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EN
The galvanic industry and the production of printed circuit boards are a significant source of environmental pollution, they pose a threat comparable to the chemical industry. They pollute both the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere. The paper presents an assessment of the negative impact on the environment, galvanic production and the resulting post-production waste. It was proposed to use the technology of regeneration of used treating solutions, in which the recovered metal can be reused as a secondary raw material for the production of copper products. The regenerated solution, on the other hand, can be used to treat integrated circuit boards. As part of the work, with the use of a microscope, the structural characteristics of the metal surface obtained as a result of the applied regeneration process were carried out. The indicator of the total exposure to substances present in the deposit formed during production was determined, both before (0.045) and after the introduction of the new technology (100). The economic analysis of the planned project based on the new technology showed that the implementation of the presented method of wastewater treatment allows for obtaining significant benefits, both financial and environmental. The analyses performed can be a valuable source of information on how to reduce the impact environment during the production of integrated circuit boards, as well as on the possibilities of obtaining less expensive materials in the form of secondary raw materials.
EN
This paper presents technological innovations based on new hydraulic insulating materials, the use of which in reservoir construction will essentially reduce construction costs by up to half. New polymer-mineral based waterproofing materials N1 and PMM can be used to construct inexpensive reservoirs. In particular, a thoroughly mixed mixture of soil taken from the bottom of a reservoir or other substrate with PMM material at a ratio of 30 grams PMM to one kg of the substrate, laid on the bottom of the reservoir with a thickness of at least 10 cm, and tamped down to a layer of 7 cm or less, will withstand at least 2.5-3 atm pressure of water column. A similar result can be obtained if a 5 cm thick layer of N1 material is laid on the reservoir bottom, together with pebbles to reduce the cost of the proposed solution.
EN
The possibilities of using cognitive technologies in the organization of systematic industrial enterprise management are described in the article. Strategic links are defined in the development of a system of stochastic models of enterprise management based on artificial intelligence. The possibility of introduction of the Perceptron model in the industrial enterprise management with the purpose of identification of "bottlenecks" in the functionality of business activity and improvement of procedures of decision-making in the framework of creation of the program of development and technical re-equipment of the enterprise is proven. The authors offered an organizational and economic mechanism of operation of an industrial enterprise, which includes new means of implementation of managerial actions through the use of a matrix of assessment of the level of implementation of cognitive technologies. The method of determining priority directions for the implementation of cognitive technologies at an enterprise was developed based on the results of the assessment of the depth of penetration of cognitive technologies and the result obtained from their implementation, which additionally takes into account the resource ratio of the implemented technologies defined as the ratio of estimates of the actual level of competencies to what is needed to work with new cognitive technologies, which allows to obtain the planned economic and organizational effect.
EN
The partial substitution of fossil fuels by alternative fuels is associated with economic benefits for the cement producers. This fact has been confirmed by their growing interest in such substitutions. In this paper, based on the energy balance, it was demonstrated for a selected cement plant that by cocombustion of fine coal with the PAS-r fuel the cement plant is able to save 3.03 Mg·h–1 of fine coal thanks to the use of 5.04 Mg·h–1 of the PAS-r fuel. An advantage worth emphasizing is the fact that waste co-incineration is a part of a sustainable development strategy. Energy recovery from waste also is an example of the use of renewable energy sources. The results of the present work allow concluding that the substitution of fossil fuels by alternative fuels is justified by both the environmental and economic objectives.
EN
Thermal insulation on the external partitions of the buildings is a very usual strategy to reduce energy demand for heating. This paper presents an original study of the demand for usable energy QH, nd of a single-family residential building in different climatic conditions (milder conditions – Szczecin, national average – Lodz and more severe conditions – Zakopane) on the thermal transmittance coefficient of selected partitions: external walls, roof, windows and balcony doors, roof windows and doors. They were adopted at three levels, corresponding to the maximum required values, as approved in the Technical Conditions, for periods from 2014, 2017 and 31.12.2020. Based on the results of the computational experiment, three deterministic mathematical models were developed, and the effects of factors on the Y function for the assumed climate conditions were analyzed. Financial savings related to the introduction of stricter requirements for thermal protection of buildings in Poland were determined.
