, and the river channelization project should not hinder the possibility of the river water inflow into the alluvia.

3

Vertical micro-distribution of psammonic ciliates and their relationship to physical and chemical parameters in two lakes of different trophic status

Mieczan T., Nawrot D.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 2

48-56

EN

The aim of this study was to examine the community structure and vertical micro-distribution of psammonic ciliates in two lakes of different trophic status in eastern Poland. Additionally, the size and trophic structure of these microorganisms, and the influence of physical and chemical water parameters on their abundance, were analysed. Psammon samples were collected during spring, summer, and autumn of 2010. In each of the lakes samples were collected in the euarenal, higroarenal, and hydroarenal zones of the psammolittoral. In order to determine the micro-vertical distribution of ciliates, each sample was divided into two sub-samples: the upper part (0-1cm) and the lower part (1-2cm). The species diversity of ciliates decreased with depth. The tendency was particularly clear in mesotrophic lakes. Irrespective of the lake’s trophic type and arenal zones, significantly higher numbers and biomass of ciliates were recorded in the surface layer of the psammolittoral. The upper layer of sand was dominated by omnivorous taxa, whereas the deeper layer showed increases in the proportions of bacterivore species. The factors limiting the occurrence of ciliates are mainly concentrations of total organic carbon and nutrients.

4

Horizontal Distribution of Psammonic Ciliates in Two Lakes of Different Trophic Status: Relationship to Physical and Chemical Parameters

Mieczan T., Nawrot D.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 2

55-70

EN

The aims of this study were to identify the taxonomic diversity and abundance of psammonic ciliate communities in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes (Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland, eastern Poland). The effect of selected physical and chemical water parameters on ciliates community was also analysed. Psammon samples were collected during three seasons: spring, summer and autumn of 2010. In each lake, in the psammolittoral, samples were collected in the euarenal, higroarenal, and hydroarenal zones. A total of 53 ciliate taxa were recorded. The highest value of the Shannon-Weaver index was recorded in summer in eutrophic lake (2.79). At the same time in mesotrophic lake, a lower value of the index was determined (0.79). The mean numbers of ciliates ranged from 516 ind.cm-3 in the eutrophic lake to 191 ind. cm-3 in the mesotrophic lake. In eutrophic lake, the highest number of ciliates was recorded in the euarenal (649 ind. cm-3), and the lowest in the higroarenal (425 ind. cm-3). In the mesotrophic lake, the highest average numbers were determined in the higroarenal (235 ind. cm-3), and the lowest in the hydroarenal (155 ind. cm-3). Irrespective of the lake trophy, Hymenostomata (Paramecium sp., Glaucoma sp., Uronema nigricans) occurred in the highest numbers (from 13 to 95%). The results demonstrated that N-NH4, P-PO4 and TOC can strongly regulate the abundance and taxonomic composition of ciliates. The strongest correlations between numbers of ciliates and physical and chemical water parameters were observed in the higro- and hydroarenal zones of the eutrophic lake.

PL

Celem pracy było poznanie struktury jakościowej i ilościowej orzęsków psammonowych w jeziorze mezotroficznym i eutroficznym (Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie). Analizowano również wpływ wybranych właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych wód na kształtowanie się tego specyficznego zespołu mikroorganizmów. Próby psammonu pobierano wiosną, latem i jesienią 2010 roku. W każdym zbiorniku, w psammolitoralu próby pobierano w euarenalu, higroarenalu i hydroarenalu. Łącznie stwierdzono 53 taksony orzęsków. Średnie zagęszczenie orzęsków wyniosło 516 osobn. cm-3 w jeziorze eutroficznym, zaś w mezotroficznym było niemal 2 razy niższe i osiągało 191 osobn. cm-3 piasku. W jeziorze Sumin najwyższe średnie zagęszczenie zanotowano w euarenalu 649 osobn.cm-3, najniższe zaś w higroarenalu (425 osobn. cm-3). W jeziorze mezotroficznym najwyższe średnie wartości liczebności zanotowano w higroarenalu 235 osobn. cm-3, najniższe zaś w hydroarenalu 155 osobn. cm-3. Najwyższą wartość wskaźnika Shanonna-Weavera odnotowano latem w jeziorze Sumin (2.79), w tym samym czasie w jeziorze Piaseczno odnotowano najniższą wartość tego współczynnika (0.79). Niezależnie od trofii jeziora największy udział w ogólnej liczebności orzęsków osiągały Hymenostomata (Paramecium sp., Glaucoma sp., Uronema nigricans) stanowiące od 13 do 95% ogólnej liczebności orzęsków. Stwierdzono istotne zależności pomiędzy obfitością orzęsków, a stężeniami w wodzie związków biogennych oraz całkowitego węgla organicznego, przy czym najsilniejsze korelacje odnotowano w strefach higro- i hydroarenalu jeziora eutroficznego.

