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Foreign investors in special economic zones in Poland

Kozuń-Cieślak G.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Prace Instytutu Ekonomiki i Organizacji Przedsiębiorstw / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

2007

Nr 50, t. 2

543-552

To encourage the Polish regions which were the most affected by the transition, 14 Special Economic Zones were established, which provide special incentives for business, e.g. tax exemptions. The above analyses enable the following conclusions: -Twelve years after the date when Special Economic Zones were established they are developed in 70%, and the gaps between the most and the least developed Zones are quite big. Investors prefer Zones that have been allocated on the south and south-west border of Poland; -In 2005 nearly 80% of the capital invested in SEZs was foreign origin, coming mainly (66%) from three countries: the United States, Germany and Japan, but investors from EU member countries represent the most numerous group; -The dominant companies in the Zones comprised the companies representing the motor industry sector which accounted for over 40% of the total investment in the SEZs. According to the estimates, appropriate economic transformation in Poland and keeping a 5% economic growth rate in Poland require approx. USD 10 billion of annual FDI inflow7. For this reason, creating a good, stable climate and favorable conditions for foreign investments is particularly important, all the more so that the competition among new EU member states is really strong. However, it must be remembered that success in attracting foreign investment is not just the result of simply declared readiness to accept foreign capital, but is accomplished through a combination of political, economic and social factors, which combined are the basis for an evaluation the host country's investment attractiveness. Still, it should be stressed that the foreign capital invested in SEZs constitutes only about 7% of the total FDI inward stock in Poland in 2005.

Tendencje w połowach, produkcji i spożyciu ryb

Szczerbowski J.A.

Przemysł Spożywczy

1998

T. 52, nr 7

17-18

Produkcja i pozyskanie organizmów wodnych na świecie w 1993 r. przekroczyło 100 mln t. Odłowy ryb morskich od 1988 r. ulegają obniżeniu z powodu wprowadzenia stref ekonomicznych i wzrastających kosztów. Rekompensują to mniej kosztowne chów i hodowla ryb. Pozyskanie ryb morskich w Polsce od 1975 r. do 1996 r. zmniejszyło się Z 777 tys. t do 320 tys. t, zaś połowy i produkcja ryb słodkowodnych w okresie ostatnich 30 lat wzrosły od ok. 18 do ok. 65 tys. t. Wskaźnik światowego spożycia ryb Z pozycji 10,9 kg w 1970 r. zwiększyło się w 1990 r. do 13,3 kg, a w Polsce z 12,4 kg w 1990 r. spadło do ok. 5-6 kg w 1997 r. Bez wprowadzenia ukierunkowanej polityki gospodarczej zmiana tych tendencji będzie w Polsce niemożliwa.

World production and landings of aquatic organisms exceeded in 1993 the level of 100 mln t. Catches of marine fish have been decreasing since 1988 due to the introduction of economic zones and increasing costs of fishing. This decrease is compensated by a less expensive fish aquaculture. In the period 1975 - 1996 landings of marine fish in Poland decreased from 777 thousand t to 320 thousand t, while catches and production of freshwater fish increased in the past 30 years from about 18 to some 65 thousand t. World fish consumption per capita increased from 10.9 kg in 1970 to 13.3 kg in 1990, but in Poland it decreased from 12.4 kg in 1990 to some 5-6 kg in 1997. A change in this trend will not be possible without implementing a precise management policy.