PL
Ocieplenie przegród zewnętrznych budynków jest bardzo typową strategią zmniejszania zapotrzebowania na energię do ogrzewania. W artykule przedstawiono oryginalne badanie zależności zapotrzebowania na energię użytkową QH,nd jednorodzinnego budynku mieszkalnego w zróżnicowanych warunkach klimatycznych (łagodniejszych – dla Szczecina, średnich krajowych – dla Łodzi i surowszych – dla Zakopanego) od współczynnika przenikania ciepła wybranych przegród: ścian zewnętrznych, dachu, okien i drzwi balkonowych, okien połaciowych oraz drzwi zewnętrznych, które zostały przyjęte na trzech poziomach odpowiadających maksymalnym dopuszczalnym wartościom, zatwierdzonym w Warunkach Technicznych, obowiązującym od 2014, 2017 i 31.12.2020 roku. Na podstawie wyników eksperymentu obliczeniowego opracowano trzy deterministyczne modele matematyczne tej zależności oraz przeanalizowano efekty wpływu czynników na funkcję Y dla przyjętych warunków klimatycznych. Określono oszczędności finansowe związane z wprowadzeniem surowszych wymagań w zakresie ochrony termicznej budynków w Polsce.
EN
Using additives with water absorbing characteristics enables us to increase the amount of water in natural basins and significantly decrease the amount of water for agricultural usage. Despite various additives already existing, they are yet to be commonly used due to high cost price, complex technology, toxic impact and instability in biological and atmospheric conditions. However, the «Natlen» composite, which is a naturally based additive, is ecologically safe. It has a long shelf life, is cheap and provides high antifiltering rates. The composite is eruptive with dispersity of any type and is jelly when boosted. In an antifiltering layer it never cracks under static and dynamic influences. It has no seam and is resistant to aggressive liquids. It is ecologically safe. «Natlen» composite is recommended for building water basins in pastures, where it can particularly be used to satisfy the demand for drinking water for cattle.
EN
The aim of this article is to assess job-creating potential of renewable energy sector development and its macroeconomic effects on the labor market in Poland. The paper focuses primarily on electricity generation technologies like wind power stations and solid biomass. Nowadays, Polish policymakers are in search of win-win solutions to the triple challenge of unemployment, climate change and international commitments. The other problem that needs to be dealt with is maintaining and restructuring Polish coal mining industry, which is and will be for the upcoming years the main source of electricity production in Poland. Those actions’ aim is to create new jobs, build industries and attract new foreign investments. The following research methods were used in the article: analysis of statistical data obtained from Eurostat and organizations dealing with the collection of statistical data on RES and analysis of literature on the subject. According to the analysis, the labor market in the renewable energy sector is developing rapidly, which will result in the future development of new sectors, which will increase employment in the industry, attract new foreign investments and develop local communities.
PL
Modernizacja systemów energetycznych wymusza w naturalny sposób racjonalizację użytkowania energii, zwiększanie niezawodności zasilania oraz obniżanie kosztów wytwarzania, przesyłania i dystrybucji ciepła. Jednym z mniej docenianych problemów jest kompleksowa ocena diagnostyczna rurociągów energetycznych i skuteczny monitoring infrastruktury energetycznej, pozwalający na znaczące obniżenie kosztów związanych z utrzymaniem w sprawności eksploatacyjnej urządzeń, instalacji i obiektów energetycznych. W niniejszym artykule zwrócono uwagę na powyższe problemy i podjęto próbę oceny techniczno-ekonomicznych korzyści, wynikających z zastosowania współczesnych informatycznych narzędzi do diagnostyki i monitorowania rurociągów energetycznych.