5

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on growth and morphology of fir (Abies faxoniana Rehd. et Wils.) and native herbs in a treeline ecotone : an experimental approach

Hou Y., Luo Z., Kaiyun W., Jenerette G., Qiao Y.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

311-322

EN

Determining how changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate affects growth of species is helpful for understanding plant community species shift in response to future environmental changes. In the present study, fir (Abies faxoniana) and native herbs from treeline ecotone of east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (altitude: 3230-3300 m) were exposed to ambient CO2 or ambient +350 [mu]mol.mol[^-1] CO2 concentration in combination with ambient or ambient +2[degrees]C air temperature for two years in enclosedtop chambers. The results showed that elevated CO2, elevated temperature and the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature increased biomass, height and diameter of fir compared to the control. Elevated CO2 decreased biomass of Deyeuxia scabrescens, but increased for Fragaria orientalis and Cardamine tangutorum. Except for Fragaria orientalis, herbaceous biomass decreased by elevated temperature. The combination stimulated growth of Fragaria orientalis and Cardamine tangutorum, but suppressed for Deyeuxia scabrescens and Carex kansuensis. The results also demonstrated that elevated CO2 and temperature increased the crown size and altered the morphology of fir, with benefits for resource capture, and did not affect growth of herbs. Larger root to shoot ratio of fir contributed the enhancement of biomass, while negatively influencing the growth of some herbs. This indicates morphological changes of trees may modify their growth responses and species around them to environmental changes. The different effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the growth of species in treeline ecotone suggest that climate change may alter community composition and structure.

6

Molluscan immigrations via biogeographical ecotone of the Middle Russian Sea during the Jurassic

Rogov M., Zakharov V., Kiselev D.

Volumina Jurassica

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2008

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Vol. 6, no. 1

143-152

EN

Patterns of molluscan immigration via the biogeographical ecotone zone of the Middle Russian Sea during the Middle – Late Jurassic have been studied in detail. Firstly, the migration routes and ranges of recent molluscs are briefly reviewed, with some comments about their applicability to the Jurassic. Secondly, the migrational events have been classified by their direction, duration and intensivity. We recognize two main types of immigration by their direction (unidirectional and multidirectional) and by their intensity (mass immigrations and isolated strayings). Recent progress in infrazonal ammonite biostratigraphy leads us to the more precise recognition of paleobiogeographical events and to the understanding of the immigration patterns that can produce more precise correlations.

7

Influence of water chemistry on the structure of planktonic ciliate communities across a freshwater ecotone in the eutrophic dam reservoir (Eastern Poland)

Mieczan T., Tarkowska-Kukuryk M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2008

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Vol. 34, no. 4

63-70

EN

The aim of the present study was to examine changes in species composition and density of ciliates in an adjacent river, ecotone and reservoir zone (Zemborzycki Reservoir, Eastern Poland). Quality and quantity structure of planktonic ciliates showed visible differences between studied zones; the highest species diversity and abundance were observed in the ecotone (water/water). The lowest species diversity and abundance were noted in the Bystrzyca River. Independent on the zone, ciliates community was dominated by bacterivorous species with the lowest proportions of algivorous taxa. The present study showed that density of protozooplankton rose with the increase of nutrients delivery and TOC concentration in water.

PL

Celem pracy była analiza zróżnicowania gatunkowego oraz liczebności orzęsków planktonowych w układzie: rzeka- ekoton (woda/woda) - zbiornik retencyjny (Zbiornik Zemborzycki, Wschodnia Polska). Zarówno bogactwo gatunkowe jak i obfitość orzęsków planktonowych były wyraźnie zróżnicowane w poszczególnych badanych strefach. Najwyższą różnorodność i liczebność orzęsków stwierdzono w strefie ekotonowcj. Najbardziej uboga jakościowo i ilościowo okazała się natomiast rzeka Bystrzyca. Niezależnie od strefy, w strukturze troficznej dominowały gatunki bakteriożerne, najniższy zaś udział miały gatunki glonożerne. Czynnikami w największym stopniu wpływającymi na występowanie protozooplanktonu były stężenia w wodzie fosforu ogólnego, fosforanów oraz całkowitego węgla organicznego.