EN
The modernization of the energy systems forces in a natural way the rationalization of the energy utilization , increasing the reliability of power supply and reducing the costs of generation, transmission and distribution of energy. One of the less widely appreciated problems is a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of energy pipelines and effective monitoring of energy infrastructure, allowing signifi cant reduction of costs associated with maintaining of equipment, installations and power facilities in operational effi ciency. In this paper the attention is paid to the above problems and an attempt was made to assess the technical and economic benefi ts resulting from the use of modern IT tools for diagnostics and monitoring of pipelines.
PL
Przedstawiono oszacowanie zużycia energii przez silniki elektryczne, uwarunkowania normalizacyjne dotyczące poziomów sprawności silników elektrycznych, metodykę i wyniki obliczeń efektów ekonomicznych uzyskiwanych przy zastosowaniu silników wysokosprawnych.
EN
Evaluation of energy use by electrical motors, standard conditions of efficiency levels of electrical motors, methodology and calculation results of economical effects of using high efficiency motors are presented in the paper.
EN
The research presents analysis of the technologies of conversion of bioenergy agricultural raw materials. Purchase of bioenergy equipment is impossible without investments into bioenergetics. Thus, there is a necessity to develop an investment project. The article defines main indicators for investment project assessment, i.e. net present value, internal rate of return, modification internal rate of return, discounted payback period, investment profitability index, and gives classification of investment projects. The works proves that, considering substantial differences of different kinds of energy products and ways of their obtaining, analysis of biomass conversion technologies should be made separately for each kind of it. It is confirmed that biogas is one of the most prospective energy resources, supplying improvement of ecological conditions of production processes. The author of the article argues reasonability to apply technologies of briquetting and pelleting of dry biomass. The research studies methodological approaches to determination of prime cost of a unit of energy of the main kinds of biomass conversion. It is proved that, comparing to traditional energy products, such as natural gas, stove fuel, petrol and diesel fuel, prime cost of the energy products, obtained by conversion of agricultural biomass, is substantially lower, proving economic efficiency and reasonability of the technologies application.
11
Content available Economic problems of aircraft equipment recovery
EN
The formation of effects of different order in the process of aircraft equipment recovery is investigated. Changes of idle time of aviation equipment, depending on the cost of its recovery and maintenance are estimated. Economic problems of reasonable implementation of qualitative aircraft recovery are considered. Unlimited theoretical limits of costs on assuring the quality of aircraft equipment recovery are shown on the graphs. Suggestions for reasonable limits of the cost on aircraft equipment recovery are grounded. It was established that the definition of economic efficiency of providing quality of aircraft equipment recovery requires accounting not only the cost but also the obtained effects. The model showing the possible operating modes of aircraft equipment is presented. Its partial review allows to evaluate the difficulties of calculating the economic effect of providing quality of aircraft equipment recovery. Theoretical aspects of economic effect formation of quality of aircraft equipment recovery are investigated. It is stated that the annual economic effect from assuring quality of recovery and maintenance of aircraft equipment, resulting in operation of aircraft equipment (the effect of the secondorder), occurs in the form of savings and avoided losses for two reasons. First, eliminate losses due to non-compliance of technical parameters of aircraft equipment to normative and technical values. Second, due to changes in the operating costs connected with the elimination of aircraft equipment idle time due to technical reasons. Also, certain effect can be created in general within the whole branch of economics where aircraft equipment is used. Calculation of economic effect requires distinguishing between savings and avoided losses. Potential loss can be the cost of the aircraft equipment itself and damages that it may cause in case of falling. Also, losses can occur due to bad providing of technical condition indicators, and therefore efficiency of aircraft equipment causes inadequate change of operating costs and process in which it participates.
PL
W kopalniach węgla kamiennego, mając na uwadze ciągłą potrzebę racjonalizacji efektów ekonomicznych, niezbędne jest poszukiwanie i diagnozowanie obszarów potencjalnych jej źródeł. Czynnik ludzki generuje w górnictwie węgla kamiennego ponad 50 % kosztów całkowitych produkcji, dlatego w artykule skoncentrowano się na opisie wyników badań liczby odejść pracowników. Omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące kosztów fluktuacji pracowników w górnictwie węgla kamiennego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odejść pracowników z tzw. przyczyn leżących po stronie pracownika. Zaprezentowano symulację potencjalnych skutków ekonomicznych tego zjawiska.
EN
Bearing in mind the continuous need for rationalization of economic effects in hard coal mines, it is necessary to search for and diagnose the areas of its potential sources. The human factor generates over 50 % of total costs of production in the coal mining industry, and therefore the article focuses on the description of results relating to the number of redundancies. The issues related to the cost of employees fluctuation in the coal mining industry were discussed with particular emphasis paid to the so-called redundancies because of the reasons attributable to the employee. A simulation of the potential economic impact of this phenomenon was presented.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia główne fakty z historii rozwoju ciepłowniczego projektu geotermalnego na Podhalu, efekty działalności Spółki PEC Geotermia Podhalańska SA w ostatnich pięciu latach oraz perspektywy rozwoju. Celem jest pokazanie możliwości wykorzystania źródła geotermalnego oraz wykazanie korzyści dla środowiska naturalnego oraz dla odbiorców ciepła geotermalnego.
EN
The paper presents the main facts from the history of the Podhale geothermal heating project development, the effects of PEC Geotermia Podhalańska SA’s activities in the last five years as well as development prospects. Its purpose is to show the possibility of using geothermal energy source, and to demonstrate the benefits to the environment and to consumers of geothermal heat.
EN
On March 31st 2010 the UK masonry design code, BS 5628, was withdrawn leaving BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6) and the associated National Annexes as the structural masonry code for the UK. BS 5628 was the first limit state desing code for masonry in the world when it was introduced in 1978 and allowed efficient use of both slender walls and low strength units. Eurocode 6 has brought together from the participating countries input from a wide spectrum of designers including those from countries where thicker masonry walls are normally used. This paper examines the effect of some of the change in the desing code on the potential use of autoclaved aerated concrete and identifies areas of the Eurocode that need further consideration and development.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono istotę problemu zastosowania konwencjonalnych źródeł energii (węgla kamiennego, gazu ziemnego, oleju opałowego oraz energii elektrycznej pozyskiwanej z krajowego systemu elektroenergetycznego -KSE) w odniesieniu do odnawialnego źródła energii -OZE (jakie stanowi biomasa). Przedstawiona w artykule metodyka stanowi podstawę ilościowej realizacji analizy ekonomicznej oraz ekologicznej ww. nośników energii, w odniesieniu do różnych stref klimatycznych, zlokalizowanych na terytorium Polski (strefa I -Gdańsk, strefa II - Piła, strefa III -Toruń, strefa IV -Białystok, strefa V -Suwałki). Dodatkowo w sposób szczegółowy przedstawiono obiekt referencyjny, stanowiący typowy, jednopiętrowy domek jednorodzinny. Materiał stanowi pierwszą część tematyczną problemu, któremu poświęcono kolejną pracę (Ambroziak i in., 2013), a także rozwinięcie i uzupełnienie materiału prezentowanego w pracach (Redlarski i in., 2013a; 2013b).
EN
The paper presents the essence of the issue of using conventional energy sources (hard coal, natural gas, heating oil and electric energy obtained from the national electro-energy system - KSE) with reference to the renewable energy source - OZE (i.e. biomass). Methodology presented in the article constitutes a basis for realization of the economic and ecological analysis of the above mentioned energy carriers with reference to different climatic zones, located on the territory of Poland (zone I - Gdańsk, zone II - Piła, zone III - Toruń, zone IV - Białystok, zone V - Suwałki). Additionally, a reference object, that is a typical single-story one family house was presented with details. The material constitutes a thematic part of the issue, for which a next paper was devoted (Ambroziak et al.) and expansion and complementation of the material presented in papers (Redlarskiet et al. 2013a) and (Redlarski et al., 2013b).