8

Lumbricidae communities in several years old midfied shelterbelt (Turew region, Western Poland)

Makulec G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

173-179

EN

Species composition, density and biomass of Lumbricidae were studied in soils of a several years old midfield shelterbelt, an adjacent arable field (maize, wheat) and an ecotone situated between both ecosystems in two years (1999, 2000) in spring, summer and autumn. The lowest density and biomass of Lumbricidae was found in the field. The only species present there was Aporrectodea caliginosa: mean density 0.9 ind m^-2 and biomass 0.7 g m^-2. Three species were found in soils of the shelterbelt and the ecotone - A. caliginosa, Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus terrestris. Two species dominated in biomass and density; L. terrestris occurred sporadically and its biomass and density were low. The average density and biomass in soils noted in 1999 were 58 ind m^-2 and 15 g m^-2, respective values for the ecotone were 73 ind m^-2 and 24 g m^-2. In the next year a nearly twofold increase of density (the shelterbelt - 144 ind m^-2, ecotone - 159 ind m^-2 was noted and similar increase of biomass in shelterbelt soils (31 g m^-2). A. caliginosa, depending on site and time, contributed to 35-76% to the density and in 68-93% to the biomass of the community, D. octaedra - in 22-64% and 7-30%, respectively. Apart from biomass in the first study year, no significant differences between the shelterbelt and the ecotone were found in both density and biomass of the earthworm community.

9

Importance of midfield shelterbelts for over-wintering entomofauna (Turew area, West Poland)

Karg J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

421-431

EN

The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994-2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250-400) ind. m^-2) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m^-2, were found to overwinter in young (4-7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt's age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on winteringinsects are discussed.

10

The effect of shelterbelts on litter decomposition and fauna of adjacent fields : in situ experiment

Szanser M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

309-321

EN

The effect of mid-field shelterbelts on litter decomposition and the numbers and biomass of litter inhabiting invertebrate macrofauna was evaluated. The question was how far into the fields such an effect could reach. To answer this question an experiment was set up, in which a uniform substratum (sand and loam) was laid out inside the metal frames dug in the earth. Litter of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) was laid out on these substrates. Samples were taken from the middle of a seven years old wood strip (S) and along the transect i.e. in the ecotone from its wooded side (Es), from its field side (E[F]) and in the field 10 (F10) and 50 (F50) meters far from the shelterbelt. Decomposition rate of litter was retarded with increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Biomass of the litter dwelling macrofauna was lower in the field as compared to the shelterbelt and ecotones. Input of dead invertebrate mass to the soil under litter decreased also from the shelterbelt towards the field center. At the end of the experiment dead invertebrate biomass contributed to 24% of the total (dead and alive) of animal biomass in the transect. Average contribution of predators to the total animal biomass was the highest in the field ecotone (E[F] - 79%) and the lowest in the field site F50 (56%). A significant negative relationship was found between the density and biomass of predators (Carabidae) and the density and biomass of their potential prey (larvae of Diptera and Collembola) along the whole transect.

11

Rotifer communities of ecotones in six trophically different lakes of Polesie Lubelskie region (Eastern Poland)

Radwan S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

225-236

EN

The ecotonal zone was created by psammolittoral, emerged macrophytes in eulittoral and littoral, and submerged vegetation in littoral. Immigration of typical plankton species of Rotifera to the psammon communities occured. The highest density of rotifers was found in psammolittoral zone, lower in littoral and the lowest in eulittoral zone. The highest biodiversity was found in eulittoral and littoral zones of lakes with well-developed pond type phytolittoral.

12

River-lake system as mosaic pattern of landscape patches and their transition zones (ecotones)

Hillbricht-Ilkowska A., Węgleńska T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

163-174

EN

A river-lake system (i.e. a river flowing through the lakes) can be perceived as a system of lentic (lake) and lotic (river sections) landscape "patches" and the transitory zones between them. In this system transport and exchange of matter and biological information take place. Taking the Krutynia river (Masurian Lakeland, Poland) and its lakes as an example, transport of different biologically active compounds (like phosphorus) and non-active substances (like chlorides) was characterized. Phosphorus retention was estimated in successive "patches" of the system. The biotic structure and function of the river-lake-river transitory zones were described. They are the places where the particles selection and sedimentation of matter transported in the system take place as well as they are the sites where the selection and exchange of planktonic organisms of different size and reproduction strategy occur.