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań służących ocenie wdrażania i funkcjonowania Systemów Zarządzania Środowiskowego (SZŚ) w Polsce. Materiałem badawczym były odpowiedzi udzielane przez przedstawicieli jednostek certyfikujących systemy ISO 14001 i EMAS, jak również osób zajmujących się wdrażaniem i nadzorowaniem tych systemów w przedsiębiorstwach, zakładach usługowych oraz w samorządach terytorialnych. W Polsce, wśród systemów zarządzania środowiskowego najbardziej rozpoznawalna jest norma ISO 14001. Pomimo wzrostu prestiżu i pozycji rynkowej podmiotu posiadającego certyfikat EMAS, zainteresowanie przedsiębiorstw i innych jednostek tym SZŚ jest bardzo niskie. Wdrożenie norm ISO 14001 i EMAS stopniowo zmniejsza presję na środowisko, natomiast nie zawsze wpływa pozytywnie na wyniki finansowe przedsiębiorstw. Dlatego skutecznym bodźcem do rozwoju systemów zarządzania środowiskowego w Polsce może być wprowadzenie preferencji finansowych dla podmiotów, które wdrożyły takie systemy.
EN
This article presents the results of research on implementation and operation of Environmental Management Systems in Poland. The basis for the research was the feedback from representatives of certification bodies for ISO 14001 and EMAS as well as the people dealing with implementation and supervision of the systems within the companies, service enterprises and self-governments. In Poland the most recognizable environmental management standard is ISO 14001. Despite a rising recognition and the market position of enterprises holding an EMAS certificate, its popularity among companies and other entities is very low. Implementation of ISO 14001 and EMAS standards gradually decreases the environmental impact, but its influence on financial results is not always positive. That is why, the introduction of financial incentives for enterprises that have implemented the systems could be an efficient stimulus for the development of Environmental Management Systems in Poland.
17
PL
W referacie zaprezentowano przykład mikroelektrowni wodnej produkującej energię na potrzeby gospodarstwa domowego i rolnego. Scharakteryzowano przebieg produkcji w ciągu roku z podziałem na zużycie własne i transfer do sieci dystrybucyjnej. Obliczono sumaryczne efekty ekonomiczne analizowanego przypadku.
EN
The paper presents the example of the micro-hydro power station producing on own needs energy (household and agricultural farm). The yearly distribution of energy production was described. For analysed case general economic effects were counted.
19
Content available Zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa. Rola mechanizacji
PL
Istnieją różnorodne bezpośrednie i pośrednie współzależności pomiędzy mechanizacją rolnictwa, środowiskiem naturalnym oraz efektami natury ekonomicznej i socjologicznej na wsi i w rolnictwie. Określają one rolę i miejsce mechanizacji w procesie zrównoważonego rozwoju rolnictwa. Powinny być uwzględniane przy dokonywaniu analiz i wyborze systemów produkcji i technologii produkcji rolniczej.
EN
There exist differentiated direct and indirect interrelationships among the farm mechanization, natural environment and the effects of economic and social character in agriculture and on the rural areas. These factors determine the role and place of mechanization in the process of sustainable development in agriculture. They should be taken in consideration at analyses and choice of production systems and agricultural production technology.
PL
W referacie przeanalizowano metodę oceny korzyści wynikających z wprowadzenia nowoczesnych systemów aktywnego wspomagania zarządzania transportem publicznym. Zaproponowana metoda oceny funkcjonalnej systemów uwzględnia zarówno punkt widzenia pasażera korzystającego z komunikacji zbiorowej jak i przedsiębiorstwa odpowiedzialnego za organizację obsługi transportowej miasta, a także przedsiębiorstwa eksploatującego pojazdy. W ocenie uwzględniono rolę organizatora ruchu drogowego w mieście i wpływ podejmowanych przez niego działań na sprawność transportu publicznego. Z wykonanych analiz wynika, że wprowadzenie systemów zarządzania transportem publicznym jest istotnym czynnikiem i efektywnym narzędziem poprawy jakości świadczonych usług.
EN
The paper discusses the benefits of modern systems of active management assistance in public transportation. The functional evaluation of the systems takes into account passengers using public transport, agencies governing the communication system, and enterprises providing the vehicles exploitation. The role of the traffic authorities is included and the influence of their policy on the mass transit efficiency is considered.
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