13

Precipitation of phosphorus in the zone of river and lake water mixing : R. Hańcza and Lake Wigry (North-East Poland)

Zdanowski B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

143-154

EN

Studies on physico-chemical parameters of water in Czarna Hańcza River and lakes Hańcza and Wigry (North-East Poland) were carried out in 1991-1994 i.e. in the period of maximal pollution of this river-lake system. Basic information were obtained enabling explanation of high resistance of Lake Wigry to eutrophication. It was shown that co-precipitation of phosphates on calcite in the ecotone zone of Hańczańska Bay, where river waters mixed with lake waters, was an important process. Sedimentation of these substances in this lake part resulted in lower lake loading with phosphorus by as much as about 50%. The mechanisms were operating most of all during the vegetation season, when water pH exceeded 8.3. Availability of phosphorus to phytoplankton depended also on phosphate release from bottom sediments. The lowest rate of this release was observed in Hańczańska Bay. On the other hand, in autumn and winter the increase of organic matter decomposition and lowering of water pH enabled free spreading of pollutants over the whole lake.

14

Is sandy beach of the lake an ecotone? Psammon rotifera in a mesotrophic Lake Kuc (Masurian Lakeland, Northern Poland)

Ejsmont-Karabin J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

219-224

EN

Is inshore, 2-cm layer of wet sand an ecotone? An attempt of this study is to answer the question by analysing characteristic patterns of a structure of rotifer communities inhabiting the psammolitoral zone. Psammon was sampled from sandy shore of a mesotrophic Lake Kuc (Masurian Lakeland, Poland), weekly from May to November 1996 and on one occasion in May 1998. Despite of extremely unfavourable conditions of their abiotic habitat, psammon rotifers of Lake Kuc were reaching occasionally extremely high densities. Seasonal dynamics of numbers and structure of psammon rotifer communities reflected variable character of their habitat. A course of the changes was similar in less variable higropsammon and extremely variable eupsammon. Patterns formed in psammolittoral - when illustrated with qualitative and quantitative features of psammon rotifer communities - fit definitions of an ecosystem, an ecotone, a part of a land/water ecotone, a microlayer in the ecosystem or a specific boundary zone in the lake ecosystem.

15

Hydrochemical distinction and function of ecotone between Sphagnum bog and agricultural watershed

Kruk M., Podbielska K., Duriasz J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

255-260

EN

The lagg of ombrotrophic peatland studied is the ecotone connecting two contrasting in respect of trophic conditions ecosystems: acidic bog and fertilized arable fields. Differences of element content in the waters of these habitats concerns the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and pH value. The periodical inflow of waters from agriculture catchment alkalize this zone and, as a result,threaten the ecological system of bog, what is realized by increasing lagg area at the cost of bog area and by decay of ombrotrophic flora components.

16

Composition of invertebrate communities in ecotones of several lakes in the region of Polesie Lubelskie (Eastern Poland)

Radwan S., Paleolog A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

195-204

EN

The chemical composition and biotic structure were studied in ecotonal zones of six trophically differentiated lakes in the region of Polesie Lubelskie (Eastern Poland). High qualitative and quantitative differentiation of zoocenoses (zooplankton and zoobenthos) usually occured in each ecotonal zone of every lake studied. The highest diversity occured among microinvertebrates (zoopsammon and zooplankton).

17

Impact of the dam reservoir on river macrobenthic community : long-term study of Jeziorsko Reservoir and the Warta River in central Poland

Grzybkowska M., Dukowska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 3

243-259

EN

The riverine faunal responses was shown in relation to environmental changes arising from flow regulations in the Warta River downstream of the man-made Jeziorsko Reservoir. Two study sites were chosen for studies: one above the backwater (WAA) and the second in the tailwater (WAB) of the reservoir. The investigations were begun in 1988/1989 and repeated in the next three annual cycles: 1991/1992, 1992/1993 and 1995/1996. Chironomidae and Oligochaeta dominated in terms of density and biomass at both sites of the Warta River. At the beginning of the dam's functioning the pattern of macrobenthic spatial distribution was similar at both sites. But latter, in two last study summers water management resulted in a reduction of stream flows below their natural levels in the tailwater. These reductions in seasonal flow variability caused the greatest changes in biotic communities. Firstly the shoreline region in the tailwater enlarged and contracted in response to dam operations; the bottom was sometimes stranded (exposure to air) thus many macrobenthic groups were eliminated. Secondly Cladophora glomerata and macrophytes that developed in habitat several meters from the banks appeared to be responsible for substantial increase in abundance, especially of orthoclad midges. Additionally the retention of FPOM due to filtration by a dense bed of macrophytes created favourable conditions for pelophilus taxa, large sized taxa of Chironomini. Finally these mechanisms in opposite tendencies equalled - chironomids reached similar density in the backwater and tailwater.